The record of tea in Chinese history has a long origin. For example, there is such a description in the "Shen Nong Bai Cao Jing": Shen Nong tastes Baicao, encounters 72 poisons in a day, gets tea and solves it , its The time is not long. Many archaeological evidences also show that the tea-drinking culture is spread from China to the world . Lu Yu’s 《茶经》 has made a certain contribution to the popularity of tea culture in China and even in the world. The Song Dynasty people's universal love for it cannot be ignored.
1. The internal and external reasons for the splendid development of tea customs in Song Dynasty
1. The inheritance of custom from ancient times
The Chinese people’s tea drinking habit Since ancient times, there has been , The proverb "柴米油盐酱vinegar tea" also proves that it is indispensable in ordinary people's daily life.
In the early Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period, tea was generally eaten as 植物. For example, it is said in "Yanzi Chunqiu": " Yanzigong, eat rice with millet, roast three yi and five eggs Only ". Developed to the Han Dynasty, after many preparations by the people, when making tea with "onion, ginger, jujube, orange peel, cornel, mint" and other condiments will inhibit the bitterness of the tea itself and make it more delicious. In this way, tea became something similar to porridge in people's daily life at that time, and it was used for 果腹.
By the time of the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the status of tea has increased significantly. , Mocheng Huafu, glowing like snow, Ye Ruochun .” It gradually became a treat for wealthy people, and the way of drinking tea changed again, and it began to be crushed into powder for brewing.
The tea-drinking style began to be popular among scholars and gradually became the representative of Gao Fengliang. In the Tang Dynasty, the habit of drinking tea became more common. 《茶经》 by Lu Yu was the first book about tea introduction in the history of China and the world, and made great contributions to the development of the tea ceremony. . As Mei Yaochen said in his poem: Since Lu Yusheng is in the human world, human affairs have learned spring tea .
Song Dynasty, as "东方的文艺传说", has developed in all aspects of culture, and of course the tea-drinking culture is also 不Exception. With the implementation of the national policy of "文治" in the Song Dynasty, the tea ceremony flourished, and it flourished among the upper-class scholars and even among the people. Even the Song Huizong Zhao Ji once wrote "大观茶论" to describe it. The growth process and brewing method of tea leaves are unique and detailed. The Song Dynasty not only inherited the tea culture of the previous dynasty, but also carried out meticulous improvement and promotion on this basis. This is the reason why the Song Dynasty tea custom culture 炫.
2. Exquisite requirements after economic development
Although the Song Dynasty was not glorious in China's military history, it was beyond the reach of other dynasties in terms of economy. As the Song Dynasty signed a series of unequal treaties such as "澶渊之盟" in order to avoid war, it had to pay a large amount of annual currency to the outside world economically.
In this context, the Song Dynasty’s restrictions on commercial development were very low, and commercial establishments such as "茶美食", "瓦撒", and "勾栏" generally rose. , China's earliest paper currency "Jiaozi" was also born in this period. In addition, the development of the Maritime Silk Road also brought a lot of taxes to the Song Dynasty government, and the people's living standards were also improved by the economic development of to .
With the development of economy, peopleThe requirements for life enjoyment naturally increase, and 喝茶 is one of them. People have certain requirements of for the color, aroma, taste and other aspects of tea when drinking tea. In order to reflect their identity and status, drinking precious tea has also become a fashion at the time. Even though the Song Dynasty moved to the south, the original famous tea varieties such as "Xianglin Tea" and "White Cloud Tea" could not be supplied in large quantities. After , Song Dynasty scholars and developed a new famous product "West Lake Longjing" to replace it. The depth of its habit and the prosperity of culture can also be seen from .
3. Technological innovation promotes in-depth development
On the basis of the original history, the people of the Song Dynasty have updated the way of drinking tea, "绣茶"和" Diancha" is the most important two links. Embroidered tea is to use exquisite materials to make a variety of gorgeous patterns to decorate tea cakes, and because the tea cakes used in embroidered tea are generally 中春初早时的贡茶, this method is only spread in 宫廷间, loved by princes and nobles.
has a detailed record of the picture of embroidered tea in the well-documented "Qianchunfeng Shiji": Banzhong Daqinghui uses large gilding, with five-color rhyme clusters of dragons and phoenixes. Pleasing to the eye. There are also special workers, but outsiders are rare .
Another kind of tea, began with in the Tang Dynasty, and was developed from in the Song Dynasty, which became a way of drinking tea at that time. To fight tea is to grind tea into powder , then put into boiling water , slowly stir to form a porridge-like surface, and finally pass color and tea powder floating The water mark at the junction of the evenness and the soup is used to judge the outcome. This method not only tests the quality of the tea itself, but also has high requirements on the skill and skill of the tea maker and the tea bowl, and because of its has a strong interest and a high degree of skill , in the Song Dynasty society at that time Very popular, and again promoted the prosperity of Song Dynasty tea culture .
2. The comprehensive influence of Song Dynasty tea customs on Song people from inside and outside
1. The cultural artistic conception
赵匡yinzeng Designing with tea makes the courtiers no longer equal to the emperor in the court, and the behavior of 皇帝赐茶 has also become a great blessing to the courtiers in later generations, and tea has also become 皇权Represents . In literary works, it has been found that the number of works related to tea by Song people is very large. There are more than one thousand in 古诗. It can be seen that the frequency of tea activities at that time . As a representative of Song Dynasty poets, Su Dongpo is also a loyal fan of tea. He not only wrote a lot of poems about tea, he even made 《叶嘉传》, taking tea as a person to highlight the character of tea.
2. Common scenes in daily behaviors
宋朝时的茶宴立花架, and decorated with strange plants in the shop , and sold to customers in different seasons Suitable tea soup, some tea shops even set up special musical instrument classes and singing classes with for the children of the rich family to play . The daily pastimes of the people of the Song Dynasty also caused a large crowd of people to gather here.
and in the record of "Jin Shilu Hou Xu" , "Yu Xing Ou strongly remembered, after every meal, sit back in the hall, cook tea, refer to the accumulation of book history, say something in a certain volume of the book On the first few lines of the page, the decision is to decide whether to win or lose, to drink tea." Tea also provides great happiness to Li Qingzhao and Zhao Mingcheng’s husband and wife life , which becomes the bond of family relations.Tea has become an indispensable thing for Song Dynasty people in life.
3. The conventions in life are from the custom
At the national level, Zhao Kuangyin once specially set up 茶事机构 to make tea drinking become An etiquette prescribed by the government. When showing good wishes to ministers, the emperor usually named 给茶 , and even when welcoming foreign envoys, he would also 用茶来待. In the daily life of the people, many customs have also formed in the name of tea.
For example, when a neighbor wants to relocate, he must respect "禮茶" ; when a guest arrives, he must respect "元宝茶" ; when the two parties are engaged, they must also have tea; they need to be married. When ordering tea, you want "合茶" when you are in the same room. It can be said that tea has had a very important impact on all aspects of Song Dynasty people's living habits.
III. The meaning and culture of Song Dynasty tea customs in Song poems
1, the embodiment of the poet’s own noble sentiment
Tea with its own inherent 清香特质, became This is the common tools used by scholar-officials to show that they are proud and proud of their character. Ru Su Dongpo has been demoted three times, but he still has a lofty state in his spirit, and he is unwilling to be inflamed, and he himself has been adhering to the principle of "君子之交淡如水" to express his meaning with tea.
In Su Shi's poem "Still see the payment with the new tea from the clouds, report it to the Dalong Tuan, play a poem", "Zhong" Wonderful offering to fragrant accumulation, precious cooking utensils. "Pan shoots" " describes in detail the story that even though Su Shi was in a state of despair, he was still unwilling to owe others after accepting the gift, he asked 以大龙团茶回赏. Although it is like Dongpo in history There is more than one person like Mr., but he is a representative who has to be mentioned.
2, a sign of goodwill between relatives and friends
As mentioned above, due to the importance of tea in the customs of the Song Dynasty, it is often used as 待客之物. Lin Keong once wrote in his book: The guest and the host set a ceremony, not tea . In Zhu Bian's book, "客 is to set up tea, if you want to go, set up soup, I don't know when started. "The description also further proves the prevalence of this situation at the time. In Mr. Dongpo's poems, there are also a large number of descriptions of treating guests with tea.
As in the poem "Gifts Huishan Monk Hui Biao", It was named " Kelai Tea", and Luju Yangmei still has sour . "Expressed my joy in serving guests with tea. In the poem "He Qian'an Road Sending Huijian Tea", there is also a detailed description of Mr. Dongpo's tea prepared to receive guests.
3. The images used to express different emotions
Mr. Dongpo not only has a heartfelt love for drinking tea, he writes it into his poems, but also has a personal experience with as tea For , he formed his own unique opinion . In the quotation of tea to poems, Mr. Dongpo can be described as 集大成者. Because of his own unique experience, his inner world It also appears to be azzle . And in the description of tea, Mr. Dongpo also pinned his many complicated feelings. In "Shao Bo Fanxing Temple Camellia" , with "Rotten red like fire" "Snow in the open" vividly describes the scene of the tea tree blooming in the cold winter. At the same time, it also expresses itself The brave spirit of not afraid of danger .
In addition, in In a poem of "种德亭" , he described the camellia in a completely different way: XiaoThe nursery is next to the city, closed-door zhishuxiang. The name follows the city and the people are hidden, and Germany and Jiamu are long. Along with this beautiful scenery, Mr. Dongpo also expressed his love for nature and the importance of spiritual freedom. All feelings are expressed by tea, and the connotation of tea culture is also different for different poets.
IV. Summary
The prosperity of tea culture in the Song Dynasty is not only the inevitable development of Chinese history, is also by the Song Dynasty specific era environment caused. And Mr. Dongpo has become the representative of 宋朝文化 with his own rich knowledge and unique experience. Therefore, it is extremely helpful to use Mr. Dongpo's poems as the research object when studying Song Dynasty poetry culture.
References:
1. "A Brief Talk on the Song Dynasty Tea Customs and Cultural Implications in Tea Poems"-Wu Guijie
2, "From the Palace To the folk: the historical evolution of tea culture in the Song Dynasty, bringing you back to a thousand years of dreams"-Jingjinji Library
