At the time of the Ming and Qing dynasties, there were many people who rebeled from the Ming and surrendered to the Qing dynasty, such as Fan Wencheng, Zu Dashou , Wu Sangui , Hong Chengchou , Geng Zhongming , Shang Kexi, but Wu Sangui is the most famous among them, and is recognized as a national scum and a lackey of traitors. On the other hand, although the others were also expelled as "traitors", the people were not scolded as as imagined. Even like Hong Chengchou, it was rumored by Hong Chengchou himself, which obviously excused him. Compared with the blind scolding of Wu Sangui, there is a clear difference. Even the Qing court officials only listed Hong Chengchou and others in the "Biography of the Two Ministers", and Wu Sangui's treatment was "Biography of the Rebel Ministers". When he also surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, why did Hong Chengchou get less scolded than Wu Sangui? Today we will make arguing together!
Wu Sangui
Hong Chengchou's contribution is smaller than Wu Sangui?
Many people believe that Hong Chengchou was scolded less than Wu Sangui. The root cause is that he has made more contributions than Wu Sangui, and has caused less harm to Ming Dynasty . In fact, this is a big mistake. Hong Chengchou's contribution to the Qing court is not smaller than Wu Sangui at all.
Hong Chengchou was the highest-level official of the Ming ministers who surrendered to the Qing Dynasty. Before Songjin battles with , he was already the Minister of War of the Ming Dynasty and the Supervisor of Ji Liao. It can be said that he was the last pillar general of the Ming Dynasty. Therefore, his surrender directly made the Ming army, which was already weak in resistance, and a large number of Ming generals followed suit, and the Minister of War surrendered. What else should we have to worry about? It can be said that Hong Chengchou's surrender directly destroyed the last trace of the Ming Dynasty's spirit.
Hong Chengchou played by Bao Guoan
Although Hong Chengchou did not have the trust of Huang Taiji , he ended up with Huang Taiji, except for consultation. But just one year after Hong surrendered, Huang Taiji died.
, in power, Dorgon is completely opposite to Huang Taiji. He trusts Hong Chengchou very much. He not only appointed him as the Grand Secretary of the Secretariat and entered the inner court to assist in military affairs, becoming the first Han prime minister of the Qing Dynasty. Soon after, he appointed Hong as the Grand Secretary of the Governor of Military Affairs, and was granted a bargaining service. He also accepted all the suggestions made by Hong. It can be said that the series of domestic and foreign policies adopted by the Qing court during the Dorgon period were all participated by Hong.
Hong Chengchou and Lukedehun
At the same time, Hong Chengchou was also the Dinghai Sword Needle of the Shunzhi Dynasty. After Dorgon's death, anti-Qing uprisings in various places were surging. Seeing that something was wrong, he appointed Hong Chengchou, who was already a Grand Secretary of the Hongwen Academy and Minister of War, as the "Taibao and Prince Taishi", to manage the five provinces of Huguang and Yunnan and Guizhou, and to govern the military affairs. Before leaving, Emperor Shunzhi personally held a banquet and gave him a BMW and a treasure sword. Hong Chengchou did not disappoint the holy hope and soon quelled the rebellions in various places.
After Hong Chengchou's death, the Emperor Kangxi personally issued an imperial edict, awarded the title of Shao Shi, posthumously posthumously Wenxiang , and erected an imperial monument.
Hong Chengchou can be said to be a commander-in-chief of the Qing army. Although it is different from Wu Sangui's battles in the south and north, his position in the central army and his merits are no less than Wu Sangui.
Hong Chengchou
Then, many people may say again that since Hong Chengchou's contribution is no less than Wu Sangui's, why did he only grant the title of "Qingche Duwei", not only is it far inferior to Wu Sangui's title of king, but even the marquis of unknown people such as Ma Degong, Zhang Yong , and Tian Xiong are not as good as? This is actually related to Hong Chengchou's positioning as a civil official.
1. Among the more than 50 surrendered generals with titles, except Hong Chengchou, they all came from military generals. Basically, it can be said that the title belongs to the officers. Hong Chengchou managed the five provinces but did not lead the troops himself. You can compare the later Yao Qisheng and Shi Lang . Yao Qisheng was the governor of Fujian, and the governor can be said to be the top leader of local military and political affairs. Shi Lang was the admiral of the Fujian Navy and was a complete military general. At that time, Shi Lang was controlled by Yao Qisheng, but later Yao Qisheng's title was the cavalry commander, and Shi Lang was the Marquis of Jinghai. Therefore, it is very difficult for Hong Chengchou to be among the people as a civil servant.
Shi Lang
2. Hong Chengchou's posthumous title is "Wenxiang". Compared with titles, civil officials care more about the "posthumous title" behind him. "Wenxiang" later also the posthumous title of Fukang'an , Zhangzhidong , and Zuo Zongtang . "If you have virtue in the land, you will be called Xiang, and if you have armor and armor, you will be called Xiang." "Wenxiang" is already a very good posthumous title, and this is especially true for Hong Chengchou.
title does not equal credit, nor can it be evidence that Hong Chengchou's merit is second to Wu Sangui. Therefore, there is another reason why Hong Chengchou was scolded less than Wu Sangui.
First: The background of surrender is different, one is "active" and the other is "passive".
First look at Wu Sangui.
1644, Li Zicheng led his Dashun peasant uprising army to break through the capital of the Ming Empire. In despair, Emperor Chongzhen immediately chose to hang himself to sacrifice his country on the coal mountain. At this time, Wu Sangui was leading the last powerful brigade of the Ming Dynasty, Ningyuan Army, on the way to aid the capital.
Some scholars believe that Wu Sangui deliberately delayed and watched the fall of the Ming Dynasty. Although this statement lacks solid evidence, it is not unreasonable. In Wu Sangui's opinion, the Ming Dynasty was already in decline, and demise was a matter of time. He did not want to destroy his capital in the fight with Li Zicheng, so he immediately returned to Shanhaiguan after receiving the news of the death of Chongzhen . As for the "evil's anger" and it is difficult to convince people.
Chen Yuanyuan
Even if Wu Sangui didn't deliberately delay, he was very loyal to the Ming Dynasty. Li Zicheng's occupation of important places in the capital did indeed put the Ningyuan army led by Wu Sangui in a dilemma between the Qing army and Li Zicheng's peasant army, but Wu Sangui had many choices at that time. In addition to surrendering to the Qing Dynasty, he had two choices.
First, surrender to Li Zicheng and preserve the Han people's throne. Although he could not be a loyal minister of the Ming Dynasty, he was also a national hero.
The second is to resist the two forces under the banner of the Ming Dynasty. Although Beijing fell under the hands of Li Zicheng, the Dashun regime did not occupy all the territory of the Ming Dynasty. The Ming Dynasty was nothing but the territory of the north, and it was lost in the south, and the Southern Ming regime still occupied half of the country.
Li Zicheng
Of course, for Wu Sangui, who is far away in Shanhaiguan, if he wants to lead his army to the south, he needs to cross Li Zicheng. At the same time, the supply of Ningyuan's materials is also a big problem. But the solutions were all figured out. If Wu Sangui used the "external trouble" of the Qing Dynasty as a bargaining chip, it would not be impossible to reach a strategic alliance with Li Zicheng, and then went south to join Nanming .
However, after many weighings, Wu Sangui finally chose to betray the Ming Dynasty, surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, and gave Shanhaiguan as a gift to the other party. Then he joined forces with the Qing army to attack Li Zicheng and destroyed the Dashun regime that had just been established.
Wu Sangui
Although Wu Sangui also has difficulties, he still has many choices after all. In comparison, Hong Chengchou only had one road in Huashan, and died or surrendered.
Regarding Hong Chengchou's surrender, this is recorded in historical books. It is said that Hong Chengchou went on a hunger strike for several days, refused to surrender, and even wrote the song of righteousness. He had a strong determination to kill himself and achieve good deeds. Huang Taiji sent beautiful women to accompany him every day, but it was useless. With no choice, Huang Taiji ordered the most beloved Minister of Personnel, , Fan Wencheng , to persuade him to surrender.
Hong Chengchou and Huang Taiji
Fan Wencheng Zhi, Hong Chengchou roared loudly, but Fan Wencheng was patient and did not mention the matter of surrender. He talked to him about the past and the present, while observing his words and expressions. While talking, a piece of swallow mud fell from the beam and fell on Hong Chengchou's clothes. While talking, Hong Chengchou "wiped it repeatedly." Fan Wencheng said without hesitation, and replied to Taizong: "Chengchou is not dead. Chengchou still cherishes his robe like this, let alone his body?" Huang Taiji accepted the professional opinions of Fan Wencheng, Zhang Cunren and , and took good care of Hong Chengchou and was kind and kind.
The next day, Huang Taiji brought prisoners of war to the Taimiao, and Hong Chengchou stood up but did not kneel.Huang Taiji asked about Han and his well-being. Seeing that Hong Chengchou was thin, he immediately took off his sable fur and put it on Hong Chengchou's body. "The emperor looked at him and opened his sable fur and said, "Is there no coldness in sir?" Chengchou looked at him for a long time and sighed, "The master of the true life!' He kowtowed and asked to surrender." Then shaved her hair and took it easy to wear and surrendered to the Qing Dynasty. Huang Taiji was overjoyed and said, "I have received a guide (guidance), how can I not have fun!"
Hong Chengchou and Huang Taiji
In addition, there is a more erotic version among the people, that is, Zhuang Fei successfully persuaded Hong Chengchou to surrender with her beauty, and this scene was even compiled into the Qing palace drama.
The story is like this, saying that no matter how Huang Taiji threatens and tempts Hong Chengchou, he cannot make him betrayal. So Huang Taiji decided to devote his wife Xiaozhuang for the sake of the country (Hong Chengchou surrender can disintegrate the morale of the Ming army and set a good example for the Qing Dynasty to treat surrendered ministers).
Xiaozhuang
One night, Xiao Borjijit, the concubine Zhuang, took ginseng soup to Hong Chengchou's residence. Seeing Hong Chengchou closed his eyes and looked at the wall, he ignored him. Little Borjigit said coquettishly: "General Hong, it is really admirable for you to be so loyal to the Ming Dynasty. Even if the general goes on a hunger strike, will he not drink water before he will die?" Hong Chengchou looked at this charming and beautiful look, listened to this gentle persuasion, and smelled the tempting fragrance, and suddenly felt excited. The beauty kept persuading her to drink, and at the same time she used a pot to carry her lips. Hong Chengchou didn't know that the "water" was ginseng soup, so he took a sip unexpectedly. The beauty persuaded her again, and Hong Chengchou took a few sips. Hong Chengchou felt that his lower abdomen was hard to deal with, so he couldn't help but get up.
Results The next day, Hong Chengchou fell to the Qing Dynasty under pomegranate skirt .
Xiaozhuang and Hong Chengchou
Of course, such unofficial history is not trustworthy at all. Not to mention, Huang Taiji was reluctant to give his beloved woman his hands. Even if Concubine Zhuang, who is a professional and dedicated concubine, took the initiative to persuade her to surrender in order to share her husband's worries, the two people who do not have a common language (historical records, Hong Chengchou did not speak Manchu , and Concubine Zhuang from the Korqin tribe of Mongolia did not speak Chinese at that time). How did they communicate? It is impossible to bring translations with you when talking about love, right?
Whether it is the official history or the unofficial history, it at least shows that Hong Chengchou chose to surrender under endless coercion and temptation. Especially compared with Chongzhen, who is prone to anger and suspicious, Huang Taiji's gentle attitude and "sincerity" heart are easier to impress Hong Chengchou. In addition, the sword that does not surrender will die, and Hong Chengchou's psychological defense line will eventually collapse, which seems understandable.
Huang Taiji played by Tang Guoqiang
2. One is extravagant and extremely desireful, morally corrupt, and the other is ashamed. Do your best to remedy it.
The term traitor did not exist before Northern Song , because among some ethnic scum recorded in history, Qin Hui was collectively called "scum". Only after Qin Hui had a "traitor" was there. A traitor was first a scum. Even if he was not a scum, even if he was a traitor in the ordinary sense, he would not be scolded too much by the public. Wu Sangui and Hong Chengchou are two completely different "traitors".
Extraordinary desire for Wu Sangui
After Wu Sangui surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, he first joined forces with the Qing army to hunt down Li Zicheng's peasant army and turned to most of China until Li Zicheng was defeated and died. Then, he led his troops to wipe out the forces of the Southern Ming Dynasty and captured and killed Emperor Yongli of the Southern Ming Dynasty in Kunming.
After enthroning the vassal of Yunnan and Guizhou, Wu Sangui was arrogant and his personal desires quickly expanded. He expanded his army, searched for land, monopolized power, formed cliques for personal gain, and acted like a local emperor in Yunnan and Guizhou.
Pingxi King Wu Sangui
It is most appropriate to describe Wu Sangui's greed by "unreachable desire". As soon as Wu Sangui entered Kunming, he took the Mu Tianbo of the Ming Dynasty's Qianguo Duke Mu Prince's Mansion for himself. Later, he thought that the Mu Mansion was too narrow, so he built a large-scale construction and added and expanded. The project lasted for more than ten years and finally became a vast palace complex with a large scale.
Wu Sangui not only wants the mansion to be beautiful, but also has clever designs, and is famous all over the world for his novelty: he built another palace beside the lotus pond in the city, called Anfu Garden. The garden is filled with canals and pavilions, pavilions, pavilions, corridors and corridors, and strange flowers and plants are planted everywhere. This garden consumes countless money and also destroys and occupys a large area of people's houses and cemeteries.
After the completion of Anfu Garden, Wu Sangui ordered his attendants in Jiangnan to purchase more than 40 actors, each of whom was only fifteen or sixteen years old, singing and dancing day and night. Whenever the banquet is at the time of a banquet, Sangui plays the flute, and the beauties of the palace are singing and dancing. After the song, Wu Sangui ordered people to give rewards to the silver and money. Immediately, in front of the hall, the singers giggled and rushed forward to fight.
Wu Sangui in the Deer and the Cauldron
In addition, Wu Sangui also enclosed countless land in Yunnan. From the beginning, he occupied 700 hectares of farmland and 2,000 farmlands that originally belonged to the Mu Palace. The farmlands and farmlands and farmlands actually occupied 60,000 to 70,000 mu of land. In the sixth year of Kangxi, Wu Sangui took advantage of the opportunity of Qing ministers to enclose land and occupied all the land of the prefectures and counties under Yunnan Prefecture on the grounds that the soldiers and food were insufficient. The people on the land they enclosed were forced to move to other places, and those who were unable to migrate became tenants on the vassal countryside.
The more the Qing court used power, the more greedy Wu Sangui was. In the second year of Kangxi, he submitted a memorial to the Qing court, demanding that the four words "listen to the king's control" be added to the imperial edict of the governors of Yunnan and Guizhou provinces, and blatantly make his royal power over the chief officials. In the fifth year of Kangxi, the Ministry of War had to propose to the emperor that the power to select military officials in Yunnan and Guizhou was handed over to Wu Sangui.
Great Zhou Emperor Wu Sangui
Wu Sangui has no mercy on the people, no loyalty to the new master, and no kindness to his parents. When he was "angry", he returned to Shanhaiguan and surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, causing his old father, , Wu Xiang, to behead him by Li Zicheng. Did he have any scruples at that time? Li Yuanyuanzhi said it was just a fig leaf that ignored his father's safety.
Hong Chengchou, who is ashamed, has a sense of shame,
Compared with Wu Sangui, Hong Chengchou's series of actions after surrendering to the Qing Dynasty were not loyal to the emperor and the country, and love the people as their children, but it can also be said to be beneficial to the people and the country.
When Hong Chengchou joined Dorgon into the capital, he proposed three rules for the previous barbaric acts of burning, killing and plundering everywhere in the Qing army: "Don't slaughter the people, burning houses, and plundering property", and at the same time, he exempted the three pays. He marched into Jiangnan and Yunnan and Guizhou, reduced taxes on Suzhou and Hangzhou, stopped collecting grain, and asked the court to provide relief to the border people. This is Hong Chengchou's political achievement of "people-oriented and paying attention to people's livelihood".
Dorgon
Secondly, he took the opportunity of entering the inner court to assist in the affairs of the country and participated in the national plan to formulate a series of important measures to stabilize the country, such as following the Ming system, advising, selecting talents, and learning Chinese. When he was recruited to pacify Jiangnan, he adopted the policy of "fostering as the main focus" and recruited thirteen important prefectures in Anhui and Jiangxi, as well as more than 40 villages in Henan, Hubei and Hunan. We will conquer the five southwestern provinces and implement policies such as "fighting as defense", "widely show the recruitment", and "reclaiming land and acres", and quickly stabilize southern Xinjiang and achieve national unity.
Furthermore, he promoted the academic research of Confucian , put forward opinions on Emperor Shunzhi to welcome the Dalai Lama, laying the foundation for the convergence of Manchu and Han, and he suggested that Manchu "learning Chinese and knowing Chinese", so that the Manchus can understand the Han people's etiquette and customs, gradually fading the differences between Manchu and Han, and allowing the Qing Dynasty to smoothly complete the dynasty changes.
Shunzhi Emperor
Professor Wang Hongzhi once commented on Hong Chengchou that "loyal ministers do not serve the two masters", but this requires a specific analysis. If the "master" is a "wise ruler". If the minister is loyal to a wise ruler, he can do useful things for the country and the people; but if the king is not clear, he is a mediocre king, a fool, or a tyrant, and the ministers are loyal to the king, it will harm the country and the people. Hong Chengchou "served the two masters", and the Qing Dynasty was more dynamic and more effective than the Ming Dynasty. There shouldn't be too much criticism for Hong Chengchou's choice.
This is the view of some officials and scholars. is not a big traitor or evil among the people.
There were many stories and jokes about Hong Chengchou at the end of the Ming Dynasty. For example, a scholar said in front of Hong Chengchou that the real Hong Chengchou had died in the Songjin War. This was a fake in front of him, and the final result was that Hong Chengchou was very ashamed, ashamed, and angry; or Hong Chengchou's fellow villagers, relatives and friends were humiliated and scolded him in public and did not interact with him, which made Hong Chengchou feel embarrassed, and so on.
In fact, most of these stories are not groundless. The scholar who scolded Hong Chengchou in person was a poet in the late Ming Dynasty and a hero against the Qing Dynasty. Xia Wanchun joined the army to fight against the Qing Dynasty at the age of 14, and was defeated and captured at the age of 17. After being captured, Hong Chengchou had interrogated him, but was sarcastic by Xia Wanchun's armed guns and rods, which directly made Hong Chengchou unable to continue.
Xia Wanchun said that there was once a gentleman named Hong Chengchou who died for his country in the battle of Songshan. He was a hero. I admire his loyalty and wiseness, and I cannot be behind him. The deputy judge next to him couldn't listen anymore, so he scolded loudly, opened your eyes wide and saw that the person in front of you was Mr. Hong in your mouth. Xia Wanchun pretended to be disdainful and said, "The Ming Dynasty's ancestors had already made the world clear and personally commemorated Mr. Hong with the courtesy of kings and princes. This one in front of him must be a fake."
At this time, Hong Chengchou was already full of shame and angry. Before Xia Wanchun finished speaking, he left the table and left. Before Xia Wanchun died for his country, he angrily rebuked Hong Chengchou and thus made him famous.
And it was his younger brother and mother who insulted Hong Chengchou in public. According to records, after Hong Chengchou was in quelling the rebellion in five provinces, he returned home in glory. Not only did the villagers look expressionless when they saw him and didn't say a word to him, but even his mother scolded him when she saw his son, "You are unfaithful and unfilial son, who still has the face to come to see me. Even if I don't have a place to live, I won't live in your house."
After being scolded by his mother, Hong Chengchou suddenly left speechlessly and looked down upon him, and then came to his younger brother Hong Chengsheng 's home. However, his younger brother's attitude towards him was even worse. Hong Chengchou not only beat him out of the house, but also swore to the sky: "I don't wear my head on the Qing Dynasty, and I don't step on the Qing Dynasty." Then, Hong Chengchou sold his property and took his mother and family to sea, and never came back. After seeing what his mother and brother did, Hong Chengchou was extremely ashamed and felt ashamed, so he had to leave his hometown with grief.
Peking Opera "Hong Mother Swearing"
In addition, after hearing the news that he surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, Hong Chengchou's wife Lian Xin was so angry that she didn't eat for several days. She wanted to die, but she gave up this idea under the persuasion of her family. But Lianxin had given up on Hong Chengchou and was a nun in a nearby nunnery, and she was unwilling to meet him until her death.
Although these stories are all belittled and satirized by Hong Chengchou, it also shows that Hong Chengchou is ashamed and his family is even more simple and kind. Have you heard of similar stories about Wu Sangui and Qin Hui?
Because of Wu Sangui's scum who betrayed his biological father, killed the monarch himself, and massacred his compatriots, in the eyes of the Chinese at that time, he was no longer as good as beasts. Since beasts were not as good as beasts, would it still be ashamed and ashamed? You may scold a person or a dog, but you may scold a maggot or a paramecium? In the eyes of Chinese people at that time, Wu Sangui might have been like a maggot, and he was too lazy to scold him if he made jokes.
3. One is a loyal minister in the founding country, and the other is a rebellious slave, a three-family family.
Hong Chengchou and Wu Sangui were both rebels of the Ming Dynasty and were important officials of the founding of the Qing Dynasty. But the biggest difference between the two is that one is that one is loyal to the end, and the other surrenders and rebels.
There is a fundamental difference between the two. Just imagine, if a rebellious person is even less popular or a three-family slave? More directly, is it more likely to be accepted by Zhang Liao or Lu Bu ?
Although Wu Sangui finally under the guise of "restoreing the Han people's throne", anyone with discerning eyes knows that his rebellion was because the issue of the interests of withdrawing the vassals or not revoking the vassals has something to do with the Han people!
Overall, after some mental struggle, Hong Chengchou surrendered to the Qing Dynasty while either dying or surrendering. There is a fundamental difference between him and Wu Sangui's voluntary surrendering to the Qing Dynasty driven by Wu Sangui's interests. In addition, what the two did after the Qing Dynasty, it is not difficult to understand that people hate Wu Sangui even more.
