Those who are familiar with the history of the late Qing Dynasty must know the Treaty of Aihui. This treaty was signed in Aihui City, which is why it has this name. So, which city is Aihui City in the "Aihui Treaty"?
Aixinjueluo Yishan
The representatives of both parties to the "Aihui Treaty" are Heilongjiang General Aixinjueluo Yishan, Eastern Siberia of the Russian Empire Governor Nikolai Nikolaevich Muraviyov.
This treaty was signed on May 28, 1858. At that time, China was in the Opium War and the British and French forces had already captured Guangzhou. When the Tsarist Russian government learned of the news, it believed that a good opportunity had come and it could finally stand up.
Prior to this, the Manchu Qing government and Tsarist Russia signed the Nerchinsk Treaty, which has stipulated the boundaries between the two parties. However, the Tsarist government believed that Tsarist Russia was at a disadvantage, so it wanted to take advantage of the internal chaos in China to do something more.
In this way, Tsarist Russia convened a "special committee" meeting to conspire, and adopted Muravijov's opinion on continuing to "emigrate" to Heilongjiang and backed by force to hold diplomatic negotiations with the Qing government. After the meeting , The Tsarist government informed the Qing government that Muraviyov has been ordered to negotiate the Sino-Russian border issue. If the Qing government wants to settle the "Heilongjiang issue", you can discuss with him.
At this time, the Qing Dynasty Heilongjiang general is Aixinjue Luo Yishan was ordered to resolve the border conflict.
Signing site
With the start of the second Opium War, the situation is extremely unfavorable for the Qing government. Others The country can only invade China from the south from the sea and land, and because of Russia’s border with China, Muraviyov led the Cossack cavalry to the city of Aihui.
On May 20, the British and French allied forces captured Dagu and Tianjin was in desperate situation. Beijing shook. On the 22nd, Muraviyov was escorted by two gunboats to Aihui City to meet and negotiate with the Heilongjiang General Yishan of the Qing Dynasty.
Muraviyov said that he was here to "help China's defense "British" is also to "defend its own territory" and "For the benefit of both sides, Qing and Russia must delimit along the Heilongjiang River and the Ussuri River." Yishan pointed out that the border between the two countries has been "agreed and obeyed according to the Nerchinsk Treaty. Never changed for decades. Today, if Zhaoer et al. discuss it, it’s difficult to give in to permission.” This negotiation was very controversial. Before the meeting ended, Muraviyov handed over the "draft treaty" drawn up by the Russian side to Yishan, only to reply the next day. The essence is to tear up the Sino-Russian "Nerchinsk Treaty" and forcibly occupy the area north of Heilongjiang and east of the Ussuri River.
muravijov
In the second negotiation, the Qing government categorically rejected the unreasonable request made by the Russian side and returned the "draft treaty" to the Russian representative. Because the Russian side was unreasonably making trouble, the negotiation was fruitless.
We often say that weak countries have no diplomacy. At that time, the Qing government was in the Kang-Qian era, and in the face of the provocations of Tsarist Russia, it would definitely fight back with force. However, at this time, the Qing government could only give in blindly. Intimidation. Muraviyov was impatient and used an ultimatum to propose the final text of the treaty, forcing Yishan to sign it, and threatening to say: "You cannot negotiate peacefully with the Chinese! "
Under the threat of military force from Tsarist Russia, Yishan finally succumbed and was forced to sign with Muraviyov on the 28th, also known as the "Ahui Treaty". This treaty is the first Qing-Russian treaty signed between China and Russia. Unequal treaty.
According to the provisions of the treaty, China lost about 600,000 square kilometers of territory north of Heilongjiang and south of the Outer Xing’an Mountains. The Chinese territory east of the Ussuri River is classified as Sino-Russian joint administration; Heilongjiang, Only Chinese and Russian vessels are allowed to sail on the Ussuri River.
爱辉区
After the signing of the "Aihui Treaty" treaty, the Russian government is very happy. Hailan Pao on the north bank of Aihui City was renamed "Bao"Xicheng", also known as Blagoveshchensk today, celebrates the successful signing of the treaty. Tsar Alexander II awarded a special award in recognition of Muraviyov who was "successful" in invading the contract. He is the Earl of Heilongjiang.
Of course, the Qing government could not recognize this treaty, and threw the pot to Aixinjueluo Yishan, believing that he decided without authorization and did not represent the Qing government, and punished Yishan and others afterwards. However, With the further penetration of foreign powers into China, China and Russia concluded the "Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty" in 1860 and recognized the "Aihui Treaty". So far, China has lost a large area of land.
In the "Aihui Treaty" Aihui City, now the only municipal district in Heihe City, is the seat of the Heihe Municipal Party Committee and Municipal Government, and the political, economic, cultural, educational, and medical center of Heihe City. Today, Aihui has been simplified to Aihui.
According to According to official reports, Aihui District has an area of 14,446 square kilometers, 4 subdistricts, 3 towns, and 8 townships. There are 16 state-owned agricultural and forestry pastures in the territory, with a total population of 197,000. There are 26 ethnic groups including Han, Manchu, Daur, and Oroqen. An important gateway to the opening of Northeast Asia. Today, Aihui District has a very good economy, especially the tourism industry, which is very developed.
[Reference materials: "Into Aihui", "Russia's Success in the Far East"] (Author : Daily Chinese Characters)
