Feng Tang is easy to be old, and Li Guang is difficult to seal. Li Guang was not allowed to be a Marquis all his life. Some people said that he was not lucky enough to catch up with the good times. Some people said that his military merits were not enough. However, we can see the trajectory of the Qin and Han military merit system reforms from Huang Zhong’s slaying of Xiahouyuan. Huang Zhong may not have the merits of Li Guang, but with Xiahouyuan’s first rank, he also won Guanneihou. He was knighted and was also named a post-general by Liu Bei. Li Guang fought the border for the rest of his life, but he did not get to the position of Huang Zhong.
From the beginning of Shang Yang's reform, military exploits have become the stepping stone for many people to change their destiny. From slave to general, it is the dream of many people. Times make heroes, born in troubled times, suffering and glory coexist, danger and opportunity coexist. Today, let’s take a look at the military merit system of the Qin and Han Dynasties and even the Three Kingdoms period through the experience of Li Guang, Huangzhong and others.
From a closer look, we will come to this conclusion: From the Qin Dynasty to the Han Dynasty, the military service system has undergone changes, and the system has been simplified a bit unfairly. From slave to general, it has become an impossible task. task.
1. Huang Zhong was sealed off by Neihou. First of all, I would like to thank Xiahouyuan
"The Three Kingdoms·Volume 36" records that Huang Zhong was originally Liu Biao's subordinate One of the Chinese lords, along with Liu Biao’s nephew, Liu Pan, guards Changsha You County, which seems to be equivalent to a county’s security chief.
Cao Cao took over Jingzhou Ground from Liu Cong, and also took over Liu Biao's subordinates. After reorganizing the Jingzhou Army into the Han Army, everyone was promoted to one level. Huang Zhong became a general with a false title, and his position was not promoted: "Fake General Xingpi, still retired, under the control of Changsha Shou Han Xuan."
In Jingzhou, Huang Zhong is just a middle-lower-level officer. Cao Cao and Liu Bei, who are desperate for talents, do not take Huang Zhong seriously, so Huang Zhong sent out to surrender Liu Bei after the Battle of Chibi. There is no reward: "The first masters of Nanding prefectures, loyalty and loyalty, and then enter Shu."
Huang Zhong did not follow Guan Yu at all. In the Changsha battle, he took the initiative to surrender with Han Xuan. If he really had a life-saving friendship with Guan Yu, he wouldn't have to worry about resistance from Guan Yu when he was sealed.
After Huang Zhong returned to Liu Bei, the small universe exploded, from a little-known middle and low-level officer to a brave general of the three armies, and this "brave the three armies" is also recorded in official history: "自Jiameng was appointed, but also attacked Liu Zhang, loyal to Chang first ascends Chen, courageously crowned the three armies. Yizhou is established, worshipped as the general of the army. In the twenty-fourth year of Jian'an, he attacked Xiahouyuan at Dingjun Mountain in Hanzhong. Must advance, persuade the soldiers to lead the soldiers, make the golden drum vibrate the sky, move the valley with joy, and cut the Yuan in the first battle."
With the merits of Zhan Xiahouyuan, Huang Zhong was appointed as a general and gave the nobility to the Marquis of Neiguan. Above Zhao Yun and Wei Yan. We know that even if we don’t mention Zhao Yun’s formation of the white scorpion team for Liu Bei, we don’t mention the two savior’s merits. He should be awarded a Ting Hou: "Zhao Yun Zijiang". The state will be divided into Jiangyang and Qianwei, and fly to Brazil to set Deyang.”
Zhuge Liang, Zhang Fei, Zhao Yun and the three of them attacked the road to Shu. Against the four major military towns, Zhao Yun won two by himself, but afterwards Zhao Yun did not have a marquee, and Zhuge Liang did not have a marquee. Neither of these two had any titles before Liu Bei became emperor, and they were all miscellaneous generals.
The military system of the Han Dynasty, with the generals at the top, the hussars at the second, the chariots at the third, and the guards at the fourth: "Fourth than the public: the first general, the second hussar, the second General Chaqi, General Second Guard. There are generals from front, back, left and right. General, Hussar, and Prime Minister, Chaqi, General Guard, left, right, front, and back are all golden and purple. Qing. "The Book of the Later Han · One Hundred Officials""
The name general (such as the four directions, four campaigns and four towns) is higher than the general miscellaneous, and below general miscellaneous are general generals, generals, and generals , And down there is the school lieutenant. For example, during the Battle of Chibi, Lu Su was the lieutenant of the military school. Zhou YuReceived the title of the general to lead the South County prefect.
Huang Zhong from a little-known general of the water injection Pi, became a general (at the same level as Sun Quanping), a general of Zhengxi, and finally a post-general with the golden seal of the purple ribbon. This can be seen in the Three Kingdoms of the Later Han Dynasty. In troubled times, as long as it can be fought, it will not be a problem to confess Houbai, and one of the evidences that can be fought is to kill the enemy generals or annihilate a sufficient number of enemies. Zhuge Liang and Zhao Yun were not allowed to be a prince in the early stage because although he had the power to attack the city, he had not enough people.
Compared with Huang Zhongyong's crowning of the three armies, the famous parachutist Li Guang could not be appointed as a marquee, so it is worth exploring.
2. Li Guang was not allowed to be a prince, it is really not that the number of first ranks is not enough
We put down the "Three Kingdoms", and then pick up "Historical Records" and "Han "Book", we will find that there is no need to argue about whether the "flying general" is Li Guang or Wei Qing, because both "Historical Records" and "Han Shu" are clearly written: "广居右Peking, the Xiongnu heard it, called the "Han Fei General", and avoided it for a few years, and did not dare to enter the right Beiping." "In the county, the Xiongnu called the "Han Fei General", avoid it, and will not enter the boundary for a few years. "
Let’s take a look at Li Guang’s record of cutting the flag: I think that the Emperor of the Han Dynasty Liu Qi sent a cronie (no name in the history books, just called the noble person) to the border to practice gilding and bear this burden. The emperor's cronies who were on the inspection mission took dozens of elite cavalry soldiers and were preyed by the three Huns. The imperial envoys were wounded and the guards were killed and wounded.
When Li Guang heard the cries of the nobleman, he immediately thought: "You deserve to be unlucky, you met the Hun archer." Li Guang personally got on his horse with his bow and caught up with the three archer. Shoot two and capture one alive.
You must know that in the Han Dynasty at that time, there was a theory that the Huns were invincible. Li Guang’s move effectively eliminated the "phobia of the Huns". He used the bow and arrows to prove that the Huns were also carrying two shoulders. Holding a head, he vomits when he drinks too much, hurts when he is beaten, and kills with an arrow. If the archer is someone from the Xiongnu, then Li Guang can become a marquis by "shooting three of them, killing two of them, and giving birth to one."
It is estimated that Li Guang neither interrogated nor offered prisoners, so he slapped the guy directly, so there is no such pen in the credit book. It is a great opportunity to seal the court. I missed it in vain.
In addition to capturing and slashing the Xiongnu shooter, Li Guang has nothing to achieve. He cannot be a marquise. It is related to the military system of the Han Dynasty: capturing enemy generals, capturing enemy cities, leading the team Reap thousands of first tiers and win, and you can be sealed by meeting one condition.
Regrettably, although Li Guang was able to save up to 1,000 heads, he has repeatedly failed. The merits and demerits outweigh the merits. The thousands of Xiongnu heads cannot offset the loss of his entire army, so The number of first levels is enough. If the battle or battle is lost, Li Guang not only can't be sealed, but also has to pay a fine: "There are many losses and deaths in Guangzuo, and they are born by captives. They should be cut and redeemed for common people."
In the Han Dynasty, as long as there is no suffering master holding him, he can spend his life with money if he commits a capital crime. If Sima Qian is rich, he doesn't need to suffer the knife.
Li Guang is difficult to seal, this is the point that Hanwen Emperor Liu Heng has predicted: "Sorry, when the son does not meet! If Lingzi was the Emperor, Wanhu Hou is enough!"
and his predecessors In comparison, Li Guang was more difficult to win battles and collect heads, because he faced the Xiongnu nomadic cavalry who came like wind, not the Qin army that was smashed or the rabble crowds gathered hurriedly after the restoration of the nobles of the Six Nations.
Let’s take a look at the tribute of the founding generals when Liu Bang, the emperor of Han Dynasty, divided the princes. The number of people is really amazing.
樊哙: "Beheaded one hundred and seventy-sixth rank, 287 people captured. Don’t, break the army seven, down town five, Dingjun six , County fifty-two, one prime minister, thirteen generals, twelve from two thousand shi to three hundred shi."
Li Shang: "Jianding county six, county seventy-three, each has a prime minister, a guardian, and a general, and two young generals, from two thousand shi to six hundred shi nineteen."
夏侯婴: "If you get two thousand stones and two people, don't break the army sixteen, descend the city forty-six, set the country one, the county two, and the county fifty-two, get two generals, the pillar country and the minister each, and two thousand stone ten people. ”
Li Guangsheng was out of time. When the heads were good, he was still too young. When he guarded the border, it was the strongest period of the Huns. When the Huns were ready to fight, the rising star Wei Qinghuo Qubing devoured them. Li Guang couldn't even drink any soup.
Li Guang is difficult to be granted and Huang Zhong is easy to be granted. In fact, they are the result of the reform of the military service system of the Han Dynasty. If it was in the Qin Dynasty or before, they would all be a logical thing for them. However, the reform of the military merit system may not be fair—the twentieth-level military merit titles of the Qin Dynasty became four ranks of marquis, clerk, doctor, and minor in the Han Dynasty. Liehou (including Hou Tinghou in County Hou Township) and Guannei Hou, Guannei Hou did not have the town: "Inherited the nineteenth class given by Qin, it is Guannei Hou, no soil, food is in the county, private rent The number of households is limited.”
3. Compared with the military service system of the Qin Dynasty, the reform of the Han Dynasty was a step backwards
in In the Qin Dynasty, it was possible to go from a slave to a general. In the Han Dynasty, it was extremely difficult to go from a slave to a general. From a slave to a general, Wei Qing had nothing to do with military merit at first. He had a good sister Wei Zifu. When Wei Qing went to the Xiongnu for the first time, he was already a chariot general of Bisangong when he had not done anything. If it were not for Wei Qing's ability to fight well, then this would be a stain on Han Wudi Liu Che's nepotism. For example, he later appointed Li Guangli, the second division general who also had the status of "uncle of the country," and wiped his nose.
Readers who are familiar with historical materials know that there was a saying in Qin Dynasty that "accumulate merit": one jue is a priest, two jue is called Shangzao, three jue is called hairpin, four jue is no change, and five jue is doctor. , Six princes are official doctors, seven princes are duke doctors, eight princes are duly, nine princes are five princes, ten princes are left generals, eleven princes are right generals, twelve princes are left gens, and thirteen nobles are For the middle class, the fourteenth for the right, the fifteenth for the lesser, the sixteenth for the great master, the seventeenth for the general manager, the eighteenth for the grand general, and the nineteenth for the marquis of Guannei , Twenty Lords are Liehou.
The law of the Qin Dynasty stipulates that if you are a slave or a general, you can obtain one hundred acres of land, a house of 30 steps, and a gang if you are a slave or a general. Your servant at work.
Records in "Book of Shang Jun": "People who hear the war and congratulate each other, the folks who live and eat, the folks, the war,", "the people see the war, Like the meat of a hungry wolf".
Qin Dynasty’s military merits can be accumulated and promoted level by level. For example, in a siege battle, a team of 18 to 20 people only needs to kill five enemies, and the whole team will enter the first rank. , Beheading 8,000 people in siege battles and 2,000 people in field battles, only the general who commanded the battle can be credited.
The military merit system of the Han Dynasty was simplified, and later the standard of ban was simplified to only one: win and beheaded more than a thousandth level or beheaded the enemy general.
There is a serious problem here, that is, the small soldier kills the general, and it must be recorded on the head of the main general. The small soldier kills the general and becomes the marquis. Since the Han Dynasty, it has no longer existed. For example, the death of Cha Cha Cai Yang, regardless of whether Guan Yu moved his hands or not, will be counted on Liu Bei's head: "The first master killed the Xuzhou provincial governor Cha Cha", "Cao Gong sent Cai Yang to hit him, and he was taken by the first master. Kill.”
Even if Huang Zhongzhen slashed Xiahouyuan, it is sometimes recorded as Liu Bei's merit in historical records: "Yuan Branch’s soldiers half assisted Yun, and Yuan died in battle to prepare for the attack. ”
Conclusion: After the Han Dynasty, heroes should also ask their origin
Heroes don’t ask their origins, and big coffees don’t ask their age. This sentence is not very popular since the Han DynastyOkay, because since the promulgation and implementation of the "Nine-Rank Zhongzheng System", it has been "the upper-grade Wuhanmen, the lower-grade without the power". Since the Qin Dynasty, we have rarely heard of the legend of "from slave to general". The story.
In any dynasty, during the Founding War, the military merit system was relatively fair, but after the generation of noble class, Fenghoubai general became the exclusive right of a certain group.
When Li Guang fought against the Xiongnu, the Han Dynasty had passed to the fourth and fifth generations (if you count Liu Ying and Lu pheasant), the power class had solidified, and Li Guang was stuck by the simplified Fenghou. Huang Zhong is luckier than Li Guang because he was born in the troubled times of the Three Kingdoms of the Later Han Dynasty, and his inherent class and system have been broken, so he has a chance to soar into the sky.
From the Qin dynasty, everyone was brave to public wars and cowardly to private fights, slaves accumulated meritorious service to be appointed as generals, to the Han dynasty that did not kill a thousand people and could not be granted princes. Did the Han dynasty's military merit system simplify reform succeed or fail? ? For the Han dynasty, it was success, and only at will did it have the domineering arrogance that "those who commit a strong man will be killed even if they are far away."
But to the bottom of society and non-imperial relatives, it seems that it is not so fair, because from slave to general, it has become an impossible legend. Li Guang is difficult to be named, and his fate is miserable. If he were the brother-in-law of Han Wudi Liu Che's brother-in-law or sent out a concubine, would he end up in hatred?
Reference historical materials: "Historical Records", "Hanshu", "Later Hanshu", "Three Kingdoms", "Shangjunshu", "Military System", etc.
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