Text/Guo Yemin
"Quanzhou prefect Pu Shougeng, native of the Western Regions, who traveled to and from the sea with kindergartens, resulting in huge production and thousands of children."-Wang Pan "Gaocheng Order Dong Wenbing's legacy monument"
originated from an Arab family
Since the second year of Yonghui in the Tang Dynasty (651), when the Arab Empire and the Tang Dynasty formally communicated with each other, Arab merchants have gone to China to do business with all their hardships. At first, most Arab merchants in the Tang Dynasty arrived in Chang'an via the silk road on land. In the 1960s, three Arab gold coins were unearthed from a late Tang tomb in Xiyaotou Village, Xi'an City today. Their dates are 702, 718 and 746 AD. This is physical evidence of the land transportation between China and Arab states. After the mid-Tang Dynasty, because the Hexi and Longyou on the land Silk Road were occupied by Tubo forces, the rise of the Maritime Silk Road replaced the land Silk Road, causing the traffic and trade between China and the Arab world to shift from land to sea.
At that time, under the guidance of the Tang dynasty policy of “except for ships, closings, and advances, letting them pass through, do their own transactions, and not increase taxes”, merchants in the southeast coast and other ports were unprecedentedly busy. During this period, Arab and Persian merchants were even "Xinbo Han land, as far as Guangzhou." Therefore, Guangzhou Port became the world's largest foreign trade port in the Tang Dynasty and even in that period. For example, Han Yu said in his article "Preface to Zheng Quanshang Shu": At that time, Guangzhou, "foreign goods are coming, and pearl incense, elephant rhinoceros, tortoiseshell, and strange objects are overflowing in China and are invincible. Arab and Persian merchants living in coastal commercial ports There have also been more and more, tens of thousands. According to records, when the Tian Shen Gong crusade against Liu Zhan in 760 AD, Yangzhou "Da Shi, Persian Hujia killed thousands of people." Suleiman's "Journey to the East" It is said that when the Huang Chao rebels captured Guangzhou, the number of Islam, Judaism, Christianity, Zoroastrian and other religious and businessmen killed in Arab countries totaled 120,000. These figures may be a bit exaggerated, but at least it shows that they lived in Yangzhou and Guangzhou at that time. The number of Persian and Arab business travelers in other places and the flourishing trade between China and Arab countries. Z1z
After entering the Song Dynasty, the policy of extending foreign merchants was more favorable than that of the Tang Dynasty. More cannibals came to China and the region Guang. They live in Guangzhou, Quanzhou, Mingzhou (Ningbo), Hangzhou and other places to establish their own Fanfang. Criminals will be dealt with by the Fan leaders in accordance with Islamic rules. Officials never ask. The above-mentioned superior treatment aims to encourage them to do business in China. , In order to develop Shibo trade and increase taxation. During the Song Shenzong period, the food merchant Xin Abdala, who accumulated millions of assets, was named Huaihua general by the Song Shenzong. In 1072 AD, he also served as a non-patrol country (now Aman Suhar)’s envoy came to China to make contributions. When he was the governor of Guangzhou, he played the role of “enlightening the cultivation of crops and escalating navigation”, and donated goods and sold fields to vigorously revitalize the county school. At that time, the Song Dynasty government stipulated As long as the officials of the city ship can attract the merchants and the extraction reaches 50,000 guan, they can make up the officials. In 1136 AD, the food merchant Prosin used "a ship to build a ship to carry frankincense to give the Quanzhou ship, the value of the extraction Three hundred thousand yuan is hard work. "Was also awarded the official position of "Chengxinlang". The "Pu" surname here was a common surname of Fanke at that time. The root may be traced back to the Arabic "Abdullah". Therefore, the surname of Pu Fanke is naturally from Arabia. Mainly from various places. There is a group of Fanke surnamed Pu, who moved from Champa to Guangzhou to do business in the Song Dynasty. It was not only a wealthy giant for a time, but also a Fanchang with authority among giant merchants." Administrative leaders, and they are legal and religious leaders. In the six years of Jiading in the Southern Song Dynasty (1213) or Shaoding (1228-1233), Pu Kaizong led his tribe to move to Quanzhou, opening a new chapter in family history. While continuing to engage in the overseas trade mainly for the trafficking of bulk spices, he ran to Anxi, Quanzhou, and became the head of Anxi County, a position similar to that of the director of finance. His business is quite large, which can be seen from the fact that he was awarded the official position of "Cheng Jie Lang" higher than "Cheng Xin Lang" by Song Ting.
The wealth of the fans was quite eye-catching at the time. The big food merchant Pu Yaduoli came to pay tribute in the first year of Zhidao (995). The tribute included one hundred taels of white borneol, twenty bottles of silver medicine, three urns of white sugar, twenty bottles of rose water, and one frankincense mountain. Two sections of brocade, three sections of Baiyuenuo, and three sections of camel horse mat. In the first year of Shaoxing (1131), Pu Yali paid 290 elephant tusks and 35 rhinoceros, which was worth more than 50,000 guan at the market price at that time. In the Song Dynasty, there was also a move by the fanciers to provide money to help repair the city., The construction of science and technology, the spring to the Jiahu".
Huaisheng Temple in Guangzhou is surrounded by the ancient site of Fanfang
. These people lived a comfortable and comfortable life in the Song Dynasty by virtue of their rich wealth.” See Fanfang in Guangzhou. People bet on chess, and there is no cart and horse system. Only a few pieces of ivory, rhino horn, and sandalwood are used in the chess game. It's not a question of being a drama. "In addition, they can also raise birds. Zhu Yu bought a white parrot when he lived in Guangzhou, and he was able to speak. Since white parrots can speak, they are no doubt raised by the Tibetans. Birds are not a simple entertainment. They also sell the birds they raise. In addition to bird raising, the fans are also famous for their level of flower cultivation. The frangipani planted in Fanxiang is particularly fragrant and is used as a spice One’s ambergris must also be made from raw materials from Fanxiang flowers in order to be of high quality.
Pu Shougeng and his brother.
At this time, the fans still retain foreign characteristics in food and clothing, such as Yue Ke’s It is mentioned that they do not eat pork, and they usually only use one hand to grab the rice while eating, and the other hand is not used under the mattress. Fanke’s clothes are also different from the Song people, and they have their own foreign land. The characteristic, the so-called "Fan people dress and Hua Yi", they also have the habit of wearing earrings, "Guangzhou Persian women wear acupuncture points and rings around their ears, and there are more than 20 ones."
But in addition, the soil The native fan guest has been largely localized. Starting from the early years of Xining in the Northern Song Dynasty, the Song Dynasty set up "fanxue" in Guangzhou, Quanzhou and other Arab merchants' settlements, and its curriculum was basically the same as that of the prefecture. In this way, it was accepted by fan businessmen. Han cultural education even took part in the imperial examinations of the Song Dynasty, which created conditions so that the descendants of Fan merchants could pass the imperial examinations. Pu Shoucheng, a son of Pu Kaizong, is a typical example of the Huahua of Fans. He should have been a military officer in his early years. Liu Kezhuang Once wrote the epilogue of "Pu Lingwei's Poem" for Pu Shoucheng: "Heart Spring Pu Jun Shi Yu Poem Hundred and Thirty, Ancient Fu Three. In the past twenty years, the Jun family had the name of the ceramic chair, and Yu Weizhi also knew it. After the monarch's wealth fell, he went to Maoquan, Yu Shi wrote poems, and he saw Jun poems for another ten years. "Pu Shoucheng also said in the preface of his poem: "Deng Shiguyan, see the big reading in the city, it seems like an ant, because of old thinking, one of the ants, and one of them, feels so rich. "This passage also proves that he was a soldier.
However, although Pu Shoucheng is an officer, he has a strong interest in culture. He learned to write poetry, interacted with scribes, and later became a famous poet. Poems." In his collection of poems, he kept the poems sung with Quanzhou celebrities such as Hong Tianxi, Xu Mingshu, Qiu Kui, Hu Zhonggong and others. His "Jiqiu Diaoji" poem "The high hill looks at the sea from afar, and the autumn thinks of poverty. There is Devil May Cry, and no one knows about fishing straight. "The level is good. Just looking at this poem, I can't imagine that he is a foreigner. The above-mentioned Quanzhou celebrities (such as Hong Tianxi, who served as the consolation envoy of Fujian and Shangshu of the Criminal Ministry) are willing to interact with him, which should explain his poetry level. Later, Pu Shoucheng became an official in Meizhou. Zhizhou, known for its incorruptibility, “sex is frugal, and Yumin has nothing to gain.”
This is because he has a wealthy brother so he can “see wealth and honor like clouds.” Contrary to Pu Shoucheng’s cultural-loving personality, Pu Shougeng, another son of Pu Kaizong, was a "shoulder and rogue", and he actually mingled with the market gangsters. After he became an adult, Pu Shougeng should be entrusted with his father to enter the officialdom, and then served in the Shibo Division, step by step promotion, at the same time, he was also Doing business. He has a friend in the officialdom called Dong Sigao. Dong Sigao used to be a tea officer in Jiujiang. He wrote a poem titled "Wish to Fu Pu Haiyun Makes a Dry Boat": "Jiang Shanglou Gao Mingshulian, Zhuangyou Yu mountains and rivers empty. When the guest is drunk in the autumn evening, I will return to Yanxian in my dream. The water sent the fleeting years to hate Chu, and the wind blew the remnant snow on Wu Dian. After many times of slanderous attachment, it is better to buy a ship if you depend on each other. "Thinking about the last two sentences of this poem, we know that Dong Sigao has taken the free boat of Pu Haiyun (Pu Shougeng Haiyun) many times, and even somewhat uninteresting, claiming that it is better to buy a boat by himself. This poem also tells us: Pu Shougeng At that time, he held the position of "manager", which should be the position of a municipal ship secretary. He often traveled by boat in the Yangtze River area, and should be doing business, so Dong Sigao could take his hand. At the same time, Pu Shougeng should have been in the city ship for a long time. Secretary, and concurrently as a translator, can be used in the trade between the two sides. Therefore, the "Dong Wenbing Biography" of "Gaocheng County Chronicles" records "(Pu) Shougeng's Huihe people, who used sea ships as their business... The country is not afraid to be convinced. "Z1z
Pu Shougeng has experienced a twists and turns after five years as a manager. The meticulous "Guixin Miscellaneous Knowledge · Different Collection" records oneA story related to Pu's family: "Lin Qiao, a native of Quanzhou...had a relationship with Pubo, and borrowed land to make a house. Wang Maoyue was an envoy of the ship, and he was a person of eight officials. After that, the king stopped, and Pu attacked it, and seized the land he borrowed.” According to the stone carvings of Jiuri Mountain in Quanzhou, the envoy of Quanzhou City Shipping in the second year of Xianchun (1266) was Wang Maoyue. At that time, there was an official businessman surnamed Pu ("Pu Baguanren", which should be the mistake of "Pudaguanren"). He was prosecuted for failing to pay taxes for the merchants. He entrusted the Quanzhou scholar Lin Qiao to report to Shibo for him. Make Wang Maoyue lobby. Afterwards, things changed and Wang Maoyue resigned. "Pu Baguanren’s tax evasion case may not be resolved. Therefore, he believes that the intermediary Lin Qiao has failed to work and retakes the land originally lent.
From the context of this story In terms of meaning, "Pubbo" and "Pu Baguanren" should be the same person, and they are Pu Shougeng. Apart from him, there will be no such arrogant Pu surname in the late Song Dynasty. Quanzhou Ships Division is an organization, There are many officials in the organization, and Pu Shougeng is called "Pubose" or "Pu Daguanren", which shows that he is an official of the Department of Shipping of Quanzhou City, and his official position is not small, otherwise he would not be called "Puber". Of course, This post should not be the Shibosi secretary, but an official position with real power. Therefore, he could use his power to smuggle, which was called "leak ship." The Song Dynasty attached great importance to the income of the Shibosi. The assessment is how many “barbarians” can be recruited and how much taxes are collected each year. Under this background, “Pu Daguanren” still dares to “leak the ships” and has not been punished afterwards, which shows that his power has risen to A certain height. Yuan Dynasty General Dong Wenbing commented that Pu Shougeng once said: "Shou Geng Su is the master of Shi Bo". The four words "Su Zhu Shi Bo" should be able to prove that although he is not the Shi Bo Steward, he is actually The real power figure of the Shibosi Division.
Haiyunlou's business empire
In the last thirty years of the Southern Song Dynasty, the foreign trade of Quanzhou Port was basically controlled by Pu Shougeng, who called him "excellent at Fanboli for thirty years." . His family is mainly engaged in the trade of spices, and its descendants have been engaged in the production and management of spices. The "Puqing Lanxiang Room" in Wuli Street, Yongchun, is a famous incense handicraft and shop. It is the thirteenth generation of Pu Shimao from Quanzhou. It started operating when it moved to Yongchun and has been in the eighth or nineth generation. The family name "Yulantang Incense Room" of Pu in Dehua Chengguan is also hereditary. Quanzhou Fa Shi is Pu Shougeng's hometown, where he grows flowers and grows jasmine and jasmine imported from Arabia. Frangipani. They also retain their special customs and worship their ancestors with spices and fragrant flowers. Z1z
Fan merchants represented by Pu Shougeng brought a large number of overseas treasures, making Quanzhou "a place for treasures and treasures." According to the report. , The Song Dynasty imported goods from overseas countries include treasures, spices, medicines, cloth, groceries, etc., as many as more than 400 kinds, such as "Yunlu Manchao": Fujian City ships often to other countries to ship ships, there are "big food , Jialing, Spicy, Xintiao, Three Buddha Qiguo, there are pearls, ivory, rhino horn, brain, frankincense, agarwood, fried incense, coral, glass, agate, tortoiseshell, tortoise tube, gardenia, rose water, dragon Saliva and so on..." The variety of goods is so diverse that it is difficult to enumerate. Z1z
's large-scale maritime trade has brought huge profits. "Tongjiang Collection" contains: "The springs of the river are sold for 30 years, and they are 10 million years old. Five breaths, every eight hundred hu of pepper is trivial. "As a result, his "increased wealth" and "increased wealth". If there were wealth rankings at that time, the title of the richest man in Quanzhou would never fall to others. There was a Putian man named Liu Kezhuang in the Southern Song Dynasty, who was famous at that time. Poetry writer and poet critic, he is very knowledgeable. He likened Pu Shougeng to the giant Tao Zhugong in the late Spring and Autumn Period. Pu Shougeng's wealth can be seen.
At that time, Pu Shougeng's mansion was in the south of Quanzhou city, east to Tumen Street, west to Xiting, south to Quanzhou No. 7 Middle School, north to Tushan Street, with a radius of about 300 acres. 300 acres are converted into square meters, which is about 200,000 square meters. What is the concept of 200,000 square meters? Beijing Palace Museum Covering an area of about 720,000 square meters, that is to say, the Pu family mansion is about one-third to one-fourth of the Forbidden City. The Pu family's descendants in the Republic of China claimed that "the 24th year of the Republic of China (around 1935) At the time, Quanzhou Nanjiao Field was opened as a bus station, and the flower pots dug out were written with the words Prime Minister's Garden. My uncle said that Nanjiao Field was originally the garden of our Prime Minister (referring to Pu Shougeng). "Zhuang Weiji, who went to investigate after the founding of New China, believes that "Pu's residential center is now the Quanzhou Main Station." His mansion is now the main station of Nanjiaochang. "Z1z
Pu Shougeng’s house has a garden and a chess boardGarden, book hall, martial arts field, kitchen, ancestral hall, etc. The place where Pu's family receives VIPs is called "Wai Li Lane"; the place where Pu's Wu Jiang Wu Hall is located is called "Jian Wu Xiang"; because Quanzhou is known as "the seaside Zou Lu", the place where his children study is called It is called "Donglu Alley"; even the kitchen of his family barracks occupies an alley called "Zhaozai Alley". In the era when Pu Shougeng lived, chess was flourishing. In order to entertain the guests, Pu Shougeng opened a chessboard garden to the north of his garden. He also really knows how to play, "cutting boulders as chessboards,...using beauties as chess pieces". Thirty-two beauties each hold their own black and red chess pieces, and each is in position, waiting for the chess players to order to advance and retreat. So far, the disk is no longer available, and the garden has also been converted into a land temple, but the place name has not been changed. There is a small alley near Quanzhou Yiquan Palace, called "Thirty-two Lanes". It is said that this is the place where Pu Shougeng gave 32 women who acted as chess pieces overnight. Nobody knows the other treatments of these women now, but in the dormitory that Pu Shougeng arranged at the beginning, everyone had a room.
Sustaining such a luxurious life is Pu Shougeng's huge maritime business empire. His son-in-law Buddha Lian (an Arab from Bahrain) owns 80 sea ships. When his family property was confiscated because he had no children after his death, he had 130 pearls. It can be seen that there are naturally many more ships under Pu Shougeng's name. It is said that the sea ship under his name, "The boat is like a giant chamber, and the sails are as long as the clouds of the sky. The rudder is several feet long. A boat has hundreds of people. It accumulates food for a year. In order to better inspect his huge fleet, Pu Shougeng also built a watch tower on Baojue Mountain (a stone mountain) near the Jinjiang port to watch the sea. There is a "One Bi Wanqing Pavilion" downstairs, standing in front of the pavilion. Haitian has a panoramic view. This is the famous "Tianfeng Haiyun Tower". The name of the building is Pu Shougeng's word "Haiyun". Obviously, without strong economic power and huge sea ships, it is impossible to build Wanghailou without building.
As for his brother Pu Shoucheng later returned to his hometown of Fa Shi to live in seclusion. Fa Shi Binhai is the backing mountain, and it was the key for overseas transportation in Quanzhou during the Song and Yuan Dynasties. According to the chronicle, “Yunlu is on the left side of Fashi Mountain. It is a small village. It is located in the southeast corner of Quanzhou City, about three kilometers away from the city.... It is said that Pu Shoucheng had quite a lot during the Song and Yuan Dynasties. This is the size of the garden."
A native fancier
in the Southern Song Dynasty (1274) in the tenth year of Xianchun in the Southern Song Dynasty, one thing made Pu Shougeng politically prosperous, that is, he and Shouchen led the fleet to defeat the "pirates" that invaded Quanzhou and saved them. The security of the port. The pirate gangs in Fujian and Guangdong have always been with the Southern Song Dynasty. "Only in the four short four years from Shaoxing 13 years to Shaoxing 17 years, at least 50 pirate groups appeared every year in Fujian Road. A pirate team was born." Thieves entrenched small coastal islands and harassed places. The imperial court has repeatedly sent troops to encircle and suppress ships, looting ships at sea, and going ashore to burn, kill and loot, which is rampant. However, in the Southern Song Dynasty, "the officers and soldiers do not learn the dangers of the mountains and are more infected with the miasma", and the pirate forces are so powerful that even the official left-wing army of the official navy cannot resist. According to the "Quanzhou Fuzhi·Jibing", there were six incidents of pirates violating springs in Quanzhou in the Southern Song Dynasty, and eight incidents of pirates violating springs were recorded in the "General History of Fujian". In the tenth year of Xianchun in the Southern Song Dynasty (1274), pirates attacked Quanzhou. The officers and soldiers had no alternative. The Southern Song court had to recruit civilian ships and encourage civilians to arrest pirates and encourage officials and civilians to arrest pirates by rewarding officials.
Fortunately, the Pu Shougeng brothers are not only familiar with maritime affairs, but also have a large fleet and thousands of "children", so it is natural to deal with pirates in the district. The two attacked on their own initiative, retreated from the bandit, and shook the ruling and opposition parties. The Southern Song Dynasty government granted him the consolation envoy of Fujian and the establishment of coastal capitals (collectively known as the establishment of coastal capitals of Fujian), appeasing the military and civil affairs of Fujian No. 1 Road, and granted him the power to supervise the coastal navy of Fujian and Zhejiang. , And also mention Shibo. As far as the Southern Song Dynasty is concerned, the Fujian appeasement envoys have always been concurrently served by the Zhizhou of Fuzhou, the first town of Fujian Province. Moreover, the Fuzhou Zhizhou mostly chooses high-ranking officials with prestige. For example, Zhang Jun and others are officials at the prime minister level. For Pu Shougeng, this is already an incomparable honor. This native native guest has become a local official of the Song Dynasty court, and his power has become the actual controller of Quanzhou City. Although he is not known in Quanzhou, many documents refer to him as "prefect" and "prefect guard".
When Pu Shougeng was in power in Quanzhou, the Song Dynasty, which lasted for three hundred years, had already reached its dying year. In 1276, the Yuan army had already marched under Lin'an. February of the second year of DeyouOn the fifth day of the fifth day, under the careful planning and manipulation of Boyan, the commander of the Yuan army, a surrender ceremony was held in Lin'an Imperial City. The little emperor Song Gongzong Zhao 㬎 (7 years old), who had taken off his yellow robe, led civil servants and generals to the Xiangxi Hall, announced his formal abdication and surrendered to the Mongols. However, before the Yuan army stationed in Lin'an, the small court of the Southern Song Dynasty hurriedly entered into Fuzhou (a high-ranking official and a low-ranking official) in order to continue the country. Zhao Bing, the king of incoming letters, became the king of Guangxi, and ordered him to sentence Quanzhou. When the two kings were about to fall in Lin'an, they were guarded by Duma Duwei Yang Zhen and others. They left the capital and went to Wenzhou via Wuzhou (now Jinhua, Zhejiang). Boyan, who wanted to cut the grass and roots of the Song Dynasty, learned that he sent troops to chase him, but he didn't get the result.
On the first day of May of the second year of Deyou, King Yi officially ascended to the throne in Fuzhou and became emperor, Song Duanzong, and changed the name of this year to the first year of Jingyan. As a result, he took the throne in Fuzhou for only half a year, and the Anti-Yuan campaign in Zhejiang was defeated. The Yuan army drove straight into northern Fujian in November that year, forcing Duanzong to leave Fuzhou by boat and arrive in Quanzhou.
According to the usual practice, after the new emperor takes office, he will generally promote the ministers and reward them for their support. When King Yi became emperor in Fuzhou, most of his officers were in Fuzhou, Jianning Prefecture, Nanjianzhou, and Shaowu Army in the west and north of Fujian. At that time, Quanzhou was actually controlled by Pu Shougeng, so after Duan Zongnan fled Quanzhou, how to treat Pu Shougeng immediately became a problem. In order to win the support of Pu Shougeng, Song Ting did not hesitate to appoint Pu Shougeng as the "general sea vessel" as the envoy of Fujian and Guangdong, making him a veritable "sea general manager" as he wished. Of course, under the situation of war and chaos at that time, it is difficult to say that Pu Shougeng's power can be extended to Guangdong. The title of the concubiner of the two groups of Fujian and Guangxi is more honorary. The lingering Song Ting is nothing but high-ranking officials in exchange for his loyalty. If Pu Shougeng was willing to be loyal to the Song Dynasty, perhaps this post would be worthy of the name in the future, but this native fan, the real power figure in Quanzhou, may have made up his mind to do it when Haiyun Tower looked at his huge merchant fleet. A different choice was made.
