How powerful is Zhuge Liang's "Eight Formation Diagram"? Can stop one hundred thousand elite soldiers

The legend of the eight formations is a formation created by Zhuge Liang during the Three Kingdoms period. According to legend, when Zhuge Liang fought against the enemy, he piled up rocks into stone formations, and divided them into eight gates of birth, injury, rest, death, scene, death, shock, and opening according to the dungeon's armor. The variety is varied, and it can block a hundred thousand elite soldiers. . Zhuge Liang’s “Eight Formation Tu Lei” is rumored to be located on the South River Beach of Yong’an Palace, located in Dalushu and Xiaolushu Villages in the southeast of Rulin Town, Jintan. Due to the vicissitudes of the hundreds of years, “Eight Formation Tu Village” "It's already completely different.

　　 Zhuge Liang’s eight formation diagram is very famous, but people have not figured out what it is. The record in "Three Kingdoms" is very brief. Although the great military strategists of later generations have inherited and played, it is hard to say how true it is. In the "Three Kingdoms Zhuge Liang Biography", there is the "Catalog of Zhuge Liang Collection" edited by Chen Shou, and there is no chapter "Eight Formations". During the Jin Dynasty, the emperor once ordered someone to learn Zhuge Liang's art of war, but it is difficult to say if he has learned it.

　　 Watching "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", I found that the "Eight Formation Diagram" has too much mystery. In addition to making the enemy unable to find life or death like a maze, it seems that there are still six divine powers. There are also many formations in storytelling such as "The Generals of the Yang", but it seems to have found a place to set up the formation in advance, and wait for the enemy to break it, or the enemy can break it, the formation can't move. The Huang Yaoshi and Huang Rong in "The Legend of the Condor Heroes" seem to have the ability to order eight patterns, which allows Jin Yong to write a labyrinth that is still unconvincing. Although several mounds are effective, they will break even if they are kicked. Up.

　　 I saw on the Internet that some people discussed this eight formation map, and everyone’s common understanding is "battle formation". There is nothing wrong at night, and I will make some random guesses, and it will be right for you.

　　 First of all, since the eight formation map is called by this name, it must be the "eight formation", which is the eight battle formations. It cannot be understood as a large square matrix with eight changes in it. Because in the battle, there are not many situations in which the enemy enters the encirclement to fight the battle. Moreover, it takes too much force to deploy an eight-sided ambush array, which is inconvenient to operate.

　　Second, the eight formation diagram can be understood as a battle formation of eight formations. These eight formations should be suitable for offensive, outflank, retreat, marching, stationing, rest... and other tasks, and the formation will be placed at any time. In a big battle, each team can set up a different or the same formation to cooperate with each other according to the needs of the battle, and change the formation at any time as needed to achieve the best results.

　　 Third, the arrangement method of the formation should fully consider the use of various weapons and the coordination of personnel. For example, in each team, there are several spearmen, several archers, several card swordsmen, several infantrymen, several cavalrymen, etc., in different formations where each person is located, what tasks are completed, and so on.

　　 Fourth, the use of this eight-array map must rely on skilled training, strict discipline, efficient communication, and flexible and correct command, all of which are indispensable.

　　 Fifth, the basic principle of this eight formation diagram is to let one soldier be used by several soldiers, and one arrow can be used by several arrows. At the same time, the soldiers can combine work and rest to save manpower to the greatest extent. Material resources and efficiency.

　　 Sixth, this kind of formation should not be too difficult to design. A person with high IQ and good knowledge is enough to design successfully. The difficulty should be in training and use, so that tens of thousands or even 100,000 people are proficient in these formation change skills, can be used in combat, and obey orders. It should be relatively difficult and must be trained for a long time. So ordinary generals, even if they have this set of formations in their hands, have to work hard.

　　 Seventh, according to Zhuge Liang's own practice, in the later period of his use of troops, the power of the eight formations seemed to be exerted to the extreme. Wei Bing didn't dare to come out to fight, and the battle would be defeated. However, the power of the eight formations seems to be limited to frontal engagement and defense, and lacks effective offensive methods for enemies who are standing up and can't resist. Zhuge Liang switched to radical generals and other methods at the time, but Sima Yi couldn't play, he still had no choice.

　　 The eighth, the eighth formation is not mysterious, it is an excellent resource allocationIt can only occupy a small part of the strategy of warfare, suitable for land warfare confrontation. Zhuge Liang's methods of using troops are not limited to the eight formations. He should still have unique research in other aspects. For example, when siege the city and attack Hao Zhao's Chencang, Kong Ming's methods are very rich, so I won't say more here.

　　 Zhuge Liang’s eight formations were deified by later generations?

　　 Zhugeliang made the eight formations. It is found in historical records. In the process of spreading, the eight formations were artificially deified and related to the five elements of Yin and Yang. The combination of gossip and Taoist talismanic burial technique is more complicated and confusing. The Bajitu itself has timeliness and complexity. The people's admiration for Zhuge Liang who made the Bajitu and the spread of the story of the Three Kingdoms, Kong Ming was transformed into Taoism, which caused the Bajitu to break away from its original appearance and become mystified.

　　 Zhuge Liang’s eight formations can be seen in historical records. The "Three Kingdoms · Shu Shu · Zhuge Liang Biography" says: "Brightness is longer than ingenuity, the gains and losses are continuous, the wooden ox and the horse are all unexpected; deduced the art of war, made the eight formations, It’s just too salty.” After this eight-array map was made, it was very maneuverable at the time. Zhuge Liang once said: "The eight formations have been completed, so far, and the masters are undefeated." "The Book of Jin·Malong Biography": "Longyi's eight formations are drawn as side-box cars. The land is wide and the roads are narrow. The wooden house was put on the car, and before the war, the bow and arrow would fall in response to the string.”

　　 According to the literature, there are three sites of Zhuge Liang’s Eight Formations, one on the river beach in Qili southwest of Fengjie, Chongqing. One is near Dingjun Mountain in Hanzhong, Shaanxi, and the other is near Beimitou Town, Xindu, Sichuan. The relics of these eight formations are all piled up of stones, and they are all neatly arranged and ordered piles of stones.

　　Eastern Jin’s dry treasure "Jin Ji" contained:

　　 Zhuge Kongming was based on the accumulation of stones in Hanzhong. It can only take a few hundred steps, four Guos, and gather the stones into eight rows, and each other three zhangxu, the eighth Array map. Yu Jin is just like, there is often the sound of drums, and the sky is overcast.

　　 Ganbao, a historian of the early Eastern Jin Dynasty, wrote "Jin Ji", which has now been lost. The above story is from Zhang Shu's "Story of Zhuge Zhongwuhou", which injects magical power into the eight formations. The sound of drum armor that can only be found in the battlefield is often heard in ordinary stone piles, and the more cloudy it is, the louder it is. This should be the beginning of the earliest deification of the eight formation map.

　　 "Taiping Huanyu Ji", volume 193, (Song) Yue Shi, which also records the eight formations.

　　 County Southwest Qili, "Jingzhou Illustrated Records" says:

　　"Yong'an Palace, south 1li, on the bottom of the flat moraine, Zhouhui four hundred and eighty zhang, there are eight formations of Zhuge Kongming, with fine stones as It is five feet high and ten squares wide. It has a pattern of history and horizontal and vertical dimensions. The middle is nine feet apart. It opens to the north and south lanes in the middle. It is five feet wide and sixty-four. It may be scattered. And it is lost by Xia Shui. The winter water recedes, and the recovery is still the same.

　　Eight formations in the "Jin Ji" of the Eastern Jin Dynasty Dry Bao, often with the sound of drums. To the "Tai Ping Huan Yu Ji" written by Music History, "Jing Zhou Pictures", 8 The array has the effect of automatic recovery, whether it is artificially scattered, or in the summer, when the water rises, it is submerged, and it seems to disappear from people's field of vision. Once it comes to winter, it "still remains the same." Mr. Ren Naiqiang once expressed doubts about this statement. He believed: "The world pretends that Zhuge is miraculous. The Fujiang River can transport boulders, and the piles of fine stones in the Ande Wuhou formation cannot be moved?" He believes that the reason why the formation can be restored to its original shape is because “the Yufu River is south of the river, and there is a continent outside the gorge. It is called salt moraine. Salt production. The fish clan built a nation based on it. River water has no moraine in summer and autumn, but it can be fried in winter and spring. When the salt worker Hou Jiang left the moraine, Yuquan moved the stone moraine as a pile to get salt water. As the year goes by, the position of the spring and the moraine pile remain unchanged. ”

　　夔州西市, facing the river bank, under the sand and rocks, there are eight figures of Zhuge Liang, the sacred stork, the shape of the goose-shaped stork, and the distribution of like stones. When the gorge water is big, the snow disappears in the three Shus. , Rushing and mixing, can win the way! The big tree is surrounded by ten, withered by a hundred feet, and broken boulders, down with the Poseidon, the water and the shore are together, and the people running on the mountain, the stones are piled, and you can know it. When the water falls and the river is flat, everything is lost. Only the Zhuge formation is a pile of small stones, and they are still in the same way. It has only been six or seven hundred years, and it has been scouring and pushing every year.

　　 The previous quotation is from "Taiping Guangji", the magical effect of the eight matrix pictures in the quotation is mainlyStill lies in the automatic repair function. Zhang Shu edited "The Story of Zhuge Zhongwuhou", once cited this article.

　　 "Quanxiang Pinghua Three Kingdoms" is a Pinghua about the story of the Three Kingdoms, one of the "Five Kinds of Quanxiang Pinghua" published during the Yuan Dynasty to Zhizhi period (AD 1321-1323). The main outline of "The Romance", Luo Guanzhong was more or less influenced by it when he wrote "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms". The picture of the eight formations in it is recorded as follows:

　　 The third year of Zhangwu, Liu Chanli, the first year of reconstruction . But it is said that the military division suppressed the emperor star, sent 10,000 soldiers and civilians to the east of Baidi City, twenty miles away from the village, and moved eight piles of stones; each pile of stones had eight, eight and sixty-four flags. Someone told Lv Meng, and Lv Meng led the army to watch the number. Marshal Lu Xun was shocked! The officials asked, and Lu Meng said, "The wood is the formation, the fire is; the grass formation is the water; the stone formation is a mystery. The officials don't see that there are 64 flags on each pile of rocks. Look, Zhuge Hui Tianfa, eight million gaixing officials, all on eight piles of stones." Lu Meng said: "It is not possible for Taigong, Sun Wu, Guan Zhong, and Zhang Liang to be transformed."

　　 is related to the magic of the previous eight formations. The difference in efficacy records is that the "Quan Xiang Ping Hua San Guo Zhi" links the Eight Diagrams with the Eight Diagrams, Yin and Yang and the Five Elements. It also says that "the eight million Gai Xingguans are all on the eight piles of rocks." The name of the star combination. (Tang) Sima Zhen's "Historical Records: Book of Heavenly Officials" title solution: "Astronomy has five senses. Officials, star officials are also." The existence and movement of stars brought great help to the life of the ancients, such as dividing solar terms, but also The ancients developed a strong sense of mystery. When the ancients could not explain a certain phenomenon, they believed that the gods were in charge of the movement and changes of the stars. They believed that each star had a corresponding god. (Song) Guo Ruoxu said in "Pictures and Hearings · On Women's Appearances": "There are women in the ancient famous paintings of golden girls and jade women and immortal star officials. Although the appearance is strict, the god will be pure and ancient. "The star official here obviously refers to the deities of the stars, that is, the gods corresponding to the stars, rather than talking about the stars that actually exist. Not only that, but immortals like star officials are divided into genders. Star officials, like human society, are divided into classes. The "Historical Records · Book of Heavenly Officials" says: "The constellation has superiority and inferiority. If a human official is in position, it is called a heavenly official." Eight million star officials are in Badui. On the stone, that is to say, the gods corresponding to the eight million star officials are on the eight piles of stones. The holes here obviously have the ability to drive ghosts and gods.

　　 arrived in "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", the author described the magical function of the eight formation diagram to the extreme. The 84th chapter of "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" wrote:

　　 But he said that Lu Xun had achieved full success and was fascinated by it. Soldiers, chase west. Qian was not far from Kuiguan, and Xun saw that Qian was facing the mountains and rivers, and a murderous aura rose to the sky. So Lema recalled the generals and said: "There must be an ambush ahead, and the three armies cannot enter lightly." That is, they retreated more than ten miles and lined up in the open area to defend against the enemy. The sentry sent to visit and reported that there was no army here. Xun didn't believe it, dismissed the horse and climbed high to look at him, and his murderous spirit returned. Xun was visited again, and the sentry reported that there was no one in front of him. Seeing the sun sink to the west, Xun's murderous aura became more and more hesitated in his heart, making his confidants look again. In return, there are only eight or ninety piles of rubbish on the river, and there is no horse. Xun was very suspicious, and asked the land-seeker. Before long, several people will arrive. Xun asked: "Who made the rock piles? How can there be murderous intent in the rock piles?" The native said: "The place is called Yubeipu. When Zhuge Liang entered Sichuan, he drove his troops here and took the stones in a formation. On the beach. Since then, it has often been angry like a cloud, rising from the inside." Lu Xun listened, and he got on his horse and led dozens of riders to look at the stone formations. He immediately stood on the hillside, but he saw in all directions, there were doors and houses. Xun laughed and said: "This is a trick to deceive people, what's the benefit!" Then he quoted and rode down the hillside and went straight into the stone formation to watch. The general said: "Sunset is over, please come back early." Xun Fang was about to go out of the battle, suddenly a strong wind blows, and in a flash, flying sand and rocks, covering the sky and the earth. But seeing the strange stone sages, the shackles are like swords; the horizontal sand stands on the earth, overlapping like mountains; the sound of the river is surging, like the sound of swords and drums. Xun was shocked and said: "Zhuge Liang's plan is also in my mind!" When he was anxious to return, there was no way out. Suspiciously, I saw an old man standing in front of the horse, laughing and saying: "The general wants to come out of this formation?" Xun said: "May the elders lead out." The old man walked slowly with a stick, and walked out of the stone formation, without hindrance. , Sent to the hillside. Xun asked, "Who is the elder?" The old man replied: "The old man is Huang Chengyan, the father-in-law of Zhuge Kongming. When the former son-in-law entered the Sichuan, he laid a stone formation here, called the "Eight Formation Map". Repeat the eight gates and press Dunjia Hugh, birth, injury, death, king, death, shock, and openness, every hour of the day, changes for no reason, comparable to a hundred thousand elite soldiers. When he was leaving, I once told the old manSaid: ‘After the Soochow General was fascinated by the formation, don’t lead him out. The old man is suitable for the top of the rock. Seeing the general entering from the dead door, he would be fascinated if he didn't know this battle. The old man was so kind in his life, and couldn't bear to get the general here, so he also led out his own life. "Xun said: "Did you ever learn this formation?" Huang Chengyan said: "The changes are endless, you can't learn it." "Xun hurriedly got off his horse, thanked him and returned. Later, the Ministry of Industry and Engineering has a poem:

　　 Gong covers three parts of the country, and the famous eight formations. Jiang Liushi does not turn, hatred and swallowed Wu.

　　 "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" The eight-array map in "" is laid out according to the eight gates of Dunjia. The main feature of the eight-array map under the eight gates of Dunjia is "every day, every hour, with no reason to change." This feature of change makes people walk in and get lost in it. . And this kind of change does not need any external force from people, and the stone itself can be completed, thus achieving the goal of destroying the enemy, “comparable to one hundred thousand elite soldiers.” Dunjia is a kind of ancient Chinese magic number, it is in the Zhouyi gossip On this basis, it combines the astrological calendar, astronomy and geography, the four pillars of the trunk and the four pillars, the five elements of yin and yang, etc., using time and space factors to seek good fortune and avoid evil. It is actually a predictive science. Of course, whether the prediction method in this predictive science has a scientific basis is still It is difficult to conclude, but in ancient times people often used it in the military as a regular course for military strategists. (Tang) the famous military book "Taibai Yin Jing" has a special Dunjia chapter. (Ming) Zhang Huang's "Book Edition" introduces the strange When the door Dunjia said: "It is the method of escape, but when the sky is in the sky, the direction of choosing a place is known to everyone. There is no way to avoid the enemy and escape from the evil. "This obviously denies the magical effect of the eight-array diagrams described in "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" with the eight-door art of escape. It is just a technique to seek good fortune and avoid evil, not a magical magic.

　　Kuquanshu·Summary of Dunjia Romance" says:

　　 is listed in Hanzhi, except for "Fenggu Liujia" and "Lonely after the Wind". There is no clear text in Yu Qidun. Until Liang Jianwen, Yuefu first had it. "Sanmen Ying Dunjia", the name of "Dun Jia" in "Chen Shu·Wu Di Ji" was found in history, and his learning was prosperous in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. "Sui Zhi" contains Wu Zixu's "Dun Jia Wen", Xin Dufang "Dun Jia Jing" ”, Ge Mi’s "Sanyuan Dunjia Tu" and other 13 scholars, his posthumous texts are not seen in the world, Tang Li Jing has "Don Jia Wan Yi Jue", Hu Qianyou "Dun Jia Jing", all found in the history of the Song Dynasty There were more people who said it. Renzong tried to compile the "Jingyou Lexi New Classic", which describes the two changes of seven sects, and combines the joy of ancient and modern. He referred to Liuren Dunjia, and ordered Si Tianzheng Yang Weide to write "Dunjia Yuhan Fuying Jing" Ren Dun’s learning was the most prosperous at that time, and many people who talk about numbers have quoted it so far. Since the curious people have used it to talk about soldiers, when Jingkang, Guo Jing’s generation misled the country with evil spirits, and later generations mixed with Taoist talisman. The method of benefiting weirdness cannot be questioned, so Liuren prevailed and the learning of Dun Jia was abolished.

　　 The art of Dun Jia had a development process, and the Song Dynasty was a peak period of development. The art of Fu Lu was regarded as a treasure in Taoism. Taoist priests firmly believed that once possessing this spell, everything in the natural world could be controlled by them, and they could communicate with ghosts and gods and control them. "Lun usually refers to recording the names of the gods and the gods, the names of the gods, the gods, and the officials. A copy of the spell to be used. It is an important part of Taoist teaching... Sometimes it is collectively called Fulu in Taoist classics. "Daofa Huiyuan" said: "Talisman, yin and yang fit together, but the sincerity of the world can be used, and it is naturally not effective if you are not sincere. Therefore, it is said that with my essence, the essence of the heaven and the earth, and the god of the heaven and the earth, with my god, the essence is attached to each other, and the gods and gods are dependent on each other. Therefore, the false-size paper calls for ghosts and gods, and they have to be right. "In short, it is full of mystery. As Taoism combines the technique of Dunjia with the method of Fulu, the technique of Dunjia has also embarked on a path of grotesque, becoming mysterious and unpredictable. (Qing) Ji Yun even thinks that this makes Dunjia It’s a waste of learning.” The eight formations that Kong Ming used the art of Dunjia in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms should be affected by the Taoist talismanization after Dunjia’s postoperative period, so it is so mysterious and unpredictable, just a few piles of stones. Better than 100,000 soldiers, destroy the enemy invisibly.

　　 Therefore, Zhuge Liang’s deification of the eight formations has a process from shallow to deep, from simple to complex. Soon after he died, the eight formations began to be artificially mysterious. Color, later, people began to associate it with the yin and yang, five elements, gossip, and Taoist talisman, and it became more complicated and confusing. The reason why Kongming’s eight formations were so mysterious by posterity may be due to the following reasons.

　　One Kong Ming’s eight formation diagram is an array formation method, it has the commonality of the ancient formation method-timeliness, and hasIts own unique characteristics—complexity and incomprehensibility—are the basis for its later deification.

　　 As mentioned earlier, Kong Ming’s eight formations are a form of formation that can be used in actual combat, and Malone has used this formation in the "Book of Jin·Malong". Although many people still knew its tactical essentials for a period of time after the fall of the Shuhan, the complexity and incomprehensibility of the Eight Formation Chart can also be seen from it, and it is not an easy-to-learn formation method.

　　 "Book of Jin" volume ninety-eight years:

　　 when Li was weak, Wen Zhi was in Shu, Yonghe two years, led the masses to the west. When the Empress Dowager Shi Kangxian came to the court, Wen Jiangfa, went up and down. The imperial court was far away from Shu, and Wen was very worried when he had few soldiers and went deep into the enemy field. At the beginning, Zhuge Liang made eight formations on the flat sand in the fish belly. Wen Jianzhi said that "this Changshan snake is also vigorous". Citizens and martial arts cannot be known.

　　 Huanwen, a famous general in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, history books say that he rarely has a strong strategy, Zhuge Liang built eight formations on the flat sand in the fish belly, everyone can see it, and they can’t recognize it, but he said, "This is also a mountain snake." On the one hand, it highlights Huan Wen's ingenuity, and on the other hand, it also shows that within a period of time after Kong Ming's death, although many people knew the tactical essentials of the eight formation map, they were not understood by ordinary people. "Book of Jin" Volume Two and Four also contained Sima Zhao's order for people to learn Zhuge Liang's array formation:

　　Chen Xie was waited for by Emperor Wen, special talents, and clear interpretation of military orders. The emperor was the king of Jin and appointed envoys to military affairs. After the break of Shu, Ling Xie was subjected to Zhuge Liang's encirclement formation and the method of relying on soldiers, and the system of the A and B school flags, Xie knew and practiced, so Xie was regarded as the general in the palace and moved to the general.

　　 The "di" in the above refers to the Emperor of Jin Wen, Sima Zhao, and Chen Xie is a person he values ​​more. He is talented and "Mingjie military orders." Therefore, Sima Zhao ordered him to learn Zhuge Liang's "method of encircling the formation and relying on soldiers." The Zhuge Liang formation here should refer to the eight formations. Sima Zhao ordered a talented person like Chen Xie to learn the eight formations, instead of sending other people, to explain from the side that the eight formations have a certain degree of complexity. It is difficult for people to learn it.

　　 In addition to its own complexity and incomprehensibility, it has been artificially changed in the process of spreading, making it more complex and difficult to understand. "Song History · Bingzhi Nine" contains:

　　 Huangdi began to set eight formations, defeating Chi You Yu Zhuolu. Zhuge Liang made eight formations on top of Yufupingsha, and the base stone is eight elements. Jin Huan Wen Jianzhi said: "Changshan snake power." This is also the formation of the Nine Army. In the Sui Dynasty, Han captured the tiger and understood his method so as to teach his nephew Li Jing. During the long period of chaos in Jingyi, there were a lot of generals who knew about it, so the formation of the Six Flower Array to change the law of the Nine Army made it impossible for the world to know.

　　 According to the above, (Tang) Li Jing deliberately changed it in order to make people not understand the military essentials of the eight formations. The eight-array map is inherently complicated and difficult to understand. After Li Jing changed it, it was even more difficult for future generations to understand it.

　　Any kind of formation that can be used in actual combat has certain timeliness, which is a natural law. If Zhugeliang’s eight formation map is of great practical value in the Three Kingdoms and beyond, then with the development of society, the military equipment and technology of both sides of the war have undergone great changes, and the eight formation map has gradually lost its military. charm. "Jiagu Qingchen Abusha Biography" contains:

　　 one day, the prince said: "There are people who come with the "Eight Formation Map", what is the picture? I have a taste of Song Baisuo The collection of "Wu Jing", but the law of offensive and defensive contained in it is also difficult to implement." Qing Chen said: "The books of war are all fixed laws, difficult to adapt. The art of marching troops in this dynasty, only the use of Zhengqi's second army, facing the enemy to make changes, It is strange to take the strange to be positive, so it is always invincible.”

　　 The above clearly clarified the defect of the military book-"difficult to adapt." This is also the answer of Jiagu Qingchen's answer to his own master about the eight formations. The answer given by the graph question. He clearly believes that the art of marching lies in singularity, emphasizing change, rather than adhering to the book of war. As for his master, although he asked the courtiers how effective the eight formation map was, he immediately said that he read the "Wu Jing" and found it difficult to use the offensive and defensive methods contained therein, which implies his views on the eight formation map-more Difficult. What is the reason why it is so difficult for the Eight Array Diagram to perform at this time? It should be the timeliness of the Array itself. Kong Ming deduced the eight formations that year, mainly to cope with the powerful cavalry of the Cao Wei Group, when the warWhen the time and the weapons and equipment of the enemy and ours change, if you blindly believe in military books and do not conform to changes in the situation, winning the war is tantamount to seeking fish.

　　 Therefore, when the formation of the eight formation diagram is not suitable for the situation of war, there are naturally fewer people who study and familiarize with its military essentials. It gradually moves toward the historical legacy, or even disappears directly. When later generations wanted to explore its true colors, due to its inherent complexity, even at that time, only a few people with extraordinary intelligence had mastered it. Now that it has even been lost, people are likely to make it mysterious.化. In a sense, this mystification is based on the fact that it has been lost or not understood by everyone. Without this, any myth has lost the basis for its existence. Myths are mostly produced in the early stages of human development.

　　二　Kong Ming’s own personality charm and the admiration of his descendants are important and indispensable factors for the deification of the eight formations.

　　 If the characteristics of the Bazhen map itself are the basis of its deification, without this foundation, it will lose the foundation of its foothold. Then Kong Ming's own personality charm and the admiration of his descendants are indispensable and important factors, and are sufficient conditions for his deification.

　　 Zhuge Liang, as the prime minister of the Shu Han Dynasty during the Three Kingdoms period, had "sounded in the sky" before his death, and he still enjoyed high prestige after his death and was highly regarded by people. "Three Kingdoms · Zhuge Liang Biography" contains: "Qiu died of illness, Li Shu remembered and thought it was eloquent. So far Liang and Yizhimin have consulted Liang people, and their words are still in their ears, although the "Gantang" Yong Zhaogong, Zheng people's sings, It’s not far away." He was not only respected by the people of the Shu Han, but also respected by his opponents. When Wei Zhengxi General Zhong would conquer Shu, "Go to Hanchuan, worship the temple of Liang, so that the sergeant cannot be in the tomb of Liang. Humming up to the left and right.”

　　 When analyzing the deification of the eight formations of Kongming, we will easily find that the eight formations began to be deified after the death of Kongming. At present, the earliest information that we have seen about the deification of the eight formations of Kongming comes from Qianbao's "Jin Ji". Although Qianbao's "Jin Ji" has been lost, this material also comes from the Qing Dynasty Zhang Shu's Zhuge Zhongwuhou Story", but there is still a certain degree of authenticity. Generally speaking, people often like to beautify the characters they respect and admire with oral literature to express their love. "Jin Ji" contains the eight array pictures, "there is often the sound of drums, and the sky is full", which reflects the people's deep memory of Kong Ming at that time. It is not difficult to understand that the Bazhen Tu was deified soon after Kong Ming passed away.

　　 As we all know, many military strategists in ancient China left behind their military writings, and some of them are about formations. We cannot deny that those formations also have some basic characteristics of the eight formations as formations, such as timeliness, and some are also complicated and incomprehensible. However, the basic reason why Kongming's eight formations are deified by ordinary people is that Kong Ming, who made the eight formations, enjoys a high prestige among the people, and this high prestige makes the people like to beautify everything about him.

　　 "Taiping Guangji" recorded the Kuizhou eight formation map has the magical effect of automatic repair. "The Story of Zhuge Zhongwuhou" edited by Zhang Shu quoted the famous Tang Dynasty poet Liu Yuxi to explain the reason why the Bazhentu had this effect, saying: "It was Zhuge Kong Mingcheng who had the whole heart, and died for Xuandegong. Moreover, this method produced the "Six Taoists". "It was constructed by the wise man. There is this method, but Kongming does it, so the gods bless it, and it must not be changed." Obviously Liu Yuxi also agrees that the deification of the eight formations mainly lies in Kong Ming, and how can Kong Ming get here? A very important reason is the quality of "Kong Mingcheng single-minded, serving Xuande Gong".

　　 Kongming has been respected by the public both before and after his death. In Luo Guanzhong's "Popular Romance of the Three Kingdoms", he has been portrayed as the incarnation of wisdom and the representative of loyalty. Mao Zonggang commented on him as "the first in the past and the present. "Human", these charms of his personality make the common people never forget him, and expand infinitely on the basis of his history itself. This is also the reason why art comes from life and is higher than life. Mr. Lu Xun said that the creation of Zhuge Liang in "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" was "to show Zhuge's wisdom and resemble a demon". On the one hand, there are reasons for the author. On the other hand, the story of the Three Kingdoms was nearly perfected by the public during the long-term spread of the story. related. Kong Ming is the incarnation of the wisdom of the Chinese nation in the minds of the common people. How can he make eight arrays like ordinary people?化. Therefore, Kong Ming's own personality charm and the public's admiration for him are important factors for the deification of the Bazhentu.

　　San Kongming, a historical figure, was later gradually transformed into Taoism. The deification of the Bazhen figure is closely related to the Taoist image of Kong Ming. To a certain extent, it promoted the connection between the eight formations and Taoist spells, and contributed to the further deification of the eight formations.

　　 Due to the lack of information, it is impossible to know when the image of Kong Ming was transformed into a Taoist priest. (Tang) Li Shangyin's "Poems of Jiaoer" said: "Or laugh at Zhang Feihu, or cheat on Deng Ai." There are also records of "speaking three points" artists in the Song Dynasty, but at that time, Kong Ming has been Taoistized due to data reasons. No conclusion can be drawn. What we can now be clear is that in the Yuan Dynasty, Zhuge Liang's image in many literary works was Taoist.

　　 "Quanxiang Pinghua Three Kingdoms" records:

　　 It is said that the first master, throughout the year, three times to the thatched cottage and Wolong, you can not meet. Zhuge was originally a god, from elementary school to middle age, he has no books without reading, he has the opportunity to reach the world, and his ambitions are difficult; he calls the wind and calls the rain, throws beans into soldiers, and wields swords into rivers. Sima Zhongda once said: "You can't come, you can't guard, you can't be surrounded, you don't know whether it is a man, a god, or a fairy?".

　　 Yuan Zaju is a well-known literary style in the Yuan Dynasty. In "Zhuge Liang Bo Wang Shao Tun" written by Wu Mingshi, Kong Ming called himself "poor Dao" from the very beginning.

　　 (playing as Zhuge at the end. Open:) Poor Dao Fu has the surname Zhuge, the name is bright, the word is Kongming, and the road is Wolong. In Deng County, Nanyang, twenty miles west of Xiangyang, the name is Longzhong, and there is a gang named Wolonggang, which is good for farming and hoeing long acres. Recently, Liu Bei, the prefect of Xinye, came to visit twice, but he never let go. Covered by the chaos of the world, dragons and tigers are mixed. I was lying under the pine window in the thatched cottage every day, reading military books. Hey, Zhuge, when is the place of birth! (sing:)

　　[仙吕][点绛唇] Count the emperor's poles, teach the book of Zhouyi, know the laws of heaven. Full of mystery, waiting for the dragon and tiger situation.

　　[混江龙] One day, he will come out to show the fans of the world. With my intestines supporting the stars, if I repay my aspirations, I will stand up the nine dragons and phoenixes of the emperor, and show my general's eight-sided tiger and wolf power.

　　 The four episodes of "New Compilation of Complete Rap and Singing An Unusual Huaguan Suo Biography", engraved in the 14th year of Chenghua in the Ming Dynasty (1478), but the book titled "Republished" was originally printed. In addition, the edition of this book is very similar to the "Quanxiang Pinghua Three Kingdoms" published during the Yuanzhizhi period (1321-1323), so the original engraving should also be in the Yuan Dynasty. The Kong Ming inside is also a Taoist image:

　　 As soon as the emperor ascends to heaven, the sky will fly all over the ground (silver). When Ling Po walked into Zhang, Zhuge's army master said that the reason was that the room was old now, and there were no three brothers. Not in love with Xichuan Chengdu Mansion, Wollongong went up to practice. The officials, big and small, couldn't help but went to the military division alone. An angry young man Hua Guansuo, look at Chengdu to harm him. Si Yi Guan Zhang Liu Xianzhu, angrily said the Yuan (original) cause.

　　 The above content is that after Liu Guanzhang passed away, Kong Ming left Chengdu to practice in Wollongong because there were no them in the court. When it comes to practice, he usually refers to Taoist priests, so Kong Ming here is also a Taoist image.

　　 Taoism is a Chinese native religion, "is the religious product of many ethnic groups active in China's natural regions and long history". In its long development process, it has constructed its own huge ghost and god system. It is based on the ancient traditional belief in ghosts and gods, with state sacrifices and folk worshipped gods as the main body, and includes the Confucian kings and saints and the Buddha's Bodhisattva Arhats into its ghost system. Even some historical figures such as Guan Yu are also members of the Taoist ghost system.

　　 Kongming became a Taoist in the Yuan Dynasty for many reasons. It may be that Taoism consciously included him in its ghost system. It may also be because Taoism, as a religion born and raised in China, has a deep belief foundation among the lower classes in China. People naturally add their own belief background when beautifying and modifying the story of Kongming. In any case, Kong Ming and Taoist immortals in Yuan literary works are no different. "Zhen Xiang Ping Hua San Guo Zhi" says that Kong Ming "spreads beans into soldiers and wields swords into rivers", "I don't know who are people, gods, and immortals?" Luo Guanzhong's "Popular Romance of the Three Kingdoms""At the time, he used his own Confucian ideals to model this character, making Kong Ming return from a Taoist image to a Confucian himself. This may be the reason why Kong Ming did not become a member of the Taoist ghost system like Guan Yu. Even so, Zhuge Liang in Luo Guanzhong's works still hasn't completely got rid of the Taoist image. "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" wrote in the one-hundredth chapter:

　　(Sima) Yi from the camp, I saw Kong Ming's hairpin crowned with a crane cloak, hand-cranked feather fan, sitting on a four-wheeled vehicle; 24 left and right. People, wearing swords and swords; the one in front, holding soap flags, faintly like a god. Yi said: "This is Kong Ming's trouble again!" Then he sent two thousand people and said: "You will go away quickly, even the car and the people, you can catch as much as you want!" Wei Bing took the order and chased together. Seeing Wei Bing rushing, Kong Ming taught to enter the car, looking at the Shu camp slowly. Wei Bing chased them all at once, but seeing the wind and wind and the cold mist, they tried their best to catch up. Everyone was shocked, and they stopped Ma Yan and said, "Strange! I hurried for thirty miles, but I saw it ahead and couldn't catch up. What can I do?" Kong Ming saw that the soldiers were not coming, and ordered the cart to come. , Rested towards Wei Bing. Wei Bing hesitated for a long time before letting his horse come. Kong Mingfu went back slowly. Wei Bing drove for another twenty miles. He saw only the front but never caught up. Everything was demented. Kong Ming taught the cart back to Wei Bing, and the cart went backwards. Wei Bing wanted to catch up again. Later, Sima Yi introduced an army and passed the order: "Kong Mingshan will meet the eight gates of Dunjia, which can drive the gods of the six Ding and Liujia. This is the method of "shrinking the ground" in the Liujia Tianshu. The army cannot chase it."

　　The Taoist Kong Ming provided a series of evidences for the strange and absurdity of the eight formations in the later period. The eight formations in "Quanxiang Pinghua of the Three Kingdoms" have 8 million star officials on the eight piles of stones. The star officials are Chinese Taoism. One of the gods in the huge god system, they are stationed on the eight piles of stones moved by Kong Ming, which shows that Kong Ming will drive the magic of ghosts and gods, that is, the secret of Taoism. The eight formations of "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" are laid out according to the eight gates of Dunjia. Dunjia’s biggest feature is "change". In addition to absorbing the characteristics of Dunjia's "infinite change", the eight formations of "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" should also be linked to the Taoist Fuluzhi. Learn related. "Fulu" is the decree of the gods and the list of gods, and is one of the main spells of Taoism. An important feature of Taoist gods is that they are rich in supernatural powers and spells. The main reason for their supernatural powers is that they can help the ghosts and gods and subdue the natural world by reciting the name of the Tianguan Gong Cao in the script. Although the eight formations in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms are not clearly stated There is divine aid, but his magical effect cannot be explained by other reasons except for divine aid. It should be the magical method of evacuating that it has magical effect. Otherwise, how could the stone generate violent wind by itself and trap people in the formation.

　　 Kong Ming’s Taoist image provided a basis for him to master these Taoist spells. Since the Taoist Kong Ming would use these spells, it is only natural for him to use these spells in the military. Eight formations are also in this situation. Combining with Taoist spells, it becomes divine and divorced from its original appearance. Therefore, the transformation of the Taoist priests of Kongming into eight formations further deified the role.