I think Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty can be worthy of this title.
When the Qing Dynasty is mentioned, many people think of this humiliating history of losing power and humiliating the country, unequal treaties, and being beaten everywhere. In fact, the territory of our current China is really inherited from Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty. From time to time, any dynasty will appear corrupt and weak in the later stage. Let's not talk about the national fortune first, let's get to know Kangxi's life first, and then we can think that he is worthy of the title of this eternal emperor.
In 1654 AD, Aisin Gioro Xuan Ye was born in the Forbidden City in Beijing. Because her biological mother was only a concubine in the palace, his birth was not a big deal for the then Shunzhi Emperor , so Xuan Ye has always been He was raised by his mother with great difficulty. When Kangxi was seven years old, a smallpox plague broke out in Beijing, and Kangxi was unfortunately infected by the plague.
Emperor Shunzhi had eight sons, Kangxi was the third, and he also had two older brothers, Niu Niu and Fuquan , Niu Niu had a poor life and died when he was very young, his eldest son died, then the next The succession of an emperor is the top priority of Shunzhi's consideration.
In fact, according to the primogeniture system, the second son Fuquan will definitely become the prince smoothly. However, due to the fact that the Qing Dynasty entered the customs soon, the Sinicization was not complete, and the cognition of the primogeniture system was not enough at all. Moreover, the Shunzhi Emperor was very young, in his twenties, and his sons were about the same size, so the Shunzhi Emperor planned to stay in the remaining One of his six sons was selected by choice.
After picking and choosing, Emperor Shunzhi felt that his second son was okay, so he discussed it with Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang . At that time, Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang could be said to be a god-like existence, the wife of the founding emperor Huang Taiji , and she But he took a fancy to Xuan Ye, thinking that Xuan Ye is smart, wise, courageous and resourceful, and has the style of his grandfather Huang Taiji. For this reason, Emperor Shunzhi was contradictory.
In the midst of indecision, the Shunzhi Emperor collapsed, and the establishment of the crown prince became imminent. At this time, there was a missionary in the West named Tang Ruowang . Because of his repeated admonitions to the imperial court, he made a lot of achievements and won the trust of the Shunzhi Emperor. Before his death, Shunzhi asked Tang Ruowang for advice about the heir. Tang Ruowang said that among the six sons, only Kangxi had survived smallpox, and he had a lifetime immunity to smallpox (a person can only get smallpox once in a lifetime). It is better to choose Kangxi. Kangxi got smallpox, this time can also be said to be a blessing in disguise.
In this way, Shunzhi finally decided to make the third son Xuan Ye the fourth emperor of the Qing Dynasty, and entrusted four people, including Gu Sony , Suksaha , Ebilong and Obai , to let them take good care of them. Assisting the young Kangxi is the four auxiliary ministers.
Xuan Ye has been diligent and eager to learn since he was a child. Even when he became an emperor, he never failed in his homework. His grandmother, the Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang, was even more strict with him. Later, Kangxi also talked about his own reading situation, saying, "Learn to exhort, ask around, get the general idea, and then be happy. Japanese readers must make every word into recitation, and never be willing to deceive themselves." Now that the book has been completed, it is time to read the Shangshu, and in the exegesis of Dianmo, I realize the meaning of the ancient emperor's diligent pursuit of governance.He is eager to learn and tirelessly reads books until late at night. When he was seventeen or eighteen years old, he vomited blood because he was too tired to read! These praises are not just talkative. According to historical records, he said, "Emperor politics, sages and sages learn from the heart, The main points of the six classics are all integrated and coherent, and it is not an exaggerated word. "
The four auxiliary ministers who captured Obai
Let me introduce here. Sony is a man from the Yellow Banner of Manchuria. He is relatively weak, and his common interests make him always stand on the same line with Aobai. Only Suksaha is different from them. He is a man of the white banner, an old part of Dorgon , because when he was chasing Dorgon He was appointed as the auxiliary minister by the Shunzhi Emperor because of his meritorious deeds against the water. And Obai was a man of the Yellow Banner in Manchuria. Because of this, although Ao Bai ranks last among the four auxiliary ministers, he is above the other three in everything, and he does not take Kangxi, who is only seven years old, in his eyes. According to historical records, Ao On the top of the worship hall, where there was a slight flutter, he shouted loudly in front of the civil and military of the whole dynasty.
The arrogance and domineering of Aobai was seen by the Queen Mother Xiaozhuang, and she was very worried. In order to increase Kangxi's strength against Aobai, She chose Sony, one of the four auxiliary ministers, as her partner, and decisively chose her granddaughter, Hershey, as the queen, which suddenly angered Ao Bai. Since then, the contradiction between Ao Bai and the Queen Mother Xiaozhuang and Kangxi has become sharpen up.
It was like this. Until Kangxi was thirteen years old, Sony, the head of the four auxiliary ministers, died of illness. Without Sony's constraints, Aobai was even more defiant. A rebellious enclosure movement just ignored Kangxi and other court officials. He carried out the blockade of Chongzhen, and then launched an earth-shattering literary prison. He was executed by Ling Chi just because a few talented people wrote about the historical events of Chongzhen and Nanming. In the end, more than 70 people were executed! The people of the country were terrified.
Seeing that under the obscenity of Ao Bai, the rule of the Qing Dynasty led to popular grievances, and Kangxi realized the necessity of getting rid of Ao Bai. Helpless, I am a helpless child, and I have no military power. How can I fight him? In the end, he was ready to capture the thief first, to capture the king, and to take him down in one fell swoop when he was unprepared.
So, when he was only a teenager, he chose the children of the ministers in the palace to accompany him to practice martial arts. Among them, Sony's grandson Suoertu . Ao Bai saw that it was a group of children fighting, and he didn't care at all. Then Kangxi took the initiative to promote Obai's cronies and let them go to the border to serve. In this way, the garrison in Beijing was in his own hands.
This day finally got the chance. Early in the morning, Aobai went to the court as usual. When he passed the council hall, Kangxi gave an order, and a dozen young men who had already been in ambush rushed out of the dark and rushed towards Aobai. Ao Bai was very brave, but in the face of more than a dozen well-trained young men, he was still invincible, and was finally won by Kangxi.
Immediately afterwards, Kangxi acted resolutely and quickly seized Obai's partisan coefficient, and collected hundreds of charges of Obai, which was enough to make Obai die hundreds of times. In the end, in order to stabilize the impact of the coup d'état on the imperial court, Kangxi did not slaughter Obai, but imprisoned him to death.In this way, a political struggle with the powerful minister Aobai ended with Kangxi's complete victory. At only thirteen years old, he showed his bravery and perseverance beyond ordinary people.
Quiet the San Francisco
When Kangxi was 20 years old, Shang Kexi, the king of Pingnan, requested to return to his hometown and sent a letter to his son to take his place. In the end, Kangxi believed that "the feudal lords have long held heavy troops, and the situation is great, and it is not beneficial to the state", and decided to order "withdrawal of the feudal lords".
Order to withdraw from the vassal, Ming Dynasty downed Wu Sangui took the lead in revolting, and under the banner of anti-Qing and Ming , led the army to attack Hunan, and all the way was like a broken bamboo, capturing Changde, Changsha, Hengzhou and other places . As soon as the anti-Qing and Fu Ming decree was issued, it immediately aroused the response of the descending generals of the Ming Dynasty. Guangxi general Sun Yanling, Sichuan governor Rosen and many other local officials turned against the Qing. Then, Fujian Geng Jingzhong did the same. In just a few months, the six provinces of Yunnan, Guizhou, Hunan, Guangxi, Fujian and Sichuan were lost. Subsequently, Shaanxi Admiral Wang Fuchen and Guangdong Shangzhixin also rebelled one after another, and the rebellion expanded to Guangdong, Jiangxi and Shaanxi, Gansu and other provinces. For a time, the rule of the Qing Empire was at stake, forcing Kangxi to reconsider his withdrawal order.
In the end, Kangxi decided to focus on attacking Wu Sangui resolutely, appease other mutineers and even restore the temptation of their vassal kings, and use strength to divide the rebel forces, thereby isolating Wu Sangui. In addition, Kangxi concentrated his strength and made Hunan the focus of his military offensive. ordered Leerjin and others to lead the army to Jingzhou and Wuchang, confront Wu Sangui head-on, and attack Hunan. He also ordered Yuele to go from Jiangxi to Changsha to attack Hunan.
Three years later, Shaanxi Wang Fuchen and Fujian Geng Jingzhong surrendered successively under the attack of the Qing army, and Guangdong's Shangzhixin also surrendered the following year. At this time, only Wu Sangui was left in a corner of Hunan in the anti-Qing and Ming Dynasty. place. Afterwards, Wu Sangui proclaimed the emperor in Hengzhou, the country name was Zhou, and he was awarded the generals. Not long after, he died of illness, and his son Wu Shifan succeeded. Wu Shifan lost Wu Sangui's influence and had to retreat to Yungui, Kangxi successive After recovering Hunan, Guangxi and Sichuan, the Qing army did not break through Kunming until four years later. Wu Shifan committed suicide, a massive mutiny caused by the withdrawal order, which ended after eight years.
Unification of Taiwan
After the Wu Sangui rebellion was resolved, Taiwan Zheng Jing died of illness, a coup took place in the Zheng dynasty, and the 12-year-old Zheng Kezhen inherited the throne, but the power of was actually in the hands of Feng Xifan , Liu Guoxuan , and Zheng's officials Xiang Xinli Started to shake, Fu Weilin, who was in charge of negotiating peace with the Qing Dynasty, even offered to respond internally. Yao Qisheng thought it was a good time to attack Taiwan, and recommended Shi Lang to Emperor Kangxi. In 1683, Kangxi took Shi Lang as the Admiral of the Fujian Naval Division, sent troops to attack Taiwan, defeated the Zheng's navy led by Liu Guoxuan in Penghu, and recovered it. Taiwan. The following year, Kangxi established one prefecture and three counties in Taiwan, strengthening the central government's jurisdiction over Taiwan and promoting the development of Taiwan's economy and culture.
Expelling Tsarist Russia
In the early Qing Dynasty, the Tsarist Russian Expeditionary Force had repeatedly invaded Heilongjiang territory, burned, killed, looted, and committed all kinds of evil. For more than ten years, Kangxi has been busy quelling the rebellion and regaining lost territory, and has no time to take care of the Northeast. This time he can finally free up his hands to solve the problem of the Russian invasion.
1683, Kangxi ordered the tsarist Russian invading army gathered in yaksa and other places to evacuate the Qingjing, but the tsarist Russian army ignored it, Kangxi ordered the general Sabusu to attack the tsarist invading army, and in the following year, the tsarist Russian army was broken, and Heilongjiang was recovered. area.
1685, Tsarist Russia made a comeback and occupied Yaksa again. Kangxi ordered a resolute counterattack. In this battle, it can be said that the Russian army fought very hard. 826 Russian troops were waiting for help. In the end, there were only 66 people left. Finally, the Russian regent asked the Qing army for mercy. , only to withdraw the surrounded 66 people. The Nerchinsk Treaty, the first equality treaty in Chinese history, was born in this way. The treaty is of great significance. It defines China's northeast boundary line with clear legal provisions internationally. At first, Mongolia was divided into three parts: Monan Mongolia, Mobei Mongolia and Moxi Mongolia. Among them, Monan Mongolia had been unified by the Qing Dynasty before the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, and and Mobei were also closely related to the Qing Dynasty.
After the signing of the Treaty of Nerchinsk, Tsarist Russia still did not give up, hoping to cause trouble for the Qing in the west, instigating Geerdan to attack Mobei, 30,000 Mongolian cavalry under Geerdan's leadership crossed Hangaishan, attacked Khalkha , the leaders of the three Khalkha tribes were defeated and led hundreds of thousands of people to migrate eastward, fleeing to the Monan area, and asked the Qing court for protection. Kangxi defied all disapproval, and immediately summoned troops and led a large army to conquer Ge Erdan. Ge Erdan was eventually defeated and committed suicide by taking poison. So far, Xinjiang and now Outer Mongolia have been included in the Chinese territory.
Recover Tibet
After Geerdan's death, plotted Alabutan to inherit the head of the Zhungar Department. This man was very ambitious. He eroded several surrounding tribes as soon as he took office, and his territory continued to expand. With the support, he openly invaded Tibet, which is now Tibet, and declared war on the Qing Dynasty. Kangxi realized the significance of Tubo to the Qing Dynasty, and decisively sent generals to attack it again. And named Tibet, directly under the jurisdiction of the central government.
Economically,
Economically, Kangxi took a series of measures to lightly repay the poor and live with the people's livelihood, which reflected his benevolent government and love for the people.
First, the abolition of the decree of encircling fields, that is, the abolition of the privilege of the nobles to occupy fields in various states and counties, and the transfer of the land to the common people for cultivation.
Second, extend the tax-free time for land reclamation. At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, it was stipulated that the tax would be exempted within three years of reclamation, and then changed to six years. This policy greatly stimulated the enthusiasm of farmers to reclaim wasteland and greatly increased the area of arable land.
Thirdly, the policy of changing the name is implemented. For the land cultivated by farmers that originally belonged to the Ming Dynasty clan, Kangxi ordered the farmers to cultivate as usual without paying the land price. For those who have already paid "bargain silver taels", they can be washed from the regular tax of the year.
The fourth one is free money. Kangxi put forward the idea of "htm3 is rich in the people's htm4", and more than 20 provinces and regions in Shaanxi, Yun, Gui, Sichuan, Guangdong and other provinces have exempted money, grain, Dingyin, and fu, including 32 major exemptions. And from the 51st year of Emperor Kangxi (1711), money and grain were exempted nationwide. It was ordered that "in the year when is exempted from , the owner will be exempted from 70% of the tenancy, and the household will be exempted from 30%." During the 61 years of Emperor Kangxi's reign, the Qing government waived money and grain for a total of 545 times, exempting the world from money and grain, including 150 million taels of silver.
fifth, and . Kangxi reformed the method of levying Ding tax according to Ding. The reform process is divided into two steps: the first step is the decision of the Qing court in the 51st year of Kangxi (1712), and the amount of tax for Ding in the 50th year of Kangxi (1711) is used as a fixed amount. Tax. This is called "a prosperous age breeds people, and never adds Fu". In this way, the amount of tax is fixed; the second step is to implement the integration of land and land.This method first began to be practiced in Guangdong, Sichuan and other provinces in the last year of Kangxi, and after the first year of Yongzheng (1723), it was generally implemented in various provinces one after another.
The sixth is to repair the Yellow River, Huaihe River and Yongding River. In the early years of the Qing Dynasty, the Yellow River flooded and caused disasters many times. It often burst in Henan and Anhui areas. Later, it was diverted to join the Huai River, and it entered the sea from the northern Jiangsu area today. Threats to the revenue of the state treasury and the livelihood of the people. In this regard, Emperor Kangxi expressed great concern. He once regarded " San Francisco , river affairs, and water transportation" as the three major events at that time, and wrote it into a banner and hung it on the big column in the palace. He appointed Jin Fu as the governor of the river, and he entrusted Chen Huang, an expert on river management, with a heavy responsibility. After ten years of hard work (1677-1687), the Yellow River and the Huai River finally returned to their original paths. Yongding River, formerly known as Hun River , also known as "Little Yellow River", is often silted up when it flows near Beijing. In the thirty-seventh year of Kangxi’s reign (1698), the Qing government recruited more than 100,000 people to dig a 200-mile-long new river from Liangxiang near Lugou Bridge to Dong’an, making the original brine-repellent land a solid place. Good field. Kangxi personally inspected it and renamed the Hun River "Yongding River" to give it the meaning of eternal stability.
Seventh, abolish the craftsmanship system. In the early years of the Qing Dynasty, all craftsmen in the handicraft industry had another craftsmanship, and they were required to perform labor service according to government regulations, or to be paid to the class of artisans. In the thirty-ninth year of Emperor Kangxi (1700), Kangxi ordered that the silver of the class craftsmen be incorporated into the field fu, thus freeing the craftsmen from personal control and promoting the development of the handicraft industry.
Culturally
Kangxi has edited and published several of the most famous works in Chinese history, such as " Kangxi Dictionary ", " Siku Quanshu ", "Kangxi Yongnian Calendar", " Ancient and Modern Book Integration ", etc. It can be said that he has made a very outstanding contribution to the cultural inheritance. This may not be too difficult for a literary master, but for an emperor, it is true that there has never been a literary master like Kangxi in all dynasties.
Ok, the above is Xiaohong's summary of Kangxi. After reading it, do you think Kangxi deserves the title of this eternal emperor?
