In the eyes of the ancient Chinese people, there are only two kinds of people in the whole world, one is the Chinese , or Zhuxia, living in the Central Plains, sharing the same culture, etiquette, clothing and living habits, the other is barbarians People are opposite to the Huaxia people. The barbarians and Huaxia are completely different people, which are mainly reflected in culture, etiquette, clothing and living habits.
Huaxia people wear very beautiful clothes, generally loose long robes, and are very courteous, while barbarians wear unsightly clothes, usually short and tight jackets and trousers, and there is no etiquette, such as the Huns, fathers After death, the son can inherit the father's concubine who is not related by blood, and after the death of the elder brother, the younger brother can inherit the sister-in-law, which is completely inferior in the eyes of Huaxia people.
azimuth map of Dongyi, Nanban, Xirong, Beidi
So there is a famous saying like this:
"Spring and Autumn Zuozhuan Zhengyi": China has the great etiquette, so it is called summer; there is The beauty of service is called Hua.
In order to distinguish the barbarians, the Huaxia people divide the barbarians into four parts according to their geographical position: Dongyi, Nanban, Xirong, and Beidi. Simply put, the barbarians in the east are Dongyi, the barbarians in the south are Nanban, the barbarians in the west are Xirong, and the barbarians in the north are Beidi .
The war between China and the barbarians has existed since the Huangdi period, and continued through the Xia, Shang, Zhou and Qin and Han periods. For example, the first overlords of the Spring and Autumn Period Qi Huangong and Guan Zhong once played "respect the king and fight the barbarians." The banner means: Respect the emperor and fight against barbarians. The barbarians here are a general term referring to all foreign races except China.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Qin and Chu were once regarded as barbarians, but Qin and Chu were only geographically close to barbarians, and they shared some common customs in the border area.In fact, they are still Huaxia. In addition, the barbarians and Huaxia are constantly merging, and some barbarians continue to Sinicize and merge into China.
Huaxia in the emperor's period
1. Dongyi
The development of Huaxia civilization has always been the coexistence of multiple ethnic groups. In the East of China, civilizations or cultures are constantly being discovered, such as Longshan Culture Dawenkou Culture, both of these cultures are in today's Shandong Province, and their existence period is equivalent to the period of China's Three Emperors and Five Emperors. These cultures should be the beginning of Dongyi culture and also the ancestors of Dongyi tribe.
The area where the Dongyi tribe lives is probably in today’s Liaodong Peninsula, Shandong Peninsula and the Huai River Basin, across Shandong, Anhui, Jiangsu, Shanghai and other provinces and cities, Dongyi is not a tribe or a nation, but There are many tribes and ethnic groups. Dongyi is just a general term, which is equivalent to saying that southerners are the same as northerners.
According to historical records, The ancestor of the Dongyi tribe is Taihao. Taihao is the descendant of Fuxi. Taihao is also called Dongdi, or Qingdi. Taihao lived in the age of 4000 BC For many years , and the Huangdi, one of the ancestors of China, is also a descendant of Fuxi, so in fact, China and Dongyi have a common ancestor, but they live in different areas and their living habits have changed a lot.
East Yi Taihao's sphere of influence
Taihao's descendants continued to multiply and gave birth to many tribes, mainly including: wind surname tribe, ginger surname tribe, _span40 tribe, _span40 tribe, _span40 surname The tribe uses birds as totems. For example, Chi You in the Huangdi period was Dongyi, and it also includes Huangdi’s eldest son, Shaohao, who was sent by the Huangdi to exercise in Fenghong’s tribe, the largest tribe in Dongyi.He married the daughter of Fenghong as his wife, and Shaohao later became the leader of the Fenghong tribe and the leader of the entire Dongyi tribe.
So the Dongyi tribe is actually a Huaxia tribe, but the area of life is different, and then gradually separated from Germany. During the Xia Dynasty, the Dongyi area mainly consists of Laiyi and Jiuyi, and Laiyi is a tribe living in the Shandong Peninsula. , And the nine barbarians are barbarians living in the Huai River valley. These barbarians betrayed the Huaxia regime from time to time.
"The Book of the Later Han Dynasty": There are nine kinds of barbarians. Said: Wan Yi, Yu Yi, Fang Yi, Huang Yi, White Yi, Chi Yi, Xuan Yi, Feng Yi, Yang Yi.
When King Wu of Zhou attacked King Shang Zhou, the main army of King Shang Zhou was attacking Dongyi in the east, that is, Laiyi or Jiuyi. Later, King Shang Zhou was killed and the Shang Dynasty was destroyed. Most of the Dongyi surrendered In the Zhou Dynasty, when King Zhou Kang came to the time, Xu Yiguo in the East rebelled and claimed to be the emperor, and led the Jiuyi to attack Zongzhou. During the Zhou Mu Dynasty, he joined Chu and other vassals to attack Xu and defeated King Xuyan until the Spring and Autumn. During Qi Huangong's dominance, he defeated Dongyi, and Dongyi gradually merged into Qi.
Xia Dynasty territory map
When Qin Shihuang unified the world, Dongyi no longer existed, part of it was integrated into Qi, and the other part became a citizen of the Qin Dynasty. There is no Dongyi tribe or vassal state. , Fully integrated into China , because Dongyi originally came from China, so it is not difficult for Dongyi to integrate into China again.
In the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, the tribes or peoples living on the Japanese islands, the Korean Peninsula and the Liaodong Peninsula today are also called Dongyi, which is not a concept of Dongyi before Qin, such as Goguryeo, Fuyu, and Wa Kingdom. Wait, these countries have become today's North Korea, South Korea and Japan. Except for these three countries, the rest are integrated into China.
2. Nanban
Nanban refers to the barbarians living in the southern part of the Central Plains.It mainly refers to the Yangtze River valley and the areas further south. From the Yellow Emperor to the Yao, Shunyu period, the Sanmiao tribe mainly lived in the south. The "Historical Records" records that during the Yao Emperor period, Sanmiao tribe made trouble in the Jianghuai and Jingzhou areas, and the Sanmiao tribe It may be Chi You’s descendants of the Jiuli tribe. After Chi You was defeated and killed, some of his tribes were unwilling to follow the Yellow Emperor, so they came to the south and formed the Sanmiao tribe.
Shang Dynasty Territory Map
During the Xia Dynasty, the south was mainly San Miao, and during the Shang Dynasty, there were more barbarians in the south, including Jingman, Yong, Pu, Shu, Yu, Wei, During the Zhou Dynasty, the barbarians in the south also developed further. The more famous ones are: Yangyue, Jingyue, Baiyue, Nanman, Jingman, Ba, Shu, Pu, Min and other tribes or Fang kingdoms.
For example, during the period of King Zhou Zhao, the southern barbarians had been conquered three times, which led to the annihilation of the six armies of the emperor. Even King Zhou Zhao himself died in the south. This shows that the southern barbarians were very powerful at that time, and the state of Chu was once called Chu Man. Later, the Chu Kingdom tried hard to learn the culture of the Central Plains, and continued to annex the barbarians in the war. From a fifty-mile viscount country to a large southern country with a radius of five thousand miles, Chu was the vassal country that destroyed the most barbarians, and most of the barbarians merged into Chu.
In the Warring States Period, Qin Shihuang destroyed the Kingdom of Chu, and then further ordered General Wang Jian to attack Baiyue and set up Kuaiji Prefecture. A few years later, Qin Shihuang launched hundreds of thousands of troops to march south to Baiyue and captured the entire Baiyue. Including Wuyue, Minyue, Nanyue, Ouyue, etc., it has been in the Nanhai area today. The Baiyue people began to belong to the rule of the Qin Dynasty. In the Han Dynasty, Emperor Wu of the Han captured the Nanhai Kingdom and conquered Nanhai. Further southward expansion, after hundreds of years of rule in the Han Dynasty, most of the Nanban has been Sinicized and became a part of China.
"Book of Rites": The South is called Man, where people carved patterns on their foreheads, and men and women are mixed.
Zhou Dynasty territory map
The southern barbarians are very complicated,There is no fixed national name, but the place names are named after the barbarians. The "Biography of Nanban in the Later Han Dynasty" records the southern barbarian people to the present-day northern Vietnam. The more famous Nanbans are: Bajun Nanjun barbarian, Ban 楯 barbarian, Yelang Kingdom, Dian Kingdom, etc., for example, the famous Shu Han Wang Ping is the Hanized 楯 Man, the predecessor of the Tujia Nationality, it also records that the Han Dynasty set up Yongchang County in present Yunnan Province, and included the population of Nanban. The household register has naturally become part of China.
III. Xirong
Xirong refers to the barbarians living in the west of the Central Plains, mainly referring to today’s Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia and the more distant Western Regions. During the Xia and Shang dynasties, there were Guifang, during the Zhou Dynasty, there were Dog Rong, Yu Wu, Ji Rong, Yiqu, etc. to the west. Especially during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Period, the Qin State had been fighting against the West Rong kingdoms, and the Qin State was the first of all the vassal kingdoms to fight with the West Rong people. The Chinese princes of intermarriage were also looked down upon by the princes of the Central Plains.
During the period of King Zhou You, Dog Rong and Shen Hou attacked King Zhou You and destroyed the Western Zhou Dynasty, while the princes of Qin and Jin assisted King Zhou Ping in moving the capital to Luoyang and establishing the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. The reason why King Zhou Ping moved the capital was to avoid The threat of Xirong.
Zhou Dynasty square barbarians
During the Qin Mugong period, due to the inability to expand to the east, the powerful Jin state blocked the eastward expansion, so Qin Mugong has been developing westward, after decades of war Qin dominates Xi Rong, Qin Mugong destroyed 12 countries established by Xi Rong people. The so-called disappearance is to annex the population and territories of these Rong people. For example, during the period of King Qin Zhaoxiang, the Qin country destroyed the Yiqu country. All these Rong people Assimilated into Qin State, after a long period of time, integrated into China.
After Qin Shihuang unified the world, it is known that all the Rong people in the west were surrendered to the Qin Dynasty. In the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Hexi Corridor was opened. In the period of Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty, the Western Regions Duhufu was opened, which made the power of the Han Dynasty expand to the west. The Western Regions, the Western Regions have since become China’s inherent territory,The original Xirong people were transformed into Qiang people, Di people, etc. Among them, the Qiang people even fought a war with the Eastern Han Dynasty for more than 100 years, while the two sides continued to merge.
The five chaotic Hua in the late Western Jin Dynasty, among which the Qiang and Di people came from the west. During the Tang Dynasty, the Chinese forces further unified the various tribes, and most of the Western Rongs were integrated into China. Except for Tubo, it basically became an inherent part of China in the Ming and Qing dynasties. Up.
Fourth, Beidi
The Huns
Beidi refers to the barbarians in the north, and Beidi actually consists of two parts, one part is China’s own ethnic family, such as the Xiongnu, a descendant of the Xia Dynasty royal family It is of the same clan as Huaxia, and the other part is of foreign ethnicity, such as Guifang, which is said to be white. It is still unclear where it came from. As early as the Shang Dynasty, Guifang defeated Guifang.
A famous tribe in Beidi is the Huns. The Huns have been harassing China in the North since the Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period. During the Warring States Period, General Zhao Guo Li Mu once defeated the Huns and killed hundreds of thousands of people, which made the Huns afraid for decades. Going south, in the reign of Emperor Qin Shihuang, the general Meng Tian was sent to attack the Huns in the north and drove the Huns to distant Siberia. The Han Dynasty fought the Huns for hundreds of years. In the end, the Southern Huns were attached to the Han Dynasty.
Mongolian
The Xiongnu also established a country in the late Western Jin Dynasty and destroyed the Western Jin Dynasty. Later, during the period of the Wuhuluanhua and Wuhu Sixteen Kingdoms, it gradually declined. Some people merged into China, and the other part merged into others. Ethnic groups, such as Xianbei, have no more Huns in history since then. It is not that the Huns disappeared out of thin air, but merged into other ethnic groups.
During the Han Dynasty, in addition to the Xiongnu, there were Wuhuan and Xianbei, both of which belonged to Beidi, especially the Xianbei. During the period of the Five Hus and Sixteen Kingdoms, the regime was established and maintained for a long time. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Xianbei also began to decline and merged into China. During the Tang Dynasty, it was the Turks that became powerful. It was defeated by the Tang Dynasty and returned to the Tang Dynasty. During the Song Dynasty, the North had the rise of Xixia, Liao, and Mongolia. Later, these became Huaxia. a part of.
Therefore, Dongyi, Nanban, Xirong, and Beidi have all integrated into China,Become an inseparable part of Huaxia.
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