文/異文錄
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中國航母編隊
2022年6月17日,在全球媒體的矚目中,中國海軍第三艘航母003「福建艦」成功下水。這艘航母的問世,標誌著中國海軍已經成為地球上最先進的力量之一。它配備的電磁彈射技術,就連美國都眼紅不已。與此同時,美國知乎Quora論壇上,一些印度網友坐不住了。要知道,作為南亞數一數二的軍事大國,印度人也坐擁著兩艘航空母艦。眼瞧著中國003號大放異彩,他們居然厚著臉皮道:「同樣都是自研的航母,為何印度航母能碾壓中國?」
很快,這個問題便引來了眾人的熱議,但令他們感到失望的是,各國網友一致認為:印度航母全方位落敗中國。
問題:為何印度航母能碾壓中國?
美國軍事專家 JC的回答
The reason why people are afraid of China rather than India is that India does not have the strength to build aircraft carriers.India's two aircraft carriers are all bought with money and cannot be compared with China.Next, I will list the shipbuilding comparison between India and China.
大家之所以怕中國而不怕印度,是因為印度不具備造航母的實力。印度的兩艘航母全都是花錢買來的,無法和中國相提並論。接下來,我將羅列印度和中國的造船對比。
印度維克蘭特航母
1.The Indian standard for shipbuilding and especially military shipbuilding has always been relatively slower. Usually for destroyers (the backbone of most medium to large navies) India takes around 10 years from laying down to commissioning one. I don't know what procedures caused this but it seems consistent and likely systematic, while for China in the recent two decades the span for building a destroyer is usually well within 5 years (also from laying down to commissioning). So it shouldn't be a surprise that for aircraft carriers the situation is similar.
印度的造船標準,尤其是軍用造船標準一直相對較慢。通常對於驅逐艦(中型到大型的海軍戰艦),印度從投產到列裝部隊大約需要 10 年時間。而這些都源於印度薄弱的工業體系和生產技術。而中國近二十年來,在造船方面取得了巨大的進步。建造驅逐艦的跨度通常在 5 年內(從鋪設到調試),因此,造一艘航母對中國來說不用等太久。
2.Chinese ships almost all use domestically-built equipment. No negotiation, procurement, evaluation, etc. with foreign parties was needed for the recently-launched 003carrier.The most advanced technology on the aircraft carrier also comes from the self-development of Chinese scientists, which enables the Chinese aircraft carrier to continuously form a real naval force without being controlled by others and being pinched at critical moments.
中國的艦艇幾乎全部使用國產設備。剛剛下水的003航母不需要與外國各方進行談判、採購、評估等。航母上的最先進技術也來自中國科學家的自我研發,這使得中國航母可以源源不斷地形成真正的海軍力量,不會受制於人,在關鍵時刻被掐脖子。
中國海軍003航母
The Vikrant for India seems to use quite some foreign equipment, and it does not help those equipment need more time for integration also. The Vishal should rely on foreign components even more because it will be (reportedly) nuclear-powered and equipped with catapults, which seem almost certainly to be imported or "jointly done".
印度的維克蘭特號航母上使用了大量的國外設備,這導致印度在平時,需要依賴外人來維護修理。就連航母上被印度人視為驕傲的彈射器,也全部是歐洲的技術,和中國相比,印度已經輸了。
印度網友 西瓦庫瑪的回答
Do you know why India has only two aircraft carriers? Because the government can't afford more!For the Indian government, the high construction cost, high maintenance cost and high operation cost have become a huge burden.Next, let's make an account.
知道為什麼印度只有兩艘航母嗎?因為政府消費不起更多的了!對於印度政府而言,建造成本高、維護成本高、運營成本高,已經是巨大的負擔了。接下來,讓我們算一筆賬。
Cost of the carrier: 2.3 Billion USD
運營商成本:23億美元
Cost of the air wing (26 x Mig 29k and 10 x Ka-31 helos): around 800 Million USD
機翼成本(26 x Mig 29k 和 10 x Ka-31 helos):約 8 億美元
Defensive weapons and other equipment (this is an estimate): 200+ Million USD?
防禦性武器和其他裝備(這是估計值):200+ 百萬美元?
And so, we spent more than 3 Billion USD just to acquire everything.
因此,我們花費了超過30 億美元來收購一艘航母。
And this is just the beginning...
而這,還僅僅只是開始。
There is a crew of 110 officers and 1500 sailors. They need to be trained, paid, and fed. Then there is the cost of fuel for the carrier and the aircraft, the cost of armament, the cost of maintenance and repair, the cost of upgrades and refits, the costs of building/upgrading a naval base to accommodate the carrier, and on and on!
接下來,還要花錢訓練士兵。有110名軍官和1500名水手。他們需要接受培訓,付工資和日常飲食。除此之外,光是航母和飛機的燃料成本、武器成本、維護和修理成本、升級和改裝成本、建造升級海軍基地的開銷就是一筆天文數字。
印度巨資購買的航母甲板牽引車
In my opinion, the competition between aircraft carriers is actually a game of wealth. Compared with China, India is still far behind.Not to mention that China is made in China, while India is buying at a high price. From the beginning, India was at a disadvantage.
而以上這些,全都要老百姓買單,在我看來,航母之間的比拼其實就是財富的博弈,和中國相比,印度還差得很遠。更別提中國是國產,而印度是高價購買,一開始印度就處於下風。
美國技術專家 吳慧健的回答
In fact, the reason is very simple, because China's aircraft carrier is more advanced, while India's is worse.
其實原因很簡單,因為中國的航母更先進,而印度的要差一些。
中國003型航空母艦。
The Type 003 aircraft carrier is conventionally powered and uses electromagnetic catapults. The number of electromagnetic catapults is 3 sets. Displacement is expected to be 85,000 tonnes, with a full pass-through flat deck.
003型航空母艦採用常規動力,使用電磁彈射器。電磁彈射器數量為3套。排水量預計為 85,000 噸,具有完全通過的平甲板。
Normal displacement 78,000 tonnes
正常排水量 78,000 噸
Full load displacement 85,000 tonnes
滿載排水量 85,000 噸
60 aircraft (expected to be equipped with more than 48 J-15T fighters and several Air Marshal-600 fixed-wing early warning aircraft)
60架(預計配備48架以上J-15T戰鬥機和多架Air Marshal-600固定翼預警機)
Length 320m
長度 320m
80m wide
80m 寬
On 27 January 2021, the US Congressional Service submitted a special study, China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities-Background and Issues for Congress. Capabilities-Background and Issues for Congress". The article suggests that the Type 003 carrier would be conventionally powered and close to the 100,000-ton displacement carriers of the U.S.
2021 年 1 月 27 日,美國國會服務部提交了一份特別研究報告,題為《中國海軍現代化:對美國海軍能力的影響——國會的背景和問題》。Capabilities-Background and Issues for Congress」。
The Type 003 carrier would be about 320 meters long and 40 meters wide at the waterline, close to the size of the U.S. Kitty Hawk-class carriers, and might have a displacement close to 80,000 tons. If confirmed, it would be the largest aircraft carrier ever built in Asia in terms of tonnage. According to analysis, Type 003 is likely to be launched in the second half of 2021, with later outfitting, installation of island radar and sensors, and mooring trials taking up to two years. In this case, the Type 003 carrier is likely to be delivered to the Navy in 2023-2024.
文章預計003 型航母將採用常規動力,接近美國 10 萬噸排水量的航母。 003 型航母在吃水線處長約 320 米,寬約 40 米接近美國小鷹級航母的大小,排水量可能接近8萬噸。如果得到證實,這將是亞洲有史以來建造的最大噸位航母。據分析,003型還將安裝島式雷達和感測器,成為亞洲最先進的航母。
印度航母維克拉馬蒂亞號
45,000 tonnes
45,000 噸
Length 262 m (860 ft)
長度 262 米(860 英尺)
Width 62m (203ft)
寬度 62m (203ft)
Aircraft carried
攜帶的飛機
36-40 Total aircraft, fixed-wing including 26 fixed-wing aircraft including Mikoyan MiG-29K
36-40 架固定翼飛機,包括 26 架固定翼飛機,包括 Mikoyan MiG-29K
10 Helicopters
10 架直升機
Gliding take-off and landing is used.
使用滑翔起飛和降落。
綜合比較
China's 003 aircraft carrier has nearly twice the displacement of India's aircraft carriers
中國003航母排水量是印度航母的近兩倍
The Chinese carrier carries 40 J-15Ts, a heavy fighter, and will be equipped with fixed-wing early warning aircraft. The operational radius is 1270 km.
003型航母攜帶的重型戰鬥機更多,還將配備固定翼預警機。作戰半徑為1270公里
The Indian carriers carry MiG 29Ks which are medium fighters with a combat radius of 600 km with gliding take-off
印度航母搭載米格 29K 中型戰鬥機,作戰半徑 僅為600 公里
The Chinese carriers can take off fighters from a distance of 1200 km and then launch an attack on the Indian carriers under the command of early warning aircraft.
中國航母可以在1200公里外起飛戰鬥機,然後在預警機的指揮下對敵方航母發起攻擊。
Indian carriers, on the other hand, need to get their fighters off to fight from 600 km away, without the command of an early warning aircraft.
印度航母需要讓己方的戰機在 600 公里外作戰,無需預警機的指揮。
That's no suspense in air combat.
如果雙方遭遇,印度一方在空戰中將毫無勝算的可能。
The Chinese fighters can spot the Indian carriers and fighters from far enough away via early warning aircraft, and then India can only rely on the radar of the MiG 29k to search for the Chinese fighters on its own.
中國戰機可以通過預警機在足夠遠的地方發現印度航母和戰機,然後印度只能依靠米格29k的雷達自行搜索中國戰機。
中國航母
今天的航母爭霸,表面上看是擴充軍備,但背地裡卻是科技之爭,大國博弈。相比較印度的買買買,中國走的是一條「科技強國」「科技強軍」的坎坷之路。
2012年9月25日,遼寧艦航母正式交付我國海軍,這是我國花費重金從外國購買的航母,從此中國海軍結束了沒有航母的尷尬時代。
為了研發屬於自己的航空母艦,我國科研人員加班加點,日夜兼程,學技術搞探索,戰士們冒著生命危險一次次試飛。終於在7年後,也就是2019年12月,迎來了國產的第一艘航母山東艦。自此,我國進入了「雙航母」時代。
相較於遼寧艦,山東艦上配備了最新的技術,包括發電機組、綜合電力系統、節能減排裝置等,這些全都是我國科研人員一個腳印一個腳印打磨出來的。憑藉著山東艦,我國終於趕上了國際一流造船水平。直到2022年,在萬眾期待中,迎來了福建艦003型航母的下水。這一次次的突破離不開無數研發人員忘我的工作。更是我國綜合國力的體現。
反觀印度方面,自第一艘航母起,便迷上了「買買買」的捷徑。
上世紀50年代末,為了張揚自己的海軍實力,印度花費巨資從前宗主英國那裡購來了「大力神」號,這是一艘輕型航母,來到印度後,被改名為「維克蘭特」號。(在印度語中寓意徹底擊敗敢同我挑戰的人)。自此後,印度便成為了亞洲第一個擁有航母的國家。
但相較於中國的國產航母,印度買來的航母不僅貴,而且條件苛刻,從艦體的修復到航母的改裝每年都是一筆天文數字。以至於印度曾一度淪為了航母界的笑柄。
中國海軍新時代