October 2022, the annual "Nobel Time" ushered in again. The official website of the
Nobel Prize Committee was released, and the results of the 2022 Nobel Prize selection will be announced from October 3 to 10.
awarded 6 awards: Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine , Nobel Prize in Physics , Nobel Prize in Chemistry , Nobel Prize in Literature , Nobel Prize in Peace Prize in , Nobel Prize in Economics .
has been announced at present, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Nobel Prize in Physics, and Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Let’s take a look.
01 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Swedish at 11:30 local time on October 3, 2022 (17:30 Beijing time on October 3, Beijing time), the Nobel Prize Committee announced that it would award the 2022 Physiology or Medicine to Swedish biologist and evolutionary geneticist Svante Pääbo (Svante Pääbo) for his discovery of the genome related to the extinct ancient humans and the evolution of humans.
Svanter Pääbo was born on April 20, 1955 in Stockholm, Sweden. His mother was Estonian chemist Karin Pääbo, and his father was biochemist Sune Bergström. He won the 1982 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Bengt I. Samuelsson and John R. Vane. Svanter Parbo received his PhD from Uppsala University in 1986 to study how the E19 protein of adenovirus regulates the immune system.
The Origin of Humanity has always been a topic of interest to people. Where do we come from? What does modern people have to do with our predecessors? What makes Homo sapiens different from other races? Through his pioneering research, Svanter Parbo completed a seemingly impossible thing: sequencing the genome of Neanderthal . Neanderthals are extinct relatives of modern people.
Pabbo also discovered an ancient human that was unknown to people before - Denisovan . More importantly, Parbo discovered that after moving out of Africa about 70,000 years ago, these now-extinct ancient humans had genetically transferred to Homo sapiens. This flow has the significance of physiology on today, for example, which affects the response of the human immune system to infection.
Pab's pioneering research has given birth to a whole new scientific discipline: paleogenomics. By revealing the genetic differences between all living humans and extinct primitive humans, his discovery lays the foundation for exploring what makes us unique humans.
02 Nobel Prize in Physics
On October 4th local time, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences announced that it would award the 2022 Nobel Prize in Physics to French scientists Alan Aspe , American scientist John Crowze and Austrian scientist Anton Cellinger to commend their contributions in "entangling photon experiments, verifying violations of Bell inequality and creating Quantum Information Science ".
French scientist Alan Aspe was born on June 15, 1947 in Agen, France. He is currently a researcher at the University of Thackeray in Paris, France and the Institute of Integrated Polytechnic in Paris, France.
American scientist John Crowze , born on December 1, 1942 in Pasadena, California, USA, and now works in the J.F. Crowse Association, California, USA.
Austrian scientist Anton Cellinger was born in Austria on May 20, 1945 and is currently working at University of Vienna .
In the so-called "entangled pair", what happens to one particle will determine what happens to another particle (no matter how far apart). what does that mean?
The basis of quantum mechanics is not just a theoretical or philosophical question. It is closely related to quantum computers, improved measurements, quantum networks and quantum encrypted communications that are being intensively developed around the world and are constructed by using the special properties of a single particle system.
or above applications all depend on how quantum mechanics allows two or more particles to exist in a shared state, even if they are separated by thousands of mountains and rivers, they can maintain this state.
This is called entanglement.
It has been one of the most debated elements in quantum mechanics since the theory was proposed.
These three scientists used entangled quantum state to perform groundbreaking experiments in entangled quantum states, even if two particles are separated, they behave like a single unit. Their research results clear the way for new technologies based on quantum information.
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said their work laid the foundation for a new era of quantum technology.
"It is becoming increasingly obvious that a new quantum technology is emerging. We can see that the winners' research on entangled state is very important, even beyond the basic problems that explain quantum mechanics ," said Anders Ilbeck, chairman of the Nobel Prize Committee for Physics.
03 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Sweden at 11:45 on October 5, 2022 (17:45 on October 5, Beijing time), the Nobel Prize Committee announced that it would award the 2022 Nobel Prize in Chemistry to American chemist Carolyn R. Bertozzi, Danish chemist Morten Meldal and American chemist Karl Barry Sharpless for their outstanding contributions to the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry.
2022 Nobel Prize in Chemistry Award is the process of simplifying the chemical reaction. Barry Sharpless and Morten Meldal laid the foundation for a molecular functionalization—click chemistry. "Click" means that two things are clamped together like building blocks. With a click, the molecular construction units are quickly and effectively combined. Carolyn Bertozzi brings click chemistry to a new dimension—using it in organisms.
For a long time, chemists have been eager to build increasingly complex molecules. In drug research, natural molecules with medicinal properties are usually required to be artificially manufactured. Scientists have discovered many meaningful molecular structures, but they are expensive and very time-consuming. "This year's chemistry award winning work is not a complex approach, but rather makes the problem simple and convenient. Functional molecules can even be constructed through a straightforward route," said Johan Åqvist, chairman of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry. "About 2000, Barry Sharpless created the concept of "click chemistry", a simple and reliable form of chemistry in which reactions occur quickly and avoid unnecessary by-products. Soon after, Morten Meldal and Barry Sharpless each independently proposed the pearl on the crown of modern click chemistry: copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition. This is an elegant and efficient chemical reaction that is now widely used in drug development, DNA localization and the creation of new materials.
To map the important but elusive biomolecule on the cell surface, glycan , Carolyn Bertozzi developed a click response that works in organisms. Her bioorthogonal reactions do not disrupt the normal chemical reactions of cells, and it is being used to explore cells and track biological processes. Using bioorthogonal reactions, researchers have improved the targeting of cancer drugs, and many clinical trials are underway. Click chemistry and bioorthogonal reactions brought chemistry into the era of functionalism and brought great benefits to mankind.
It is worth mentioning that this is Barry Sharpless's second Nobel Prize . He won the 2001 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his contribution to chiral catalytic oxidation reaction in 2001. In the history of the Nobel Prize, only three of them, including , Madam Curie, , John Bardeen, and Frederick Sanger, have won the Science Award twice. Among them, Sharpless is the winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1958 and 1980. Today, Sharpless is the second place to "scorch" in the Chemistry Prize after Sharpless.
Sharpless once said that at first he wanted to name such reactions, but he had "difficulty in naming", so he turned to his wife for help.His wife is an editor of a journal and is a bit literary. She quotes an American saying "click it or ticket" (if you don't wear a seat belt), named "click chemistry". So "click" actually refers to the buckle seat belt, which describes the reaction as simple and efficient as the buckle seat belt.
Associate Professor of at Chongqing University, Li Cunpu, told "Bi Pu": "Many click chemistry or biological orthogonal chemistry are based on azide: three nitrogen atoms are connected together. On the one hand, it can easily form a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms , just like the five rings of the Olympics; on the other hand, it can also remove the nitrogen molecules, leaving a nitrogen atom to build a new functional system. nitrogen element is the most important heteroatom and core element of living molecules in organic matter, and there are more connotations in the future worth scientists to continue to explore."
Editor: Wendao
Edited by: Popular Science China, Science and Technology Daily
Popular Science Suzhou
ID: kepusuzhou
Science popularization Suzhou Q3: 948033090
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