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With the development of science and technology, human beings' exploration of nature continues to move forward, from macroscopic lunar and fire exploration, or larger cosmic observations, to microscopic cytology , gene editing technology, nuclear fusion , quantum mechanics , etc., the achievements have been changing with each passing day, and natural science has taken a big step forward compared to when I was in school. What would you think about the question given by the title
? When organ failure is done, give you a pig's heart. Will you choose to transplant?
Let’s first look at the research and technological progress of model animals at home and abroad
- What is model animals ?
Mode animals refer to biologists who conduct scientific research on selected animal species to reveal a life phenomenon with universal laws. At this time, this selected biological species is a model animal. (Baidu Encyclopedia)
In the development of biology , we know that peas and fruit fly play a great role, and fruit fly can be regarded as model animals. The research on it has greatly promoted the development of genetics . Yeast and E. coli are experimental benches for displaying magic in genetic engineering technology, which greatly promotes the research on gene editing, splicing, recombination, and transcription . The
mouse model is the most widely used, because on the one hand, the genes are highly homologous to humans, and human diseases will be expressed in mice, which has high research value; on the other hand, the maturity cycle is short, the yield per fetus is large, and the feeding cost is low; on the other hand, the genetic background is clear.
As a model animal for human organ donors, Marshal Tianpeng, has advantages similar to those of mice. On the one hand, it is highly homologous to humans, and on the other hand, it has a short cycle compared to primate , especially the number of heartbeats is close to that of humans. I know you will ask about rejection reactions. Here I will keep a close eye and talk about it later.
here to write an international and domestic research review. I believe that all the friends don’t like to read it either. Real scientific researchers don’t care about reading it. In order to make the article more valuable, let’s directly introduce the relevant cases. Friends who eat melons don’t like to read the tricks, and they are the most fun.
- Foreign organ transplant cases Daguan
Most of the records of organ transplants abroad are meaningful explorations carried out by the medical community in the 20th century. In order to commend the French doctor Carrel 's "three-line suture method" invented, it was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1912. The significance of its invention is the basis for the successful suture of various surgeries, and it is also the basis for organ transplantation and even xenogeneic organ transplantation .
Foreign xenogeneic organ transplantation has been successfully transplanted into children with rabbit kidneys and survived for 16 days; Russian orangutan testicles and ovarian slices were transplanted to elderly men and menopausal women. In 2018, pig heart transplanted into baboon 2018 and survived normally for more than half a year after gene editing . On March 8, 2022, heart disease patient David Bennett died two months after successfully transplanting pig hearts.
wk11http://www..com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/14.com/ I think there must have been related experiments, but this kind of experiment and exaggerated records have no practical significance.
- Foreign technology is so advanced, what about us?
The latest domestic research is still closely following the international one. China Agricultural University has a "Tianpeng Project" in Zhuozhou, Baoding, Hebei Province. It specifically focuses on the scientific research and incubation of results carried out by the second senior brother. The Science and Technology Park has completed acceptance and put into use in September this year. The Institute of Animal Husbandry of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences also has a second-in-class breeding base in Fangshan . The pigs bred through gene knockout are all genetically knocked out, and the purpose is to avoid rejection reactions after organ transplantation.In addition, the surgery that has been performed in my country has transplanted the internal organs of model pigs into the body of monkeys, which was successful, but the survival time varies. There is also the pig skin transplanted by severe burn patients with pig skin transplantation did not have an rejection reaction, which won time for skin transplantation from the body.
The actual needs of research on xenogeneic organ transplantation
The incident of organ failure has not happened to friends. Friends may not have personal feelings, but I believe everyone has heard or understood through various channels that many new patients with organ failure will be added every year. They live in pain while waiting for the source of the dirt, and they know what is waiting for them ahead.
The following content comes from the Singularity Messenger: On average, about 300,000 new patients with organ failure each year in my country, and only about 6% of them can undergo organ transplantation. Other patients have no suitable donors and can only wait for death in despair.
The editor has a relative who has lupus nephritis. The little girl is only in her teens and a girl with a variety of tricks. She currently relies on dialysis to prolong her life. But this is not a long-term solution. If you want to survive, you need to kidney transplant , but there is no kidney source. The little girl is innocent and still laughs every day, but she doesn't know that she can leave her parents, friends, and this world at any time.
. It is not uncommon for people to suffer from heart, liver, spleen, stomach and kidney disease around them. Everyone can only face reality with a smile. What can they do? Having written this, my heart felt a little heavy. The development of
xenogeneic organ transplantation technology undoubtedly gave patients with organ failure a ray of dawn. Although I don’t know when this technology will completely overcome difficulties and move towards clinical practice, this makes the remaining limited life meaningful.
Current technical risks and safety hazards
rejection reaction is the immune response of the human body to foreign organisms, and inflammation is a type of rejection reaction. Currently, through gene knockout technology, a path has been found to resolve rejection reactions. Do you think the rejection reaction is good or bad? Now, as for xenogeneic organ transplantation, it is indeed not a good thing, and it brings risks to xenogeneic organ transplantation.
- rejection reaction
From a historical perspective, fortunately there was a rejection reaction. Otherwise, without legal protection in ancient times, the weak would become donors to the strong and would not be able to survive. This is in line with the "Evolution" of Darwin . Nature screened out species with rejection reactions. Those without rejection reactions were all screened and eliminated in the natural environment where the strong prey on the weak. Another risk of
- virus infection
xenogeneic organ transplantation is viral infection. Now scientists are working hard to reduce the probability of infection through genetic engineering . I believe that this will not be a problem in the future.
- Compression of other organs
After the second senior brother's organ transplantation, will the relevant organs continue to develop and further compress other organs? This question is a hypothesis, because after the transplantation is successful, the life-sustaining time is not long enough. However, during the second senior brother's seed selection and cultivation process, this issue has been taken into consideration, and the measure taken is to choose mature individuals with a weight similar to that of humans as much as possible. There are ethical and legal issues in
First of all, can you accept such a piece of paper? This question is not too big, if it is just a certain organ. But if everything except the brain and body are transplanted to the second senior brother, can it be accepted? There is a question mark here.
The Ship of Theseus
We know that organ transplants are subject to law and donors must be voluntary and cannot be traded or traded. Whether xenogeneic organ transplants can be allowed by law in the future and whether they can pass the review of the ethics committee is still a question.
Imagine the future world of human face and animal heart
Several major diseases that restrict human lifespan are cancer, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases , organ failure, etc. Without other diseases, living to the age of 100 will face the problem of systemic organ failure. If you want to increase your lifespan, it is not possible to not undergo organ transplantation.
believes that in the near future, these diseases will be completely solved, and human life expectancy will be greatly improved. Living to a hundred years old may be in the middle age of youth and middle-aged age, and the retirement time will be greatly extended. When you talk about a partner, you find that it may be your grandfather's generation or your grandchildren's generation. This is an ethical issue.
: The grafting of consciousness
may be even more advanced, but it is definitely groundless. For example, by implanting chips into monkey brains, it can recognize brain waves , and then control the robotic arm to grab things. Science fiction movies have more explorations in this area. If it is implemented, convert your consciousness to clone and other creatures, and I don’t know what the experience will be like. At that time, you can personally verify the color blindness paradox.
Color blindness paradox
Finally, it still returns to the title. After organ failure, would you choose pig organ transplant? Welcome to discuss!
is not easy to write, thank you for your attention!
Edit: Pitch has been
