For this question, let’s first understand the structure of the sun.
Sun is a fireball composed of plasma . The inside is divided into the core area, the radiation area and the convection area, and the outermost layer is the atmosphere. I believe everyone is familiar with this shell structure and is similar to the earth's structure.
Sun's atmosphere can be divided into three major layers, namely photosphere layer, chromosphere layer and coronal layer.
and the sunspots , solar flare , coronal matter ejection, solar prominence and solar wind mentioned in the question all occur in the sun atmosphere. Let me introduce it to you one by one.
Sunspots are not black. They are areas where the magnetic field on the surface of the sun is highly concentrated. They contain huge energy and have relatively high temperatures. However, the temperature in this area is slightly lower than the average temperature on the surface of the sun, thus forming a dark area on the surface of the sun. The area where sunspots are located is the photosphere at the bottom of the sun's atmosphere. Light spots will always appear in the light ball near the blackspot, and spectrum will always appear in the color ball above the blackspot.
Where there is sunspot, there is a sun flare. When the magnetic reconnection of magnetic line above the sunspots occurs, it will release huge energy and radiate a large amount of radiation into space. This phenomenon is called a sun flare and occurs in the chromosphere layer. After a solar flare occurs, the sunspots will become smaller or even disappear. The intensity of solar flares can be divided into different levels, among which larger levels will have a certain impact on humans.
As for solar prominence, it is a long ring protrusion extending outward from the sun's chromosphere layer. Because it looks a bit like the sun's earrings, it is called solar prominence. Among them, the largest solar prominence on the sun is hundreds of thousands of kilometers higher than the sun's surface, and huge holes will be left in the middle of the solar prominence, enough to fill dozens of earths. Solar prominences often appear near sunspots.
Prominences This structure is unstable, and the huge energy released when the fracture occurs will be caused. Among them, the active prominence lasts for about 5 minutes on average, while the still prominence can exist for several months.
The rise and fall of the prominence, the energy released will cause some of the matter in the coronal layer to leave the surface of the sun and be thrown into space, which is called coronal material ejection. Coronal mass ejection is often accompanied by flare . If this phenomenon is aimed at the earth, it will seriously interfere with the radio communication on the earth and even damage the satellite in space.
There is a huge radiation pressure inside the sun, and some particles will escape from the surface of the sun. The so-called solar wind is actually the flow of charged particles radiated from the surface of the sun, mainly the coronal layer. These charged particles flow at a speed of up to hundreds of kilometers per second, and the formation of aurora is related to it. The solar wind exists every moment. The difference between it and coronal mass ejection is that the coronal mass ejection emits a lot of charged particles in an instant, which can be regarded as a directional, high-intensity solar wind.
Among them, sunspots are the most concerned by scientists because they are the core of the solar activity area. Most of the sun's bursts occur in the atmosphere above the sunspots. Therefore, when larger sunspots appear on the surface of the sun, or the number of sunspots increases, it means that the sun's activity will become more intense.
In short, these are generated by the combined action of the huge radiation energy inside the sun, the sun's gravity and the sun's magnetic field .
is OK, that’s all for a brief introduction. Follow me and take you to learn more.
