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Ten talks about "2022 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine " (Serialized one)
Topic 1:
Trailblazers in the field of paleogenomics research Svanter Parbo html in the field of paleogenomics research Swanter Parbo html l6
, Swedish Scientist Svante Pabo won the Nobel Prize
Sweden local time on October 3, 2022 (17:30 Beijing time on October 3, Beijing time), the Nobel Prize Committee announced that it would award the 2022 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to Swedish biologists and the authority in evolutionary genetics - Svante Pabo (Svante) (Svante Pabo (Svante) (October 3, 2022) Pääbo), in recognition of his discoveries on the genome of the extinct ancient humans and human evolution aspects.
This is the 2022 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine released on October 3 at the Caroline Medical College in Stockholm, Sweden.
2022 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was announced on site.
Swant Parbo was born on April 20, 1955 in Stockholm, Sweden. His mother, Karin Pääbo, is an Estonian chemist; his father, Sune Bergström, is a biochemist and winner of the 1982 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Although his father is a famous biologist and winner of Nobel Prize , he has not received much hiding from this famous father - he is an illegitimate son and is also a bisexual .
Swant Parbo's father, Sune Bergström,
Parbo received his Ph.D. from Uppsala University in 1986 to study how the E19 protein of adenovirus regulates the immune system. As one of the founders of paleogenetics, Parbo conducted extensive research on the Neanderthal genome and was appointed as the head of the Department of Genetics at the Max-Planck-Institut für evolutionäre Anthropologie in Germany in 1997. He is currently the director of the institute.
, the pioneer in the field of paleogenomics research
It is no exaggeration to say that Pabo is a pioneer in the field of paleogenomics research. As the Nobel Prize Committee said: "Through his groundbreaking research, Parbo completed a seemingly impossible thing: sequencing the genome of the extinct relative of today's humans. He also discovered an ancient human that was previously unknown - Denisovan . Importantly, Parbo also discovered that after humans left Africa about 70,000 years ago, genes were transferred from these now-extinct ancient humans to Homo sapiens . This ancient gene flows to today's humans is physiologically related, such as affecting the response of our immune system to infection. "
He once "secretly" tried to extract Egyptian mummy DNA without telling his superiors, "playing as PCR policeman" scientifically combating "dinosaur DNA", especially overcoming many hardships, he finally drew a sketch of the Neanderthal genome, and at the same time discovered the Denisovans through ancient DNA. In his autobiography "The Neanderthal", he highlighted the entire process of drawing Neanderthal genome sketches from scratch.
Swant Parbo's Chinese translation of the autobiography of Neanderthals
Molars that determine the identity of the "Denisovans"
The so-called ancient DNA refers to the DNA fragments of ancient times that remain in fossils, mummies, tombs, and even ancient ruins soil.
Because of the characteristic of "from ancient times", the extraction of ancient DNA is not simple.
On the one hand, DNA will be continuously degraded. The "wind and rain" of the external environment will damage the DNA structure , and the DNA itself also has half-life (varies under different temperatures or environmental conditions, about tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of years), so it is difficult for us to obtain complete DNA fragments.
On the other hand, the various animal and plant remains buried around the fossils, various microorganisms that bring uncertainties, and the influence of modern humans during the experiments have also brought unknowns to the entire extraction process.
In fact, as early as 1984, researchers extracted ancient DNA from museum specimens, but the technology was limited at that time, so the mentioned DNA could not conduct any research. Until the 21st century, with the rapid development of sequencing technology and more specific DNA amplification technology, the study of ancient DNA was made possible. Svanter Parbo also seized this opportunity and began a study of ancient humans different from modern people - Neanderthals (abbreviated as " Neanderthals ".
Why did Neanderthals choose?
Because Neanderthals are ancient humans who are relatively close to modern humans on evolutionary trees, and based on the characteristics of ancient DNA, it is easier to obtain more complete Neanderthal DNA information. At the same time, the skeleton forms of Neanderthals are completely different from those of us modern people: they seem to have stronger bodies and larger heads, which are completely different from humans. In 1990, Svanter Parbo, who worked at the University of Munich, began his research on Neanderthals. It was found that the mitochondrial genes of Neanderthals were completely different from those of modern humans. That is to say, the Neanderthals are obviously a species different from modern people.
With Pabo established the Institute of Anthropology at the Max Planck Institute in Germany, he began a larger plan - exploring the nuclear DNA of Neanderthals and building the Neanderthal genome.
Pabbo and his scientific research team are indomitable and have experienced countless ups and downs of frustration and gratitude, crises and turning points, setbacks and successes alternately, but have always tried to maintain optimism and interest in life and forge ahead. Finally, in 2010, it was found that modern people did have hybrids with Neanderthals.
His discovery proves that the ancient humans in not only Africa, but also Europe and Asia have also contributed to the origin of modern people. This led to the "Eve hypothesis" that advocated that modern people only originated from Africa and did not recognize that European and Asian ancient humans had made contributions from this eradication. The "assimilation hypothesis" that has been neglected for many years has made a comeback and replaced it. The "assimilation hypothesis" advocates that modern people mainly originate from Africa, and ancient humans in Europe and Asia also contribute. Although the contribution is different from the theory of evolution in multiple regions, both agree that modern people have many sources.
Pabbo's pioneering research has produced a whole new scientific discipline: paleogenomics. By revealing the genetic differences between all existing humans and extinct ancient humans, his discovery provides the basis for exploring what makes us unique humans.
As one of the pioneers of the field of ancient DNA, Svanter Parbo, in a sense, allows us to understand the essence of human beings through the new tool of ancient DNA.
Neanderthal skull and Professor Svanter Parbo
30 years ago, Svanter Parbo proved that DNA can remain in ancient human tissues. His team has also been overcoming technical difficulties and developed many important means to obtain DNA sequences from ancient remains. With the development of relevant experimental technologies, the research on ancient DNA has achieved a series of breakthrough results, providing a new perspective and method for the study of human origin and migration, civilization spread and collision, major historical events and historical unsolved cases. Although modern humans are the only humans that have survived to this day, archaeological research shows that in ancient times, there were a large number of other types of humans on the earth.
1997, Parbo's team obtained the mitochondrial DNA sequence of the first ancient human, Neanderthal.
In 2005, he launched the Neanderthal genome sequencing project.
In 2010, he published the first Neanderthal genome sketch, which directly compared the Neanderthal genome with the genome of today's humans for the first time. This study lets us know that up to 2% of the genomes of modern humans outside Africa are from Neanderthals, thus demonstrating that Neanderthals have mixed races with modern humans.It is precisely because of the ancient human genomes such as the Neanderthal genome that we can begin to explore why we become humans and what makes us humans.
Neanderthal bones
In 2008, in the Denisova cave in the Altai Mountains of Siberia, archaeologists discovered a fossil of the little finger bone from 40,000 years ago. This extremely low amount of information gave archaeologists a headache: Is this an ancient human? Or modern people? To answer this question, Svanter Parbo and his team sequenced the small fossil in 2010 and discovered a brand new species of ancient humans, the Denisovans (" Dan "), which further enriched our understanding of the history of human evolution.
The earliest Danish fossils except for one tooth, only this small piece of finger bone
Pab team
In 2014,Pab team determined the high-deep genome sequence of Neanderthals, whose quality is comparable to that of modern humans. This allows us to understand that not only ancient humans have genetic mixing with modern humans, but there are also many mixings between ancient humans. Their team's work continues, and all of these allow us to witness the rapid development of a new field of research.
Many people think that the DNA research of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was unexpected to ancient humans, but if you think about it carefully, this award is well deserved for such pioneering work and far-reaching impact.
Pab received this message while drinking coffee.
. Pabo's paleogenome research results are of great significance
So, why is the genome research of Neanderthals and Denisovans so important?
First, Pabo's research breaks the pure human beings out of Africa model.
You may often hear three "philosophical" questions like this: Who am I? Where did I come from? Where am I going?
For evolutionary biologists, where we come from is one of the ultimate questions we want to discuss.
After the genome of Denisovans came out, it was found that there is a common gene exchange between Neanderthals, Denisovans and modern people. We know that today's main ancestors of modern people outside Africa are modern people who have walked out of Africa between 60,000 and 50,000 years ago. Before the Neanderthal genome data came out, we did not know that modern people had hybridization with other ancient humans after they walked out of Africa. After the Neanderthal genome data came out, we found that modern human ancestors could hybridize with other ancient humans, and these hybrids could also leave imprints in the genome of modern humans.
Modern human skull (left) and Neanderthal skull
The discovery of universal genetic exchange between Neanderthals, Denisovans and modern people. We can't help but think about it. In addition to Neanderthals and Denisovans, are there other ancient humans who also engage in genetic exchange with modern people? For example, the ancient humans in East Asia. Although there are no ancient human genomic data reported in East Asia except for modern humans, Parbo's research undoubtedly provides a theoretical basis for us to make such conjectures and conduct further research.
Neanderthal imagination
Swanter Parbo and his team found in the study that Neanderthals and Europeans and Asians have a lot of gene exchanges. By comparing the genomes of different modern populations and Neanderthal genomes, about 2% of the genes are similar to Neanderthals, indicating that these genes may come from Neanderthals. Similar to
, Denisovans also have genes similar to Asians and Oceania people. This shows that during the tens of thousands of years of modern human migration, we actually had genetic communication with other ancient humans. In other words, these ancient humans are also one of our ancestors.
Secondly, the new paradigm for ancient human research has genomic data of Neanderthal and Denisovans.
When we study ancient human fossils, we can also add genes in the genome that have an impact on the skeletal phenotype to the study; the combination of phenomics, genomics and constitutional anthropology is becoming a new direction for the research of ancient human fossils.
In addition, the genomic data of Neanderthals and Denisovans can also allow us to better grasp the differentiation time between modern people and theirs, thereby determining the ancient humans in the Medi-Pleistocene (about 780,000-130,000 years) around the world, and determining which modern human ancestors may be related to us, play an important role. If pure morphological analysis is used to determine the differentiation time, it is much rougher than using genomic data for analysis.
Neanderthal
Third, the impact on human health.
These genes from other ancient humans may have a great help or impact on the survival of modern humans. For example, many of the genes from Neanderthals are closely related to immunity; and among the genes from Denisovans, there is a gene mutation called EPAS1 that is closely related to Tibetans who can adapt to high-altitude environments - although they are extinct, they continue to affect us deeply.
Whether Neanderthal or Denisovan, the hybridization of modern people with them has had a profound impact on our own health. Before the emergence of the genomes of Neanderthal and Denisovans, we might have discovered that certain mutations were related to diseases, but we don’t know how they appeared. After the data on these genomes were published, we found that many gene mutations that affect health came from these ancient humans, with good effects and bad effects. Based on this, we can combine the genomes of Neanderthal and Denisovans to conduct large-scale screening and strive to find out the mutation sites of all ancient humans’ impacts on human health, which is much better than blindly looking for it.
Possible appearance of the Denisovans
In short, no matter where we come from for answers, or why are we today? All are very helpful. If we just study ourselves simply, there may be some problems that will never be solved, and the chimpanzees are too far away, and the two mirrors of Neanderthals and Denisovans are just right. Facing them, we can see ourselves more clearly.
In short, Pabo's work appears to be just measuring the genome sequences of Neanderthals and Denisovans, but in fact, based on his work results and inspiration, other researchers can create more different studies and solve more problems. This is also an important reason why he can win the Nobel Prize.
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