Ecological City is an ideal city model, in which technology and nature are fully integrated, human creativity and productivity are maximized, and residents' physical and mental health and environmental quality are maximized, and matter, energy, and information are efficiently utilized, and ecological cycle is virtuous. Ecological cities are a highly coordinated and harmonious compound ecosystem in which society, economy, culture and nature are highly coordinated and harmonious. The internal material circulation, energy flow and information transmission form an interlocking and coordinated network, and have the functions of realizing material recycling and regeneration, full utilization of capabilities, information feedback and regulation, economic efficiency, social harmony, and coordinated symbiosis between man and nature. With the accelerated development of the world economy and the continuous growth of the world population, and the accelerated urbanization speed, ecological city construction can not only avoid the occurrence of big urban diseases, but also improve the level of urbanization. It is an ideal way out for world urbanization. In the geography of the college entrance examination, students mainly test to use the knowledge they have learned to analyze and solve practical problems.
The meaning of ecological city
Ecological city, broadly speaking, is a new cultural concept based on a deeper understanding of the relationship between mankind and nature. It is a new social relationship established in accordance with ecological principles. It is a new way of production and life for effective use of environmental resources to achieve sustainable development. In a narrow sense, it is to design urban according to the principle of ecology to establish an efficient, harmonious, healthy and sustainable human settlement environment.
Basic connotation of ecological cities
"Ecological city" is an important concept proposed in the research on the " People and Biosphere Project " initiated by UNESCO. Ecological cities are a highly developed economy, prosperous society, safe and prosperous people's living and working, and virtuous ecological cycle. The urban environment and human settlement environment are clean, beautiful, comfortable and safe, low unemployment rate, perfect social security system, high-tech dominates, technology and nature are fully integrated, and people's creativity and productivity are maximized, which is conducive to improving the stable, coordinated and sustainable development of urban civilization.
The ecologicalization of the environment is manifested as: development is based on the protection of nature and coordinated with the carrying capacity of the environment. The natural environment and its evolution process are protected to the maximum extent, all natural resources and life-protection support systems are used reasonably, and development and construction activities are always maintained within the carrying capacity of the environment.
Standards for ecological cities
The creation standards for ecological cities must be determined from three aspects: social ecology, natural ecology, and economic ecology. The principle of social ecology is people-oriented, meeting the various material and spiritual needs of people, and creating a free, equal, fair and stable social environment; the principle of economic ecology protects and rationally utilizes all natural resources and energy, improves the recycling and utilization of resources, realizes the efficient use of resources, and adopts the sustainable production, consumption, transportation, and residential development model; the principle of natural ecology gives priority to the protection of natural ecology to the greatest extent, so that development and construction activities can be maintained within the carrying capacity allowed by the natural environment, and on the other hand, reduces the negative impact on the natural environment and enhances its health.
Eight Standards for Ecological City
(1) Widely apply ecological principles to plan and build a city, with reasonable urban structure and coordinated functions;
(2) Protect and efficiently utilize all natural resources and energy, have a reasonable industrial structure, and achieve clean production;
(3) Adopt a sustainable consumption development model, with high material and energy recycling rate;
(4) Have perfect social facilities and infrastructure, and have high quality of life;
(5) Organically combine the artificial environment with the natural environment, and have high environmental quality;
(6) Protect and inherit cultural heritage and respect the various cultural and life characteristics of residents;
(7) The physical and mental health of residents, have conscious ecological awareness and environmental moral concepts;
(8) Establish a complete and dynamic ecological regulation management and decision-making system.
Characteristics of ecological cities
1. Harmony The harmony of ecological cities is not only reflected in the relationship between man and nature, but also in the relationship between man and nature. People return to nature, are close to nature, and nature integrates into the city, and more importantly, in the relationship between man and man. Human activities have promoted economic growth, but have failed to achieve synchronous development of human beings themselves. Ecological cities are an environment that meets human evolutionary needs. They are full of humanity, rich cultural atmosphere, and have strong mutual help, full of vitality and vitality. An ecological city is not a living environment that is decorated with natural green, but a "organ of love" that cares about people and cultivates people. Culture is an important function of an ecological city, and cultural personality and cultural charm are the soul of an ecological city. This harmony is the core content of ecological cities.
2. High efficiency Ecological cities have changed the "high energy consumption" and "non-circulation" operation mechanism of modern industrial cities, improving the utilization rate of all resources, making full use of things, making the land, making full use of people, giving their talents, getting their own abilities, optimizing the configuration, and the material and energy are used in multiple levels and hierarchical use, smooth and orderly logistics, fast and convenient residence flow, waste recycling and regeneration, and symbiotic relationships between various industries and departments.
3. Continuity Ecological cities are guided by the idea of sustainable development, taking into account different periods, space, and reasonably allocating resources, fairly meeting the needs of modern people and future generations in terms of development and environment, and promoting temporary "prosperity" in a way that does not "plunder" due to immediate interests, ensuring healthy, sustainable and coordinated development of the city's social economy.
4. Integrity Ecological cities do not only pursue beautiful environments or their own prosperity, but also take into account the benefits of society, economy and environment. They not only attach importance to the coordination of economic development and the ecological environment, but also pay more attention to the improvement of human quality. They are seeking development under a new order of overall coordination.
5. Regionality As the unity of urban and rural areas, ecological cities are themselves a regional concept, which is based on regional balance, and cities are interconnected and restricted. Only balanced and coordinated areas can have balanced and coordinated ecological cities. Ecological cities are human-natural harmony as the value orientation. In a broad sense, to achieve this goal, the world must strengthen cooperation, share technology and resources, form a mutually beneficial network system, and establish a global ecological balance. The broad sense is the global concept.
6. Reasonable structure. An ecological city that conforms to ecological laws should have a reasonable structure. Reasonable land use, good ecological environment, sufficient green space system, complete infrastructure, and effective nature protection.
7. Relationship Coordination Relationship Coordination refers to the coordination between man and nature, urban and rural coordination, resources, environmental stress and environmental carrying capacity coordination.
Development goals of ecological cities
The development goals of ecological cities are to achieve harmony between man and nature, including the harmony between man and man, harmony between man and nature, and harmony between natural systems. Among them, pursuing harmony in the natural system and harmony between man and nature is the basis and condition, and achieving harmony between man and man is the purpose and fundamental of an ecological city, that is, ecological cities can not only "support" nature, but also meet the needs of human evolution and development, and achieve "harmony of man".
compactness, low-carbon, economical and harmonious should be the basic goals of my country's ecological cities in the future development. In the future, my country should further expand the pilot project of ecological new cities and new districts, innovate the construction of ecological cities system and mechanisms, establish an efficient government, create a good environment suitable for the development of green industries, make full use of information technology, achieve refined management, and reduce development costs.
Types of Chinese ecological cities
1. Landscape and leisure cities;
2. Green industrial cities;
3. Resource-saving cities;
4. Environmentally friendly cities;
5. Circular economy cities;
6. . Green consumption cities.
Necessity of ecological city construction
Value to promote the construction of ecological city , which is not only an inevitable requirement to conform to the laws of urban evolution, but also a need to promote the continuous, rapid and healthy development of cities.First, seize the commanding heights of science and technology and the need to develop green productivity; the development and construction of ecological cities will help to involve the world's advanced green technology fields at a high starting point, and improve the overall quality of the city, domestic and foreign market competitiveness and image. The second is the need to promote sustainable development; the Party Central Committee has listed "sustainable development" and "science and education to develop the country" as two major strategies. In the process of urban construction and development, of course, we must implement this major strategy well. The third is the need to solve the problem of urban development; as the center of regional economic activities, cities are also the focus of various contradictions. The development of cities often causes a series of problems such as population congestion, housing tension, traffic congestion, environmental pollution, and ecological damage. These problems are all reflections of the contradictions between urban economic development and the urban ecological environment. Establishing an ecological city that coordinates and harmonious relationships between people and nature can effectively resolve these contradictions. Fourth, the need to improve people's quality of life; with the increasing economic growth, the living standards of urban residents have also gradually improved, and urban residents' pursuit of life will change from quantitative to quality, material to spiritual, and indoor to outdoor. Ecological leisure is becoming the growing demand for citizens.
Ecological City Construction Content
1. Urban Life
Support System The survival and development of urban ecosystems depends on the vitality of its life support system, including the bearing capacity of regional ecological infrastructure (light, heat, water, climate, soil, biology, etc.), the strength of ecological service functions, the degree of closure and stagnation of material metabolism chains, and the integration of time, space, quantity, etc. of landscape ecology. The key points are:
(1) Water resource utilization
Urban area: develop various water-saving technologies to save water; divert rain and sewage, build facilities to store rainwater, use zinc-free materials on the road surface, and take oil isolation measures at the sewer entrance. And naturally purified through wetlands, etc.
Suburbs: protect farmland irrigation water; control agricultural non-point source pollution, poultry and livestock farm pollution, return farmland to forests in drinking water sources; concentrate residential land to more effectively build and utilize water treatment facilities.
(2) Energy
saves energy, buildings make full use of sunlight, develop materials with good sealing performance, use energy-saving appliances, etc.; develop sustainable energy and renewable energy, and make full use of solar energy, wind energy, hydro energy, and biogas production. The ultimate way to use energy is electricity and hydrogen, and gas minimizes pollution.
(3) Transportation
Develop trams and hydrogen vehicles, use electricity or clean fuel; restrict fuel traffic in city centers and residential areas; retain emergency access for special vehicles. Reduce transportation demand through centralized urbanization, increasing freight costs, and developing durable items; improve the utilization efficiency of transportation land; develop shipping and railway transportation, etc.
(4) Green space system
strives to increase the amount of greening, improve the urban green space rate, coverage rate and per capita green space area, regulate the uniformity of public green space, and fully consider the impact of green space system planning on the urban ecological environment and green space recreation; through reasonable layout of green space to reduce environmental pollution such as automobile exhaust, smoke and dust; consider the protection of biodiversity , and reserve space for biological habitats and migration channels.
2. Human living environment
The expression of a city is the pattern and form of a community. As the main body of a complex ecosystem, its daily activities play an important role in the quality of the urban ecosystem. Therefore, Ecological Urban Planning emphasizes community construction and creates a harmonious and beautiful living environment.
(1) Ecological Building
develops various water-saving and energy-saving ecological building technologies, develops and utilizes solar energy in architectural design, uses natural ventilation, and uses pollution-free materials to increase the health and comfort of the living environment; reduces the adverse impact of buildings on the natural environment, widely use three-dimensional vegetation such as roofs, walls, squares, etc., and increases the amount of oxygen produced in urban areas; squares and roads in the district adopt ecological "green roads", such as paving the floor with pores, planting green grass in the pores, increasing the water permeability of the ground, and reducing surface runoff.
(2)Ecological Landscape
emphasizes the continuation of history and culture, highlighting the cultural landscape of diversity .Fully explore and utilize the local natural and cultural potential (biological and non-biological factors) to meet the living needs of residents; build a healthy and diverse human living environment.
3. Ecological Industry
Ecological Industry is a network-type and evolutionary industry based on ecosystem carrying capacity based on the ecological economy principles and knowledge economy laws, with efficient economic processes and harmonious ecological functions. Through the system coupling between 2 or more production systems, it enables the use of material and energy to be multi-level, efficiently produced, and the system of resource and environmental energy development and continuous utilization.
Ecological industry focuses on changing production processes and rationally selecting production models. The circular production model can minimize the discharge of substances into the environment during the production process, and achieve the comprehensive utilization of resources and energy.
Ecological industry planning integrates regional land planning, urban and rural construction planning, ecological environment planning and social and economic planning through ecological industries, promoting the integration of urban and rural areas, the integration of workers and farmers, environmental protection and economic construction; providing enterprises with ecological evaluation, ecological design, ecological engineering and ecological management methods of specific products and processes.
4. Environmental education
The ultimate main body of urban activities is people, emphasizing everyone to participate. Popularizing environmental education for citizens at all levels and industries is an important guarantee for creating an ecological city and an important aspect of ecological city planning. Typical practices are:
(1) create conditions for market operation, and by combining it with economic interests, environmental protection causes will be brought to the market;
(2) create opportunities for cooperation, such as schools, institutions and communities, to expand social impact;
(3) deeply promote ecological ideas and transform them into practical actions in everyone's daily life;
(4) enforce them through policies and laws.
Ecological city suggestions
Ecological city refers to adjusting production and consumption methods, decision-making and management methods within the ecosystem carrying capacity, so that people's creativity and productivity can be fully utilized, and residents' physical and mental health and natural ecosystems are fully protected.
1. Emphasizes sound ecological service functions. It is required that the urban non-project open surface is 100% water-permeable and green, and the roof and facade are green. The green space has the function of wetlands, and the wetlands have the function of ecological water supply and drainage. The ecological service area in the community is not less than three times the area of construction land.
2. Emphasize a healthy metabolic environment. It requires safe and appropriate clothing, food, housing and transportation environments, low heat island and haze effects and 2 days, and community decentralized sewage treatment, domestic waste compost, ecological water guarantee and ecological sanitation facilities are complete.
Ecological City Suggestions
3, Emphasize reasonable layout. The new district and industrial park are required to be along the "orta" of light rail or large-capacity rapid buses, with the "candied haws" layout, and the communities are separated by ecological service land, and the ecological transportation network covers more than 80% of the urban population; it is required to be a mixed layout of production, residence, business, government and ecological service land, and more than 1/3 of the citizens can go to work nearby.
4, emphasizing low energy consumption, low waste and high efficiency. 80% of the energy for air conditioning and heating in urban buildings with conditions relies on renewable energy such as geothermal, solar energy, biomass energy, industrial waste heat, etc.; more than 80% of domestic waste can be reduced and resourced at the home and community scale. More than 90% of residents' travel during peak hours are buses, bicycles or walking. In addition, cities should have distinct natural and cultural ecological signs, harmonious community, and good public security.
