It is the simplest celestial body in the universe, and also the most terrifying celestial body in the universe. Although people's knowledge of it is limited, it does not prevent people from yearning for it, because it represents the infinite future, it is a black hole.
The simplest and most terrifying cosmic monster
In 1915, Einstein mentioned a cosmic monster in General Theory of Relativity . This monster has a huge attraction, no matter what matter enters the sphere of influence of this monster Afterwards, there was no way to escape.
Even light, which is considered to be the fastest, cannot escape the monster's maw.
The cosmic monster mentioned by Einstein was named a black hole in the 1960s. It is called a black hole, but it is not a hole, but a ball.
Scientists believe that there are about three ways in which black holes are formed. The first comes from the Big Bang, the second comes from the gas and dust in the early universe, and the third comes from the supernova explosion of a massive star.
Nowadays, if new black holes are to appear, most of them are supernova explosions. When a massive star dies, its iron core is neutronized and its mass becomes extremely small, becoming a neutron star .
At this time, the mass of a fingernail on the neutron star is equivalent to the Himalayas. However, due to excessive pressure, the neutron star will further collapse and eventually form a black hole.
Because black holes have such strong gravity that even light cannot escape from them, people can only observe black holes indirectly.
For example, observing its impact on other things, observing a black hole through the "edge messages" emitted before the object is sucked into it.
Another example is indirect observation of the trajectories of stars or interstellar clouds around black holes, which can also be used to observe black holes.
At present, people have determined that black holes are the simplest celestial bodies in the universe. People only need to use three parameters to describe a black hole, which are mass, angular momentum and charge.
Mass determines the size of a black hole. Angular momentum is a physical quantity possessed by all rotating objects. Electric charge can measure how charged an object is. Of course, a black hole does not need to rotate or be charged.
In this case, the black hole appears in four situations. Charged non-rotating black holes, charged rotating black holes, uncharged non-rotating black holes and uncharged rotating black holes. So what magical and terrifying things would happen if we "accidentally" fell into a black hole?
The Fantasy Life of Black Holes
Einstein said that black holes are the most terrifying monsters in the universe. So what will happen if people enter a black hole? Will people die instantly, or will they suffer endless torture?
Since there are four forms of black holes, the encounters when entering these four types of black holes are also different.
The uncharged and non-rotating black hole is called Schwarzschild black hole . Since it is uncharged and does not rotate, this black hole has only one mass parameter.
When the spacecraft approaches the Schwarzschild black hole, it may be torn to pieces due to infinite elongation, but if the Schwarzschild black hole is long enough, it may survive by chance.
If the spacecraft passes through the visual interface alive, the people inside may not be able to detect any abnormalities at all, but electronic instruments can feel that all electromagnetic waves and signals in the universe are decreasing until they disappear.
What will happen and see when the spacecraft passes through the visual interface? Since humans cannot observe it, the scientific community can only imagine it.
Some scientists believe that after passing through the interface, the spacecraft will encounter a firewall, and the spacecraft will be instantly burned to ashes.
Other scientists believe that the spacecraft will continue to fly towards the center of the black hole, but this flight is irreversible.
And the closer the spacecraft is to the singularity , the greater the tidal force the spacecraft will receive, so sooner or later the spacecraft will be torn into elementary particles and then swallowed by the singularity.
The second type is a charged non-rotating black hole. This type of black hole is called an RN black hole. This type of black hole has two visual interfaces.
When the spacecraft passes through the outermost visual interface, it will enter a "one-way membrane area". The time in this and the area also points to the singularity of the black hole, so the spacecraft is irreversible.
But before flying to the singularity, the spacecraft will hit the second layer of visual interface. The second layer of visual interface is normal time and space, so it can travel normally.
But if you want to continue to get closer to the singularity, you will find that there will be a repulsive force pushing you away.
You may not feel any problem at first, but soon you will find that you have entered an infinite loop and can never get out.
The first black hole is destroyed directly, and the second black hole enters a time loop. So what magical things happen to the third and fourth black holes?
Black hole connection Multiverse
A black hole is a terrifying and mysterious existence. You may be burned to ashes by the wall of fire, you may be pulled to the singularity and torn into pieces, or you may remain in the black hole and enter an infinite loop. But there is another possibility, and that is to the multiverse.
The third type of rotating uncharged black hole is called Kerr black hole , and the fourth type of charged rotating black hole is called Kerr Newman black hole.
These two kinds of black holes are relatively similar. They are both "oblate spheres" because the force of rotation causes the equator to expand.
Moreover, their infinite redshift surface is also separated from the first horizon. There is an hourglass-shaped infinite redshift surface inside it. The interior of the
redshift plane is normal cosmic space, and between the two visual planes is a one-way membrane area.
In these two black holes, there is a magical part, which is the energy layer between the infinite red shift surface and the external viewing interface. The energy layer
has not yet crossed the black hole's event horizon, so it is still outside the black hole.
If the spacecraft enters the energy layer at this time, but suddenly wants to escape from the black hole, then there is a way, which is to throw a part outward.
When this part falls into the black hole, there will be a powerful force that kicks the spacecraft out of the energy layer and away from the black hole. In the
movie " Interstellar ", the spaceship finally escaped from the black hole using this method, but it was not the parts that fell into the black hole, but the male protagonist.
Why can a spaceship escape from a black hole by throwing out a male protagonist? This is not the principle of action and reaction. After all, the reaction force generated by throwing an object can be almost ignored. The reason why
occurs is related to Penrose's process. When we usually shoot, the energy of the thrown basketball is always positive, but in the energy layer, the energy of this basketball is negative.
In order to maintain the principle of conservation of energy, when an object splits into two, one with negative energy, the other must increase positive energy.
This is why the spaceship can fly out of the black hole's ergosphere without a male protagonist. However, if something is not thrown out in time, the spacecraft will go into a black hole, and between these two kinds of black holes, there is a strange ring.
People can survive in strange rings, so some scientists believe that strange rings may connect the multiverse.
The concept of the multiverse has now been accepted by many scientists. However, no one can be sure whether the black hole is connected to the multiverse. It can only be answered by future generations.
