Source: Semiconductor industry vertical and horizontal, author: Yibao, thank you
Huang Kun, Xie Xide, Wang Shouwu, Lin Lanying, Tang Dingyuan and many pioneers of China's semiconductor industry, nurturing the career with enthusiasm and perseverance Fulfill faith.
Editor｜Perception Core Vision
Era creates heroes, heroes transcend eras, and China’s semiconductor industry was created by them. Standing on the shoulders of giants, we must also know the giants themselves.
Huang Kun: the founder of China's semiconductors
Huang Kun, a famous physicist, winner of the country's highest science and technology award , and the founder of China's semiconductors. Huang Kun graduated from the Department of Physics of Yenching University in 1941. From 1951 to 1977, he served as a professor in the Department of Physics of Peking University. From 1977 to 1983, he served as the director of the Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences. In 2002, Huang Kun won the 2001 National Highest Science and Technology Award. At 16:17 on July 6, 2019, Huang Kun died in Beijing due to illness at the age of 86.
Leading China's semiconductor research into the forefront of the world
When the Anti-Japanese War was victorious in 1945, Huang Kun went to study at the University of Bristol, where he studied under the famous theoretical physicist Professor Mott, who later won the Nobel Prize , studying for a PhD in solid state physics , which was a newly formed discipline at that time.
In 1951, Huang Kun returned to Peking University to teach in the Department of Physics with an ardent heart to revitalize China and serve the motherland. Soon after returning to China, he devoted himself wholeheartedly to the teaching of general physics courses and established a distinctive general physics teaching system. In the following decades, he had a huge impact on general physics teaching at Peking University and even across the country. In 1955, the course " solid state physics " was offered to undergraduates for the first time. Later, the State Education Commission listed "Solid State Physics" as a basic course for physics majors based on his suggestions. In the same year, Mr. Huang Kun invited Wang Shouwu, Hong Chaosheng and Tang Dingyuan to cooperate with them in setting up the first "Semiconductor Physics" course for students specializing in semiconductors in solid-state physics in the Department of Physics of Peking University. Since then, Mr. Huang Kun continued to develop this course, and cooperated with Mr. Xie Xide to write the book "Semiconductor Physics" which was very advanced and systematic according to the international standards at that time.
In 1956, my country's first medium- and long-term science and technology plan proposed the development of semiconductor technology as one of four emergency measures. In the same year, under the suggestion of Mr. Huang Kun, Peking University , Fudan University , Xiamen University , Northeast Renmin University (the predecessor of Jilin University ) and Nanjing University jointly founded my country University of Science and Technology in the Department of Physics of Peking University. The first semiconductor major, the five-school joint semiconductor physics specialization. Huang Kun serves as the director of the Semiconductor Teaching and Research Office. Most of the students trained in this major have become the backbone of scientific research on semiconductors and integrated circuits in my country. Therefore, the academic community also calls this major "the Huangpu Military Academy first phase of semiconductors." Academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Wang Yangyuan is the first batch of students majoring in semiconductors.
In 1977, 58-year-old Huang Kun was transferred to the Institute of Semiconductors of the Chinese Academy of Sciences as director and restarted scientific research work. He attaches great importance to the improvement of the academic level of the entire institute. While organizing the scientific research work of the entire institute to complete national tasks, he also personally gives lectures to researchers and organizes academic exchanges among scientific researchers of the entire institute. Under the auspices of Huang Kun, scientific researchers re-launched research on difficult issues existing in superlattice theory internationally. In 1988, Huang Kun collaborated with Zhu Bangfen to establish the "Huang-Zhu Model", which solved a problem that had existed in the field of superlattice for more than 20 years, proposed an original theory that had a profound impact on modern optoelectronics, and promoted the development of related fields. .
"Crossing the ocean to welcome the morning light, caring about the motherland and arrogating fame and wealth like grass and grass, climbing to the top and going through hardships to prosper China. I am happy to hear that my disciples and disciples are all pillars."This is a birthday couplet made by students from Peking University for Mr. Huang Kun when he was still alive. He took pleasure in "creating knowledge" and filling the scientific and technological gaps for his country. This was the true happiness in Huang Kun's heart.
Xie Xide: A Female Hero of a Generation
Xie Xide , a famous solid state physicist, academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and former president of Fudan University. When she was 18 years old, she was forced to take a leave of absence from school for four years due to bone and joint tuberculosis. Due to poor treatment conditions, she was left with the sequelae of disability and could not walk. Limping. Xie Xide graduated from the Department of Mathematics and Physics of Xiamen University in 1946 and went to study in the United States in 1947. After receiving her master's degree in 1949, she transferred to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to specialize in theoretical physics; in 1952, she took a detour to the United Kingdom and returned to the United States. China and was assigned to be a professor in the Department of Physics of Fudan University in Shanghai; in 1956, he was transferred by the State Council to Peking University to jointly establish a semiconductor professional group; in 1958, Xie Xide was transferred to Fudan University and participated in the technology seminar jointly sponsored by the university and Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai Branch Institute of Physics and served as deputy director of the institute; he was elected as an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1980 and became president of Fudan University in January 1983. Xie Xide died in Shanghai at the age of 79.
The mother of China's semiconductors
In the 1950s, China decided to use Soviet university textbooks, which conflicted with some teaching concepts of American universities. In order to make learning more rigorous, Xie Xide wrote a set of teaching materials herself. Later, Xie Xide taught at Fudan . Courses such as optics, mechanics, theoretical mechanics, quantum mechanics, and were opened, laying a solid foundation for physics teaching at Fudan.
In 1956, Xie Xide and Huang Kun co-hosted a specialized semiconductor training class and trained more than 300 semiconductor talents. The two co-authored the textbook "Semiconductor Physics", which became a classic.
A new edge science, namely surface science, is forming between solid state physics, materials science and quantum chemistry, the basis of which is surface physics. She made a major decision: to change her academic direction from semiconductor physics to surface physics research. The Institute of Modern Physics she planned to establish with a focus on surface physics later became the National Key Laboratory of Physics and trained a large number of national-level physicists. . China’s semiconductor industry started by her and Huang Kun ushered in new glory - In 1992, the 21st International Conference on Semiconductor Physics was held in China. This international conference, which has always been played by European and American countries, came to China, which greatly demonstrated the ongoing development of semiconductor physics in China. Chinese science going global.
Xie Xide wrote in his will: "Donate my body to China's medical industry." On the night of his death, thousands of paper cranes spontaneously folded by Fudan students were hung on the branches, from Building 9 of the Physics Department student dormitory of Fudan University It stretches all the way to the first teaching building.
Wang Shouwu: Hello, director
Wang Shouwu, microelectronics scientist, semiconductor device physicist. Wang Shouwu was born in Suzhou, Jiangsu Province in 1919. He graduated from Tongji University in 1941. He received a master's degree from Purdue University in the United States in 1946 and a doctorate in 1949. He has successively served as a researcher at the Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, director of the Semiconductor Research Office, and honorary director of the Microelectronics Center. In 1980, he was elected as an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Died in the United States on July 30, 2014, at the age of 95.
Talents with both academic and industrial perspectives
Wang Shouwu has a total of 12 brothers and sisters. In addition to the two "brothers" Wang Shouwu and Wang Shoujue, academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, among them are one of the founders of obstetrics and gynecology in my country, and Lin Qiaozhi is equally famous as the doctor of medicine in the United States Wang Shuzhen; there is Columbia University doctor of philosophy in 1928, China's first scholar who studied quantum mechanics and made great achievements Wang Shoujing; there is my country's famous and earliest female One of the physicists, Tsinghua University the first female professor Wang Mingzhen ...
In 1935, Wang Shouwu was admitted to the preparatory course of Tongji University. In 1937, Japanese imperialism launched a full-scale war of aggression against China, and Tongji University continued to relocate.In the process of moving to another school, Wang Shouwu ended his university studies. In 1945, Wang Shouwu went to Purdue University in the United States to study engineering mechanics. After receiving his master's degree in 1946, Wang Shouwu turned to physics. In the early days after returning to China, Wang Shouwu worked at the Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. In 1956, under the chairmanship of Premier Zhou, our country formulated the "National Twelve-Year Science and Technology Development Vision Plan from 1956 to 1967". Wang Shouwu was the deputy leader of the semiconductor science and technology development planning group in the vision plan. In November 1956, China's first germanium alloy crystal triode was born in the Semiconductor Research Laboratory. Since 1963, he has led and participated in the development of China's first semiconductor laser, , and realized continuous lasing of semiconductor lasers. Research work on negative resistance lasers and laser applications.
In the spring of 1980, Wang Shouwu concurrently served as the director of Factory 109 of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and carried out large-scale integrated circuit production experiments to improve yield and reduce costs. In 1986, Wang Shouwu led Factory 109 to complete the "Integrated Circuit Large-scale Production Test", which won the National Planning Commission's Outstanding Scientific and Technological Research Achievement Award and the Chinese Academy of Sciences' "Sixth Five-Year Plan" Scientific and Technological Research Major Achievement Award. In January 1986, at the initiative of Wang Shouwu, superiors merged the entire team of people engaged in large-scale integrated circuit research in the Institute of Semiconductors into Factory 109 to form the Microelectronics Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Wang Shouwu served as the lifelong honorary director of the Microelectronics Center.
Over the years, he has had many insights on the development direction, policies and strategies of my country’s semiconductor science and technology. In 1987, he won the second prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award for "The World's New Technological Revolution and my country's Countermeasures"; in the 1980s, he elaborated on how to handle the relationship between scientific research and production in developing my country's integrated circuit industry. Do a good job in transforming scientific research results into production products; in the 1990s, he proposed that when formulating the plan for my country's microelectronics industry, we should pay close attention to the basic materials and special equipment used in microelectronics, and pay attention to science and technology. Team training; In 2000, he suggested that to develop the semiconductor industry, we need to open up the market. We can consider using communication circuits as a breakthrough for the development of our country's semiconductor industry, concentrate our efforts on developing our country's unique series of products, and strive to occupy a place in the world; in 2006, Wang Shouwu called for the transformation of scientific research results to break the "blocks" between scientific research institutes and industrial departments.
After decades of pioneering, Wang Shouwu has led China's semiconductor industry from laboratories to production lines, creating many firsts.
Lin Lanying: No matter what, I want to return to China.
Lin Lanying, semiconductor materials expert. In 1948, he went to study in the United States and entered the Department of Mathematics at Dickinson College in Pennsylvania; in 1949, he entered the Graduate School of the University of Pennsylvania to conduct research on solid-state physics, and obtained a master's and a doctorate successively; in 1955, after graduating with a doctorate, he entered a company in New York as a senior engineer Conducted semiconductor research; returned to China in January 1957, and worked at the Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; after the establishment of the Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1960, Lin Lanying served as a researcher at the Institute; in 1980, he was elected as an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. In 2003, Lin Lanying died in Beijing at the age of 85.
Semiconductor material pioneer
In 1957, a Chinese woman was humiliatingly searched by U.S. Customs, and her entire savings of nearly $7,000 was shamelessly confiscated. Faced with her anger, the customs officer provocatively said, "If you don't leave the United States, the money will still be yours." The staff roughly opened the woman's suitcase, looked through every item, and finally found two bottles of medicine. Before the customs officer could say anything, the woman opened one of the bottles and explained: These two bottles of medicine are for treating lung diseases. What the U.S. customs officer didn’t know was that what he put down was not a bottle of medicine, but the ray of hope for Chinese semiconductors—that medicine bottle contained germanium single crystals and silicon single crystals worth hundreds of thousands of dollars.
Lin Lanying is the first female doctorate since the establishment of University of Pennsylvania. Her doctoral thesis was highly praised by the American physics community. After graduated, the United States put her on a list prohibited from returning to the country.With no other choice, she temporarily joined a technology company to participate in a research project on semiconductor materials. Here she absorbed a lot of experimental experience and also led the team to develop the company's first silicon single crystal.
In 1956, Lin Lanying applied to the U.S. authorities to return to her hometown to visit relatives on the grounds that her mother was critically ill, and the above scene occurred. After returning to China, Lin Lanying quickly joined the Institute of Applied Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences to work, which was to lead a team to overcome semiconductor material problems. The finished materials she brought back in medicine bottles were donated to the Chinese Academy of Sciences for free, becoming a priceless treasure in the initial stage of my country's semiconductor research. In just half a year, her team produced my country's first germanium single crystal. In the second year after returned to China, China made its first homemade semiconductor radio, which means that the semiconductor industry already has a preliminary and complete system! was also used that year, and Lin Lanying’s team successfully produced my country’s first silicon single crystal. The high-purity vapor phase and liquid phase epitaxial materials developed by Lin Lanying have reached the international advanced level. It has created a new field of scientific research on microgravity semiconductor materials in China, and has achieved certain results in the space growth and property research of gallium arsenide crystals.
Ms. Lin Lanying remained unmarried throughout her life and dedicated all her time and energy to her country and her beloved cause.
Tang Dingyuan: personally developed the Chinese invention most hated by foreign countries
Tang Dingyuan, a semiconductor physicist and the founder of infrared science. After graduating from the Department of Physics of National Central University in 1942, he stayed at the school to teach. In 1950, he received a master's degree in the Department of Physics from the University of Chicago. After returning to China in 1951, he worked at the Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, serving as an assistant researcher and associate researcher. In 1991, he was elected as an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. . In 2019, Tang Dingyuan passed away in Shanghai at the age of 99.
Development of infrared technology
On May 10, 1951, Tang Dingyuan defied all opinions and boarded a ship returning to China. He drifted in the Pacific for a month and arrived in Guangzhou on June 2. Two months later, the U.S. government banned Chinese students from returning to the country. After returning to China, Tang Dingyuan worked at the Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Combining the knowledge of semiconductor physics he came into contact with abroad, he chose semiconductor optics and optoelectronic properties as his research direction.
In 1958, Tang Dingyuan realized that our country should develop more applied research. Therefore, he wrote to the General Staff of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, emphasizing the importance of infrared technology for national defense construction, suggesting that the field of infrared research should focus on device research, such as infrared detector , and stated that his research institution is willing to undertake the development of infrared detectors. research work. Later, due to three years of difficult times, the research and application of infrared technology in our country came to a standstill. Tang Dingyuan traveled around to protect the infrared fire. With the efforts of Tang Dingyuan and the scientific research efforts behind the team, Chinese physics has developed from basic research to broader fields such as space applications. He has organized and led the development of a variety of internationally advanced infrared photodetectors, which have been successfully used in a variety of advanced remote sensing equipment, making important contributions to my country's ", two bombs and one satellite " research.
In the late 1970s, Tang Dingyuan chose the narrow-bandgap semiconductor mercury cadmium telluride as his main research direction, organized basic research on the physics of narrow-bandgap semiconductors, carried out key research on materials and device technology, and led a scientific research team to conduct research on the materials of mercury cadmium telluride crystals. , devices and physical properties have been systematically studied, and have been successfully used in advanced equipment such as my country's space remote sensing and military detection. Tang Dingyuan has trained 26 doctors and more than 10 masters in his life, most of whom are now the main technical backbone or leaders of major domestic scientific research institutes.
The glorious age of China's semiconductors
Huang Kun, Xie Xide, Wang Shouwu, Lin Lanying, Tang Dingyuan and many pioneers of China's semiconductor industry have nurtured their careers with enthusiasm and persisted in fulfilling their beliefs. They were of a similar era and had similar backgrounds. They lit the fire and handed the torch to future generations. The changes of the years have not diminished and the quiet fire has tempered them.They pursue academic freedom and adhere to the authenticity of science. Science has no borders but the mission must not be forgotten.
A person's greatest happiness is to discover his life's mission in the middle of his life, in his creative prime. This is when their stars shine.
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