Abstract: Clostridium butyricum has a variety of physiological functions such as regulating the intestinal microecological balance, producing digestive enzyme and vitamins and other nutrients, improving animal immunity, anti-apoptosis, anti-tumor and other physiological functions. In addition, Clostridium butyricum belongs to anaerobic bacillus, and has good tolerance to the high temperature, high pressure and animal gastrointestinal environment during feed processing. Therefore, Clostridium butyricum is a probiotic suitable to be added in livestock and poultry production. This article summarizes the biological characteristics, physiological functions and effects of Clostridium butyricum on livestock and poultry production and its mechanism of action, and provides references for the further research, development and application of Clostridium butyricum.
Clostridium butyricum is widely distributed in the intestines of animals and humans. It has the functions of promoting growth, improving immunity, regulating intestinal microecological balance, etc., and Clostridium butyricum has strong resistance to the external environment Therefore, Clostridium butyricum is a microecological preparation with high development value. As early as in 2003, the European Union approved Clostridium butyricum as a feed additive for broilers and weaned piglets. China also included it in the Appendix II of the "Catalogue of Feed Additives in China (2013)" in 2013. In the same year, Henan Golden Lily Biology has also started the research and development and production of Clostridium butyricum. In recent years, domestic and foreign scholars have carried out many studies on the physiological functions of Clostridium butyricum and its application in livestock and poultry production. A review, hoping to provide a reference for the further development and research application of Clostridium butyricum.
1 Biological characteristics and physiological functions of Clostridium butyricum _span3 _strongspan _span0 span1 strong span3span _span3 strong span1 _span0 span1 strong span1
Clostridium butyricum belongs to the phylum Hard-walled bacteria in taxonomy,Clostridium, Clostridium, Clostridia, Clostridium, the thallus can produce spores , which have flagella, can move, and belong to obligate anaerobic bacillus. Like other bacillus , Clostridium butyricum can exist in the form of spores and has strong resistance to the external environment. Studies have found that Clostridium butyricum has better tolerance to the high temperature and high pressure environment during feed processing. In addition, Clostridium butyricum has a good tolerance to the gastrointestinal environment, and has a certain tolerance to artificial gastric juice, intestinal juice and bile salt . These characteristics make Clostridium butyricum a highly resistant probiotic suitable to be added to livestock and poultry diets and can be effectively utilized by animals.
1.2 Physiological functions of Clostridium butyricum
Clostridium butyricum and its metabolites have many physiological functions, which are useful for maintaining healthy growth and promoting animal growth. . The intestinal tract of livestock and poultry will form a micro-ecological balance during the development process, but when the micro-ecological balance is destroyed, the animal is prone to diseases, which affects the animal’s health and reduces the growth performance. First of all, Clostridium butyricum can promote the growth of beneficial bacteria, inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria such as Escherichia coli , Salmonella , etc., and protect the microecological balance of the intestinal tract. Secondly, one of the main metabolites of Clostridium butyricum is butyric acid, and butyric acid is the main energy supply substance of intestinal epithelial cells. It can promote the proliferation of epithelial cells by supplying energy. The regeneration and restoration of the plant is of great significance. Third, Clostridium butyricum can produce a variety of digestive enzymes in the digestive tract of animals, including cellulase , lipase and amylase , etc.It is beneficial to improve the utilization rate of feed for livestock and poultry and eliminate the influence of some anti-nutritional factors. Clostridium butyricum can synthesize a variety of B vitamins, which is of great significance for improving the growth performance of livestock and poultry and maintaining animal health. In addition, some studies have found that Clostridium butyricum also has a certain effect in improving immunity, anti-apoptosis, and anti-tumor.
2 The effect of Clostridium butyricum on livestock and poultry production and its mechanism of action _strong1 span_strong1span_strong1span_strong2 Clostridium butyricum can produce a variety of digestive enzymes, amino acids and vitamins that are beneficial to animal health, and promote the digestion and absorption of nutrients by animals, so it can be used to improve animal growth performance. Studies on broiler chickens found that the addition of different doses of Clostridium butyricum can significantly increase the ADG of broiler chickens 1-21 days old, when the added dose is 5×10 8 CFU/kg. Improve the ADG of broilers 22-42 days old. Studies have found that adding Clostridium butyricum to the diet of cherry valley meat ducks can significantly increase the ADG at the age of 1 to 21 days, and has a tendency to increase the ADG at the age of 22-42 days. Research on piglets also found that the addition of Clostridium butyricum in the diet significantly increased the ADFI and ADG of weaned piglets, improved the feed conversion efficiency of weaned piglets, and promoted the growth of weaned piglets.These studies show that the addition of Clostridium butyricum has a certain effect on improving the growth performance of broilers, ducks and piglets, but the effect is different. The mechanism of action may be that Clostridium butyricum can improve the growth performance of livestock and poultry by adjusting the intestinal microecological balance, promoting intestinal development, and improving feed utilization. It is extremely necessary to develop different preparations of Clostridium butyricum strains and determine the appropriate dosage for different livestock and poultry species and different growth stages.
2.2 Regulates the intestinal microecological balance
In vitro studies have found that Clostridium butyricum affects some pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens. Staphylococcus and Salmonella have obvious inhibitory effects, and have a certain growth-promoting effect on some probiotics such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus. Experiments on broiler chickens found that adding Clostridium butyricum to the diet can inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli and Salmonella in the cecum, and promote the growth of bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria . Studies on piglets have also found that adding Clostridium butyricum to the diet can improve the structure of the intestinal flora, reduce the pH of the intestinal , increase the number of lactobacilli, and reduce the number of E. coli, effectively alleviating the weaning stress zone Damage to piglets. There are many explanations for the mechanism of Clostridium butyricum regulating the intestinal flora. It may be that the main metabolites of Clostridium butyricum are short-chain fatty acids such as butyric acid and acetic acid, which can reduce the pH of the intestine to inhibit harmful bacteria. At the same time, a large amount of short-chain fatty acids can promote the growth of beneficial bacteria. Clostridium butyricum can produce amylase, which hydrolyzes carbohydrates in diets to form oligosaccharides , and probiotics such as lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria can easily utilize these oligosaccharides.The strain ZJU-F1 of Clostridium butyricum obtained by Wang Tenghao and others after culture and screening can secrete antibacterial protein, and it was preliminarily determined to be a bacteriocin. Bacteriocin is a bactericidal or antibacterial substance produced by bacteria, which may be one of the reasons why Clostridium butyricum can inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria. In addition, the antibacterial mechanism of Clostridium butyricum may also be related to its ability to occupy the adhesion sites of intestinal epithelial cells and inhibit the colonization of passing pathogenic bacteria.
2.3 Promote intestinal development and improve intestinal barrier function
The intestine is an important place for digestion and absorption of nutrients, and the intestinal villi height, crypt depth and villi height The ratio to the depth of the crypt is an important indicator to measure the digestion and absorption function of the intestine. The study found that the addition of Clostridium butyricum significantly increased the height of villi in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum of egg cock cock and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth, and improved intestinal morphology. Studies have found that adding Clostridium butyricum to the diet can significantly increase the height of the small intestine villi after weaning of the piglets and significantly reduce the depth of the crypts. It can be seen that Clostridium butyricum can promote the development of the intestinal tract and help improve the digestion and absorption function of the intestinal tract. The mechanism of action may be because the main metabolite of Clostridium butyricum is butyric acid, which is the main nutrient of intestinal epithelial cells and plays an important role in the regeneration and repair of intestinal epithelial tissues. In addition to digestion and absorption, the intestine is also an innate barrier, which plays a key role in maintaining the health of livestock and poultry. Studies have found that the addition of 5×10 8 CFU/kg of Clostridium butyricum significantly increased the levels of tight junction protein occlusion protein 1 and tight junction protein 2 in the jejunum and ileum of weaned piglets. mRNA expression level . Clostridium butyrate bacteria have a certain effect on improving the intestinal barrier function.The mechanism of action is that it can promote the development of the intestinal mucosa and improve the mechanical barrier of the intestinal tract. On the other hand, it can adjust the balance of the intestinal flora of , which is beneficial to improve the microbial barrier of the intestinal tract.
2.4 Increase immunity and reduce inflammation of the body mechanism. Studies have found that adding 5×10 8 CFU/kg of Clostridium butyricum can significantly increase the thymus index and spleen index and promote the development of immune organs. At the same time, it can also significantly increase the serum complement 3 and complement 4 levels of meat ducks at 42 days of age. Adding 500 mg/kg of Clostridium butyricum to the diet significantly increased the serum C3 content of weaned piglets. C3 is the complement component with the highest content in serum and plays an important role in both the classical complement activation pathway and the alternative activation pathway; C4 is a multifunctional β1-globulin that plays a role in complement activation and virus neutralization. It can be seen that Clostridium butyricum can promote the development of immune organs, activate the body's complement system , and improve immunity, which is of positive significance for promoting animal health. Studies have also found that adding Clostridium butyricum to the diet can significantly increase the important immunoglobulin in the serum of broiler chickens and ducks, such as immunoglobulin A, immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M . content,The immunoglobulin has antibacterial and antiviral functions, which is also an action mechanism for Clostridium butyricum to improve immunity. Animal experiments have found that Clostridium butyricum can increase the serum IL-10 content, significantly reduce the serum pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β content, or regulate the inflammatory response by regulating nuclear transcription factor-κB. This indicates that Clostridium butyricum can change the content of cytokines in animal serum by regulating cellular immunity, enhance the immune function of the body, and reduce the occurrence of inflammation in livestock and poultry. In short, the enhancement of immunity by Clostridium butyricum is related to promoting the development of immune organs, activating the complement system, regulating immunoglobulin, serum cytokine content, and inhibiting the occurrence of intestinal inflammation.
2.5 Regulate fat metabolism
Improve meat quality Clostridium butyricum also plays a role in regulating animal fat metabolism and improving meat quality. The study found that adding 1×10 9 CFU/kg of Clostridium butyricum can increase the breast and leg muscles of broilers by affecting the activity of fat synthase and the expression of lipid synthesis-related genes in broilers The content of intramuscular fat. The study found that adding Clostridium butyricum to the high-fat diet, after a 12-week test, the body weight of the Clostridium butyricum group was reduced by 17% compared with the high-fat diet group, and the liver of the Clostridium butyricum group was reduced by 17%. The reduced fat content and higher sensitivity to insulin indicate that Clostridium butyricum has a certain alleviating effect on obesity and fatty liver induced by high-fat diet, and that Clostridium butyricum has different effects on fat deposition in different organs. Impact. Clostridium butyricum as a fat metabolism regulator may have certain research value in the treatment of fatty liver disease in livestock and poultry. The fat and its fatty acid composition in poultry muscle have a strong correlation with meat quality indicators such as meat tenderness, shear force, pH, water power, and flavor.Increasing intramuscular fat content can improve muscle flavor and increase tenderness. The study found that the addition of 1×10 9 CFU/kg of Clostridium butyricum significantly increased the intramuscular fat content of the leg muscles of 42-day-old broiler chickens. The internal fat content has no significant effect. The study found that the addition of Clostridium butyricum to the diet significantly increased the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids and the ratio of PUFA to saturated fatty acids in the breast muscles of 42-day-old broilers. PUFA can form the characteristic flavor of chicken, which has a certain effect on improving muscle quality. effect. Studies have also shown that adding Clostridium butyricum to broiler diets can significantly reduce muscle shear. It can be seen that Clostridium butyricum has a certain effect on improving the quality of livestock and poultry meat, which may be mainly related to its influence on intramuscular fat deposition and PUFA content. The specific mechanism of action needs further research.
2.6 Improves antioxidant capacity
In recent years, more and more studies have found that probiotics such as Clostridium butyricum have antioxidant functions. Clostridium butyricum can produce total superoxide dismutase and reduced coenzyme Ⅰ/ reduced coenzyme Ⅱ peroxidase , remove reactive oxygen species in the body, and improve antioxidant capacity. Studies have found that adding Clostridium butyricum to the diet can significantly increase the serum glutathione peroxidase and T-SOD activities of 42-day-old broilers. In addition, the addition of Clostridium butyricum to the diet significantly improved the antioxidant capacity of 21- and 42-day-old broiler liver, duodenum, jejunum and ileum mucosa.Studies have found that the addition of Clostridium butyricum to the diet can alleviate the reduction in the liver glutathione transferase activity and glutathione content of broiler chickens caused by corticosterone-induced oxidative stress, and at the same time significantly reduce it Liver malondialdehyde content. These research results indicate that Clostridium butyricum can improve the antioxidant capacity of animals. Its mechanism of action may be attributed to because it can produce some digestive enzymes, butyric acid and hydrogen, thereby affecting the activity of antioxidant enzyme . Reducing the content of reactive oxygen species may also be related to the ability of Clostridium butyricum to inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms, thereby reducing inflammation and accompanying oxidative stress.
3 Summary
In summary, Clostridium butyricum has many physiological functions, which can improve livestock growth performance, improve animal health, enhance disease resistance and improve animal products It has a certain effect on quality and other aspects, and it can better tolerate the high temperature, high pressure and animal gastrointestinal environment in feed processing. Therefore, as a probiotic preparation, Clostridium butyricum has a good application prospect in livestock and poultry production. However, the mechanism of action of Clostridium butyricum is complex, and it is not fully clear at present. The exploration of its more physiological functions and mechanism of action is still the focus of future research. For example, the protective effect of Clostridium butyricum in liver damage caused by non-alcoholic fatty liver disease suggests that Clostridium butyricum may play a certain role in the treatment of some animal diseases, which is worthy of research and attention. In addition, the current reports on Clostridium butyricum mainly focus on animals such as broilers, ducks, and weaned piglets. It is also a feasible research direction to explore its application in other livestock and poultry such as laying hens and geese.
Reference : Dr. lysozyme
