Recently, American Cancer Research Association (AACR) released the 2022 Anti-cancer Progress Report (AACR Cancer Progress Report 2022).
AACR was founded in 1907 and is one of the world's earliest established and the largest scientific organization dedicated to comprehensive, innovative and high-level cancer research.
report reviews the many progress made by on the road to anti-cancer , including innovative anti-cancer therapies, latest progress in cancer research, cancer prevention, patient care, early screening, etc. Although the data in it is mainly based on the American population, still provides us with reference to the fight against cancer .
Key data:
- 3It is expected that 2040 New cancers worldwide will reach 28 million cases;
- 40% new cancers in are related to the risk factors that can prevent and change ;
- does not use tobacco , which is one of the most effective ways to prevent the occurrence and development of cancer;
- Near 20% new cancers in overweight or obese, drinking, unhealthy eating and sedentary htt ml6 related;
- Almost all cervical cancer , as well as most head and neck cancer and anal cancer , can be prevented by vaccinating human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine ;
- Most liver cancer can be prevented by vaccinating hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine ;
- Most 3 Skin cancer can be prevented by avoiding ultraviolet rays from the sun and indoor sunbathing equipment .
New cancers worldwide will reach 28 million
report pointed out that cancer is one of the main causes of disease and death in the world . In 2020, there were 18.1 million new cancers worldwide, resulting in 9.89 million deaths.
As the population ages, it is expected that by by 2040, the global new cancers will reach nearly 28 million cases, resulting in about 16.2 million deaths in .
Although cancer mostly occurs in the elderly, , among young and middle-aged people, the burden of cancer is increasing . According to statistics in 2019, about new cancers occurred in the young and middle-aged people aged 15-39, and caused 396 million deaths.
▲ Global new cancer and cancer deaths in 2020 and 2040 (Estimated) (Photo source: Reference [1]; compiled by WuXi AppTec Content Team)
40% of new cancers are related to preventable risk factors
Factors that increase a person's cancer risk is called cancer risk factor.
For decades, scientists have determined that more than 340% of new cancers in html are related to preventable and altered risk factors, including tobacco use (such as smoking, snuff, hookah, chewing tobacco), overweight or obesity, unhealthy diet, lack of exercise, infection with certain pathogens (HPV, HBV, etc.) and exposure to ultraviolet light.
▲Cancer risk factors (data source: reference materials [1]; map : WuXi AppTec Content Team )
cancer many risk factors , such as smoking, unhealthy diet, lack of exercise and alcohol consumption, etc. is also a risk factor for other chronic diseases , including cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, fatty liver and diabetes , etc. Therefore, reduces the exposure of cancer risk factors and also helps prevent a variety of chronic diseases other than cancer .
1. Tobacco use
Tobacco use is the main preventable risk factor for cancer .
In addition to lung cancer , smoking also increases the risk of 17 different types of cancer , including urogenital system cancer, head and neck cancer, digestive system cancer , and hematopoietic system cancer .
▲Smoking can increase the risk of 18 cancers (the "throatumpharynx" in the picture is also called "hysteropharynx". Image source: Reference [1]; Compilation: WuXi AppTec Content Team )
Smoking will expose people to a large number of harmful chemicals , which will destroy DNA. causes genetic and epigenetic changes , thereby leading to the occurrence and development of cancer. exposure to second-hand smoke is also a risk factor for lung cancer in adults and non-smoking people.
Smoking also increases the risk of cancer death . Research has found that the risk of death from cancer for adults currently smoking is three times that of non-smokers.
Fortunately, quitting smoking at any age will reduce the risk of cancer and death . At the same time, quitting smoking will also reduce the risk of many other diseases , including cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , etc.
2. Overweight or obese, unhealthy diet, sedentary
Nearly 20% of new cancers and 16% of cancer deaths in adults can be attributed to overweight or obese, unhealthy diet, lack of exercise and alcohol consumption.
Adults overweight or obese will increase 15 cancer risks ; exercise can reduce 9 cancer risks .
▲Cancer related to weight and exercise. Red - overweight or obesity related, blue - exercise related, purple - related to both (Image source: Reference [1]; compiled by WuXi AppTec Content Team)
In addition to cancer, obesity also increases the risk of multiple diseases , including hypertension , heart disease, stroke , liver disease, kidney disease and html type 32 diabetes , and html type 32 diabetes itself is a risk factor for cancer .
New research found that weight loss intervention through bariatric surgery may reduce the risk of certain obesity-related cancers. Among obese adults, bariatric surgery was associated with a 32% reduction in cancer incidence and a 48% reduction in cancer mortality compared with those who did not undergo bariatric surgery.
About 5% of new cancers are related to unhealthy diet .AACR recommends that at every stage of life, you should follow the healthy dietary pattern of , and meet nutritional needs by eating nutritious foods, including fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low-fat dairy products, lean meat, eggs, seafood, beans and soy products, nuts and vegetable oils, etc., and limit the addition of foods or beverages with high sugar, saturated fat and sodium, as well as alcohol.
Nearly 3% of new cancer cases per year can be attributed to lack of exercise . Research shows that if everyone can achieve the recommended physical activity as recommended by the guide, it can reduce the risk of developing at least 9 types of cancers, and can avoid more than 46,000 new cancer cases per year . In addition to cancer, moving and sitting less can also reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes, as well as the risk of all-cause death.
3.Drinking
Drinking alcohol will increase at least 6 cancer risks . There is no "safe dosage" for drinking alcohol. Even drinking in small amounts will increase the risk of cancer; and the more alcohol you drink, the higher the risk. In the United States, between 2013 and 2016, caused more than 75,000 new cancers and nearly 19,000 cancer deaths each year due to alcohol consumption.
▲Drinking alcohol can increase the risk of 6 cancers (Image source: Reference [1]; compiled by WuXi AppTec Content Team)
It is worth noting that a new global analysis shows that Among people with drinking-related health problems in 2020, nearly 60% of people are between 15-39 years old . In addition, excessive drinking in early adulthood, even if you stop or reduce drinking in middle age, may increase your risk of cancer in later years. Therefore, not drinking alcohol for life is a healthier choice.
4. UV irradiation
There are three main types of skin cancer - basal cell carcinoma , squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma . Melanoma is the deadliest type of skin cancer.
Approximately 4%-6% cancer, as well as 333 melanoma, which is related to ultraviolet irradiation. Therefore, one of the effective ways to reduce the risk of skin cancer is to develop sun protection habits with and not use indoor ultraviolet sunbathing equipment .
5. Infection of carcinogenic pathogens
Continuous Infection of a certain pathogen , such as bacteria, viruses or parasites that can cause diseases, will also increase the risk of multiple cancers. About 3% of the new cancers in the United States are related to pathogen infection; globally, about 13% of the new cancers in 2018 can be attributed to pathogen infection, among which more than 90% of the cases in can be attributed to four pathogens: human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and Helicobacter pylori.
HBV and HCV chronic infection can cause liver cancer . More and more studies have also found that chronic infection of HBV and HCV may increase the risk of other malignant tumors such as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma .
HPV persistent infection Almost all cervical cancer , 90% anal cancer , about 70% oropharyngeal cancer , and more than half of vaginal cancer , 3 vulvar cancer and and 3 3 vulvar cancer and 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Helicobacter pylori continues to infect , which can trigger 3 gastric cancer and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma .
Image source: 123RF
6. Diabetes
Research found that people with type or type 2 diabetes have a higher risk of certain types of cancers , such as liver cancer, pancreatic cancer , endometrial cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer and bladder cancer . In addition, studies have found that diabetes may be related to an increased risk of cancer death .
Fortunately, diabetics can reduce their risk of cancer in a variety of ways. Control blood sugar levels and avoid hyperglycemia is the key to reducing risk . Diabetics can adopt a healthy lifestyle, such as eating a healthy diet rich in vegetables, fruits and whole grains, regular exercise, restricting alcohol and quitting smoking, etc., and combining medications, which may significantly reduce the risk of diabetes and cancer.
In addition, diabetic patients should realize that they belong to the high-risk group of cancer, and should promptly conduct guidelines or cancer screening recommended by doctors, suitable for age and gender, .
7. Fertility and hormone effects
Research found that gave birth to children can reduce the risk of mothers suffering from a common type of breast cancer - estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer , but it is related to the increased risk of estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer.
But at the same time, strong evidence shows that Breastfeeding can greatly reduce the risk of fertility-related estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer in mothers.
Also, breastfeeding also helps reduce the risk of triple-negative breast cancer in women , a more aggressive type of breast cancer. In addition, new research has also found that breastfeeding may also be associated with a reduced risk of ovarian cancer.
Image source: 123RF
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT), aims to alleviate common symptoms during menopause and long-term biological changes that occur after menopause . These changes occur due to the decrease in estrogen and progesterone levels in women in .
HRT usually involves alone for treatment of . Women with unresected uterus should take estrogen and progesterone when using hormone replacement therapy. Because using estrogen alone increases the risk of endometrial cancer. Take estrogen alone only for women with hysterectomy .
Studies have found that women who use estrogen and progesterone have an increase in the risk of breast cancer by 26% ; and the longer the use time, the greater the risk. Therefore, should discuss the risks and benefits of each approach with medical staff when using hormone replacement therapy to control menopause symptoms.
8. Exposure to environmental carcinogens
Exposure to pollutants and certain carcinogens in the environment will increase a person's risk of cancer . For example, radon is a naturally generated radioactive gas that comes from the decomposition of uranium in soil, rocks and water, and is the second leading cause of lung cancer in the United States.
Other environmental carcinogens also include arsenic, asbestos, lead, radiation, benzene and outdoor air pollution . According to data from World Health Organization , new cancers caused by environmental risk factors in account for nearly 20% of new cancers in the world, most of which occur in low-income and middle-income countries.
Outdoor air pollution is listed as Potential cause of human cancer by the World Health Organization International Cancer Research Institute (IARC). In 2013, IARC pointed out that particulate pollution (referring to the mix of tiny solid and liquid particles present in the air) may lead to lung cancer.
Image source: 123RF
Summary
report points out that some other factors , such as social and psychological stress, metabolites, etc., may also have an impact on cancer risk, but the carcinogenic risk of these factors has not been determined, and further research is still needed .
We look forward to that with the development of more research, scientists can find and confirm more cancer risk factors, and takes preventive measures to promote human health .
