I posted a post some time ago, and I took a look at the nine major types of Chinese Kung Fu. Everyone commented a lot. A friend asked: Why are these kung Fu from Qing Dynasty and Ming Dynasty? Do other dynasties have no kung fu? To be honest, I have this question myself, so I did a little homework specifically, hoping to answer that friend’s question.
The dynasty where martial arts originated
is actually very simple. There are worlds where there are people. When everyone really wants to fight, they will kick their legs and roll and move. Although there is no structure and there are many flaws, hitting people means hitting people, and even if they hit people, all martial arts are derived from the PK between people. From this perspective, martial arts accumulation began in primitive society.
Then, those who often fight, slowly over the whole day of repair and being repaired, will gradually summarize experience, those who beat people and those who resist beating, these skills are the prototype of martial arts. In order to pay attention to the efficiency of dry-fighting, stones, sticks, metal weapons, etc. were slowly integrated into fighting and war. However, at this time, there was still far from the martial arts system. Before the pre-Qin period, there was no formal name for martial arts. In the pre-Qin period, it was summarized by "hand fighting". People who "can fight" gradually formed a specific group and appeared the prototype of professional fighting.
"Records of the Grand Historian: The Book of Law" records: "Xia Jie and Shang Zhou fought against jackals and wolves with their hands, and chased four horses with their feet. The courage is not a small one." In the subsequent Zhou Dynasty, fighting with fierce beasts and hand became a warrior style, and it was listed as a retained item in routine hunting. The poem "Car Attack" in "The Book of Songs·Xiao Ya" says: "Build a tar and set up a tar to fight against the beasts."
"The Book of Changes·Qian Liuwu" says, "If you are not rich, use your neighbors, and you will be invaded and attacked, there will be no disadvantages." Therefore, if a poor tribe has a rich neighbor who looks sick, tribal war will occur. Therefore, war, hunting and other environments have formed the soil for the development of martial arts, and two main lines of martial arts have been born: people's fighting qualities and weapons, and the damage effectiveness pursued by . The military strategy here is considered the scope of war strategy, and will not be discussed here.
At this time, people repeatedly imitated, taught and practiced the more successful use of one blow, one punch and one leg in battle. This is the prototype of early martial arts practice activities. There is also "especially five weapons, including swords, swords, halberds, chief spears, and barbarian spears", which means that standard weapons were also produced at that time.
milestones on the martial arts timeline
◐ The concept of martial arts
The greatest contribution in the history of Chinese martial arts in the pre-Qin period was the proposal of "boxing courage" and related martial arts concepts. The poem "Qiaoyan" in "The Book of Songs: Xiaoya" says: "No boxing or courage, the position is a chaotic rank." The general meaning is that if there is neither force nor courage, it can only become a chaotic rank. To a large extent, the principle that peace is always within the range of the cannon is explained.
During the chaotic times of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, all the people were willful. They either I hit you or you came to me all day long, or I beat him with you. The word martial arts appeared at this time, but martial arts at that time was a purely militarized term for war. The character "wu" is composed of "zhi" and "ge". Eastern Han Xu Shen's " Shuowen Jiezi " explained that "zhige is martial" means this; art is to think about the creation and follow the enlightenment. The two are in line with each other, which is the general term for ancient war art, which can understand a word among the words of the hundreds of schools. The fundamental meaning of is to build military momentum to stop the sword and war : My military strength is great, so I can only bully you, you dare not bully me.
Qin After unifying the six countries, in order to maintain the unity of the country and the autocratic imperial power, he took the confiscation of weapons from the world and implemented ban on martial arts among the people, which hindered the development of martial arts. However, due to the short life of the Qin Dynasty, the negative impact on martial arts was not too great. The technique of hand fighting, horn swaying, and sumo wrestling appeared one after another in the folk and palaces.
◐ Ranger/Joinke Culture
No thieves in the world, Uncle Li has a classic line: Talent is the most expensive in the 21st century.Don’t think that only modern people understand this truth. In fact, the ancients also fully understood the true meaning of these two words. Therefore, in terms of talent accumulation and reserve, a special culture appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period: Ranger/Journalist Culture .
Because the princes are constantly fighting for hegemony and annexation, playing the drama of Spring and Autumn Five Hegemony and The Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period has an unprecedented demand for talents, and the original aristocratic hereditary system cannot provide enough talents. But the problem is that before the Warring States Period, the princes realized the hereditary system of aristocraticism, so those who were qualified to be officials were all nobles. However, after the Warring States Period, the princes found that there were also a large number of talents among the common people, so the nobles at that time came up with a solution: to raise scholars, thus providing soil for the thriving growth of rangers/gasers.
At that time, the warriors were divided into two groups. Those who were in the world were called Rangers. Because they were willful, they were also called Ren Xia; and those who were employed as workers under a boss and were raised were the Soldiers. At this time, the more famous ranger's disciples were Jing Ke , Yaoli, Zhuanzhu, Yurang, etc.
Jing Ke assassinate Qin
In the era of heroic rule, rangers, disciples and politicians staged a series of wonderful shows. The most representative ones are the so-called four princes of the Warring States Period: Mengchangjun Tian Wen, Pingyuan Jun Zhao Sheng, Xinling Jun Wei Wuji and Chunshen Jun Huang Xie. These four bigwigs often have three thousand disciples, civil officials and military generals, and they take everything. In the sky of history, these people are just messing around. It can be said that if the emperor and politicians occupy the C position, the Rangers occupy the small C position.
After Qin Shihuang unified the six kingdoms and established the Qin Dynasty, the scattered group of disciples and gossips joined new members, that is, the old nobles of the six kingdoms. For example, Xiang Yu, after the fall of the Chu State, had traveled to many places with his uncle Xiang Liang. Xiang Yu at that time was even a ranger. In addition to Xiang Yu, a series of celebrities such as Han Xin and Ji Bu from the end of the Qin and the beginning of the Han Dynasty can also be divided into the Rangers group. Everyone knew what happened later that Qin Dynasty was destroyed by these gangs of gossip.
◐ The military and military division of the two Han Dynasties
To Han Dynasty , Chinese traditional martial arts has developed rapidly, and war-oriented military and military, and civilian martial arts mainly practiced boxing and equipment. In order to deal with the northern Huns, the Han Dynasty vigorously advocated the practice of folk martial arts and strengthening oneself to defend the country. This is the strongest mass base of the Han Dynasty's "Han Dynasty's "Those who violate the strong Han Dynasty with their own wise will be punished even if they are far away". If you want to beat someone, you must have your fists strong enough.
Chao Cuo, the think tank of the two emperors Wen and Jing of the Western Han Dynasty, suggested: "When you live, you learn from the people's shooting method, and when you go out, you teach the people to respond to the enemy." The people's martial arts trend suddenly arose, and martial arts theory also developed accordingly. According to Ban Gu's "Han Shu·Yiwenzhi": "There are 53 military books, 790 chapters." Among them, the earliest martial arts book "Military Skills" that is regarded as the earliest martial arts book to date, once proposed: "Skills are those who practice hands, feet, toilets, equipment, and accumulate mechanisms to establish the victory of offense and defense." There are six chapters in "Shibo" in "Shibo", which is speculated to be a monograph on boxing at that time, but unfortunately the specific content has been lost. The Han Dynasty practiced martial arts and steadfast power, which is the so-called "one force to surrender ten times". The methods of "grabbing the gate" and "carrying the tripod" are popular among the people. Xiang Yu, the overlord of Western Chu who competed for the world with Liu Bang, had "hard ability to carry the tripod". To this day, his hometown is still popular among the people.
◐ Hanwu Banxia
In the early Han Dynasty, Liu Bang adopted a relatively tolerant policy towards the ranger, mainly focusing on migration and supervision. Of course, at that time, the Western Han Dynasty implemented the national policy of Huang-Lao inaction and resting with the people, and it was not good to oversuppress the Rangers. The loose environment has led to the rapid growth of the Rangers' team and the extremely active Rangers' activities. The streets are full of warriors carrying swords and swords drinking and chatting, trivial, and maybe even fighting when they drink too much. In short, they are just avenging their grudges.
According to Sima Qian's "Records of the Grand Historian", the more famous knights at that time were Zhujia, Tian Zhong, Wugong, Ju Meng, Guo Jie, etc., and the average knights were like crucian carp crossing the river, countless.At that time, a large number of wanderers gathered in Chang'an, the imperial capital of the Han Dynasty. "The hometown is a hero and hero, and the hero is a hero. The name is Yachunling. They are in harmony with each other and are thriving in it." The characteristics of the Han Dynasty's ranger were influenced by the idea of Mohist ' ' love and non-aggression '. It pays attention to the idea of "take action when it should be done". No matter what law you have, you will be done!
Therefore, the temperament and huge scale of the Ranger's young man quickly attracted the attention of the central imperial power. The Western Han Dynasty court felt that the Ranger's power was too powerful and dark and cruel, and it was obviously a gang involved in gangs. Therefore, his attitude changed from tolerance to attack. Moreover, from a strategic perspective, after the country was unified, the country must take the path of stable development. As a war machine and the source of instability, the Ranger's group was wandering around without any worries. With the great talent and strategy of Hanwu, it would be strange if you like it.
Emperor Wu of Han In the second year of Yuanshuo, that is, in 127 BC, the court issued a red-headed document requiring the country's wealth of more than 3 million to be demolished and moved to live near Maoling. But in fact, this relocation contained a hidden strategy to attack the ranger: like the famous ranger Guo Jie at that time, he had less than 3 million yuan in capital. At that time, Guo Jie not only made power and had a high salary, but also accommodated a large number of idle people in society as their younger brothers, taking both black and white, and even the local government had no choice but to deal with him. Therefore, Hanwu wanted to attack them. They became nail households with their own strength, but their clan was destroyed. Therefore, no matter how powerful a non-governmental organization is, once it is arguing with the country, it can only be said that you have no idea.
After the Western Han Dynasty, the Eastern Han Dynasty entered the Three Kingdoms from the rebellion. At this time, all the extraordinary people became heroes, such as the Three Kingdoms Martial Power King, who was known as the star of the general, and the most powerful general of the Central Plains, Lu Bu, was good at fighting and had outstanding martial arts. "The Three Kingdoms·Book of Wei·Biography of Lu Bu" records: "(Dong Zhuo) drew his hands and halberds to throw (Lu) Bu, and quickly avoided it."
Summary: The Han Dynasty was invaded by the northern Huns, so it attached great importance to military preparation and military training, and even "integration of military and civilians" and "combination of labor and military force". The whole people's martial spirit was extremely prosperous. At this time, due to the need for combat forms, the sword began to replace the position of the sword in the army. By the Three Kingdoms period, the sword had become the most important short weapon in the army. With the spread of swords to the people, swordsmanship has become more developed in non-military purposes, and the swordsmanship, sumo wrestling, corners to activities began to spread to Japan.
◐ The great fusion of the two Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties and martial arts
The five hegemons and seven heroes are single digits. The military regimes of the two Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties suddenly surged to double digits, and wars were frequent. The glory of the princes of the Central Plains played hard, and the five bearded heads from the foreign domain also joined the battle group. Therefore, this period was also a period of great fusion of ethnic groups. This special historical background allowed martial arts to develop rapidly in the army and the people. Moreover, the Han Chinese regime in the south enjoyed more peace and enjoyed the spirit and entertainment, which greatly improved the entertainment martial arts. This is like the vigorous publicity of film and television dramas. As soon as they were promoted, everyone knew a lot. Therefore, the role-playing, sword performances, and martial arts fighting scenes became popular, and the martial arts style was brought up.
Many martial arts masters appeared during the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties. According to historical records, for example, in "Book of Wei: Emperor Gaozu's Chronicle 2", Emperor Xiaowen Tuoba Hong "was young and good at shooting, and has the strength of his body. He was over ten years old and could use his finger to break the bones of a sheep's arms." Southern Liang The famous general Yang Kan was also very skilled in martial arts during the reign of Emperor Wu of Wu, and his fingers were great. Once he grabbed the pillar in front of the hall, and his fingers actually fell into the pillar, which shows how deep the skill was. According to the "Book of Qi: Biography of Wang Jingze", . The Southern Dynasty . . Wang Jingze is good at martial arts performance: "I am more than 20 years old, good at taking pictures, and finishing the knife." This kind of martial arts that emphasizes performance functions in are more called "martial arts" .
◐ The world’s martial arts are produced in Shaolin
Northern Wei During the reign of Emperor Xiaowen, a major event came. He built Shaolin Temple specifically for the Indian monk Buddha Zen Master who came to China in Songshan, Henan.According to the Tang Dynasty Zhang Yu " Chaoye Qianzai ", the Buddha's disciple and Zen master were vigilant and virtuous, and could walk across the walls and fly across the eaves and walk on the walls. This was a legend. Later, Shaolin became the origin and inheritance of martial arts, and later there was a saying that all martial arts in the world came out of Shaolin.
Later, the monk Bodhidharma , the founder of Zen Buddhism, Liang Datong, entered the Central Plains barefoot, and gave a speech at the Shaolin Temple. He saw that all the monks were pale and thin, weak, and had a weak and sleepy body, and died of illness. He sighed and said, "Although monks do not value their bodies, they cannot fully understand their nature and make their souls separate. If they want to understand their nature, they must first strengthen their bodies, and their bodies will be strong and their souls will be easily understood." So they created the Arhat Fist 18-handed hands and taught them to monks. After practicing for only a few months, they will be full of energy. This is the beginning. Since then, Shaolin has become particularly famous.
◐ Tang Dynasty martial arts system
Tang Dynasty prosperous times, Tang Dynasty wise kings frequently appeared, inheriting Sui Dynasty continued to develop and improve 官网 , and martial arts developed greatly during this period. In the second year of Chang'an (702 AD), the martial arts system was established, which was officially recognized as a martial arts professional title examination, which greatly promoted the development of martial arts. Therefore, the enlightened politics at that time and the style of equal importance to both civil and military affairs led to a sharp rise in the habit of advocating martial arts in the Tang Dynasty. Even literati and poets also advocated martial arts. For example, the poems such as Li Bai's "How can I have the sword of the sky, cross the sea to slash the long whale", "Play the sword at night, roaring the ambitions a thousand miles a day", all express this emotion vividly.
During the Tang Dynasty, guns were the main weapon of the battle formation, and the sword system had been replaced by the sword system, and the sword completely withdrew from the stage of formal war. However, swordsmanship has developed among the people and has transitioned to complex methods, and has many functions such as self-defense, fitness, entertainment, and performance. During the Tang Dynasty, the wing, horn, hand fighting, sumo and other non-hand fighting skills were used in conjunction with each other, and the development was also very prosperous. It was spread to Japan from the east, making great contributions to the development of Japanese martial arts.
Sui and Tang There are all stories in the martial arts world: Li Jing At the end of the Sui Dynasty, she met Sikong Yang Su in Chang'an, and was admired by Yang Su's prostitute Hongfu , and then ran out. On the way, she met the hero Zhang Qiuran, and later went to Taiyuan together, and met Li Shimin through Li Wenjing . The bearded guest had the ambition to compete for the world. Seeing that Li Shimin was extraordinary and knew that he could not match, he devoted his family's wealth to Li Jing and helped Li Shimin achieve his achievements. Later, he entered Fuyu Kingdom and established himself as king. Li Jing, Hongfu and Qiuyan are also known as the "Three Heroes of Fengchen".
◐ The Song Dynasty Eighteen martial arts and condom martial arts
During the Song Dynasty, ethnic conflicts were sharp, wars were frequent, and military martial arts had great developments. Not only were military training standardized and systematic, but also weapons types increased greatly and were complex in shape. In addition to the commonly used bows, crossbows, knives, and guns, there were also maces, rods, whips, axes, etc., which created conditions for the enrichment of folk martial arts equipment in later generations and the improvement of skills. At the same time, in order to resist aggression and oppression, a large number of martial arts association organizations have emerged in rural areas, and many martial arts association organizations have undoubtedly promoted the development of martial arts among the people.
The most extensive group foundation of martial arts was in the Song Dynasty. The concept of "Eighteen Martial Arts" that is often mentioned in the martial arts world appeared at this time. People in the Song Dynasty advocated boxing, and the founding emperor Zhao Kuangyin created the original " Zhao Family Boxing ". Among the popular corner performances in the Song Dynasty, the boxing performance part is indispensable.
The prosperity of performing martial arts during the Song Dynasty led to the emergence of condom martial arts in large quantities. Not only are there martial arts performances in the army, such as the "school of the army in the spring education stage, showing martial arts skills, flying guns and chopping willows, riding horses and dancing swords, and all kinds of arts are presented", but due to the prosperity of business, martial arts performances are also rich and colorful in the urban mass entertainment venues "washes" and "rails". These martial arts performances conducted according to prescribed procedures and prescribed actions have had a profound impact on the development of martial arts in the direction of evolution in later generations.
The source of famous martial arts in the Song Dynasty was Yue Fei , and was respected as the founder of Xingyiquan. Its authenticity remains to be tested.There is also a famous gentleman, Xin Qiji, who went to school to study his poems. He never thought that he was still a real master.
◐ Yuan Dynasty Forbidden Martial Arts
Yuan Ming Dynasty boxing was called "white fighting", commonly known as "boxing" among the people, and belongs to one of the "eighteen martial arts". The Yuan Dynasty was ruled by ethnic minorities. In order to prevent the Han and other ethnic groups from resisting, while strengthening the court's practice of martial arts and military training, it strictly prohibited the people from practicing martial arts, and there were bans, which greatly hindered the development of martial arts among the people.
◐ The two heroes of the north and south and the genres exploded
The rulers of the Ming Dynasty attached great importance to military training, which also enabled the development of military martial arts. During the Ming Dynasty, in addition to Shaolin martial arts being the only one in the world, Wudang also rose due to the attention of the Ming royal family, thus forming a martial arts pattern in which Wudang was honored in the south and Shaolin was respected in the north. Ming Xie Zhaoqing "Wuzazu·Renbuyi" records: "The boxing technique of Shaolin Temple in Henan is not in the world, and the monks who travel around the country are all enemies of dozens of people." It should be noted that the Shaolin martial arts in the early Ming Dynasty were the most famous for sticks rather than boxing, and Shaolin martial monks in the late Ming Dynasty "attack more boxing but not sticks." Therefore, the Ming Dynasty was considered to be the era of the culmination of Chinese martial arts, and the Shaolin boxing series and the Wudang boxing system created a large number of martial arts masters.
Martial Arts Routine officially emerged since the Ming Dynasty. The stroke map of the sword, stick and other routine exercises drawn by Cheng Zongxian in "Single Sword Method" is the earliest martial arts routine map that has been seen so far. Martial arts routines are also one of the important features that clearly distinguish Chinese martial arts from other martial arts in the world.
During this period, firearms appeared in the army and gradually gained an advantage, which separated martial arts and military martial arts and flourished among the people, thus ushering in the period of the development of martial arts. At this time, the martial arts world was already a real martial arts world, with many boxing sects.
◐ The masters of the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China
In the early Qing Dynasty, conflicts between Manchu and Han Dynasty were sharp, and secret anti-Qing associations spread among the people in various places. "Secret associations" were civil society groups with the following people as the main component, and activities such as alliances, missionary or martial arts were gathered. This was not allowed by the court. When the Qing government restricted the practice of martial arts among the people, they were the targets of suppression. At that time, for example, White Lotus Sect , Tiandihui, etc., were all combined with the slogan of Anti-Qing and Restoring Ming , and they were often accompanied by martial arts exchanges.
In the late Qing Dynasty, with the emergence of a large number of martial arts masters, the martial arts world was extremely prosperous. The internal boxing represented by Xingyiquan, Tai Chi, Baguazhang , etc., was popular all over the world. Although the styles are different, the boxing principles are different, and they are each created by whom when they were created, they all have exquisite boxing principles, attach importance to self-cultivation, and comprehensively and profoundly reflect the philosophical connotation of Chinese culture.
Yang's Tai Chi Yang Lu Chan
At the same time, it echoes the concept of Zhi Ge as a martial arts. In the boxing spectrums of various boxing types that appeared in the Ming and Qing dynasties, almost without exception, recorded the moral requirements for martial artists. Some boxing types even have requirements for martial arts morality at the technical level. Both theories and techniques of Chinese martial arts have a profound imprint of ethical culture. The complete form of martial arts culture was formed in the Ming and Qing dynasties, creating a broad space for the development of martial arts in later generations, and also establishing the position of Chinese martial arts in the world.
The martial arts masters in the late Qing Dynasty, although there are various "Top Ten" rankings included, they are not out of the following ten, including the Purple-faced Hero Dong Haichuan , the Beijing Hero Wang Wu , the First Generation Hero Huang Feihong, the Nanxia Single Sword Li Cunyi , the Jingdong Hero Zhang Ce , the Tianjin Hero Huo Yuanjia , the North and South Hero Du Xinwu, the North and South Hero Liu Baichuan, the Jade-faced Tiger Han Muxia, the Thousand Jin Divine Power Wang Ziping, the Yangtze Hero Lu Zijian , the Xingyi Grandmaster Guo Yunshen, the Wuji Sword King Li Yaochen, the Wuji Saint Sun Lutang, the Thieves Swallow Li San, etc.
Du Xinwu
Ming and Qing dynasties are the culmination of martial arts theory. Most of it is combined with traditional culture and shows a strong philosophical color. The martial arts of this period blended the idea of "harmony between man and nature" in many aspects and improved the overall concept of martial arts. The famous boxer of the Qing Dynasty, Chang Naizhou, said in the "Chang Wushu Book": "Man is born with the energy of heaven and earth, and is a small world." In addition, many martial arts in the Ming and Qing Dynasties were named after philosophical nouns, such as Tai Chi, Baguazhang, Xingyiquan, etc. These all link martial arts with philosophy, making martial arts not only have the ability to fight, but also have rich cultural connotations and become the national martial arts of China.
ending
Three thousand guests drunk in the hall, one sword frost cold in the fourteen states. Martial arts have been developed and inherited for thousands of years in China, and generations of capable people and strangers have passed on their flowers, inherited and developed. Although the purpose of martial arts in the era of hot weapons is not obvious, it is still a brilliant treasure house in understanding China's martial arts spirit and cultivation, which is worth learning and exploring.
#Telebrity Creation Challenge#
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