What are the main ways of energy storage, what is the business model, and what are the usage scenarios? The above questions are answered below. The article explains the three major business models and 14 application cases of energy storage.
I have selected this year’s energy storage essence materials and organized them into eight sections to facilitate everyone’s systematic study. The content includes technology and industry chain development, policy inventory, installed capacity statistics, the latest industry calculation forms, project plans, current standards, and basic training PPT for the energy storage industry to facilitate everyone's learning.
1
Summary of the best energy storage data throughout the year
I have selected the following content from all the energy storage data this year and divided it into the following eight categories, with a total of 330 items.
2
The main methods of energy storage
Energy storage is to convert electrical energy into other forms of energy and store it. The basic method of energy storage is to first convert electricity into other forms of energy, store it in an energy storage device, and release it when needed; according to the characteristics of energy conversion, electrical energy can be converted into kinetic energy, potential energy, chemical energy, etc.
The purpose of energy storage is mainly to achieve stable operation of power at the supply end, transmission end and user end. Specific application scenarios include:
is applied to the grid's peak shaving and valley filling, load smoothing, rapid adjustment of grid frequency and other fields. Improve the stability and reliability of power grid operation;
is used in the field of new energy power generation to reduce the impact of large instantaneous changes in photovoltaic and wind power generation systems on the power grid, and reduce "abandonment of light and wind" The phenomenon;
is applied to new energy vehicle charging stations to reduce the impact of large-scale instantaneous charging of new energy vehicles on the power grid, and you can also enjoy the price difference between peaks and troughs.
The energy storage system realizes the charging and discharging of electric energy through the energy storage inverter.
The main energy storage types currently on the market include physical energy storage and electrochemical energy storage .
Energy storage can be divided into physical energy storage, electrochemical energy storage and other energy storage methods according to different energy conversion methods:
Physical energy storage includes pumped hydro energy storage, compressed air energy storage and flywheel energy storage . Among them, pumped hydro energy storage has large capacity and low kilowatt-hour cost, and is currently the most widely used energy storage method in physical energy storage.
Electrochemical energy storage is a type of energy storage that has developed rapidly in recent years, mainly including lithium-ion battery energy storage, lead-acid battery energy storage and flow battery energy storage; among them, lithium-ion batteries have the characteristics of good cycle characteristics and fast response speed, and are currently the main energy storage method in electrochemical energy storage.
Other energy storage methods include superconducting energy storage and supercapacitor energy storage. Currently, there are few applications due to high manufacturing costs and other reasons, and only demonstration projects have been built.
Physical energy storage and electrochemical energy storage are currently the main energy storage methods
Energy storage is mainly used in power grid transmission and distribution and auxiliary services, renewable energy grid integration, distributed and microgrids, and user-side parts.
In terms of grid transmission and distribution and ancillary services, , energy storage technology 's main functions are grid peak regulation, loading, starting and easing transmission congestion, and delaying the upgrade of transmission and distribution networks.
In terms of renewable energy grid connection , energy storage is mainly used to smooth renewable energy output, absorb excess power to reduce "wind and light abandonment" and instant grid connection; in terms of distributed and microgrids, energy storage is mainly used to stabilize system output, serve as backup power and improve dispatch flexibility.
On the user side , energy storage is mainly used for industrial and commercial peak shaving, demand side response and energy cost management.
Energy storage has a wide range of application scenarios, including grid side, renewable energy grid connection, user side, etc.
3
storage Summary of energy business models
. Grid side: Peak regulation and frequency regulation are the main source of income for energy storage companies.
Compensation costs for energy storage grid-side applications are generally shared equally by power plants, and the specific profit mechanisms vary from place to place. The compensation required by power generation enterprises for providing paid ancillary services is the compensation fee. The Southern Regulatory Bureau of the National Energy Administration issued the "Implementation Rules for the Management of Grid-connected Power Plants in the Southern Region" and the "Implementation Rules for the Management of Auxiliary Services of the Southern Regional Grid-connected Power Plants" in 2017. The two rules formulated the market compensation mechanism for the southern electric power auxiliary services, standardized the charging standards for auxiliary services, and opened the way for the marketization of electric auxiliary services.
Power grid auxiliary services are mainly concentrated in the " Three Norths " region, with central and southern China being important auxiliary service areas. According to National Energy Administration statistics, in 2018, there were 4,176 power generation enterprises in the country except Tibet that participated in power auxiliary service compensation, with a total installed capacity of 1.325 billion kilowatts, and a total compensation fee of 14.762 billion yuan, accounting for 0.83% of the total on-grid electricity charges.
From the perspective of the proportion of power auxiliary service compensation costs, the highest compensation costs are in the "Three North" regions, namely the northwest, northeast and North China regions. The proportions of service compensation costs in the total on-grid electricity charges are 0.61%, 1.82% and 3.17% respectively; the central China region accounts for the lowest proportion at 0.23%.
Regional distribution of power auxiliary service compensation costs in 2018
Peak regulation, frequency regulation and reserve are the main components of compensation costs. The total compensation expenses for peak load regulation in 2018 were 5.234 billion yuan, accounting for 35.5% of the total compensation expenses.
The total frequency modulation compensation fee is 4.166 billion yuan, accounting for 28.2%; the total standby compensation fee is 4.286 billion yuan, accounting for 29.0%.
The first three account for more than 90% of the compensation fee and are the main components of the compensation fee for power grid auxiliary services.
voltage regulation compensation expenses were 1.033 billion yuan, accounting for 7.00%; other compensation expenses were 43 million yuan, accounting for 0.29%.
Structure of power auxiliary service compensation fees in 2018
Among energy storage projects used for grid auxiliary services, thermal power auxiliary services have the largest installed capacity and account for the largest proportion of compensation fees. The composition of electricity production determines the importance of auxiliary services. As the main power generation unit, thermal power generation, the importance of auxiliary services is self-evident.
Thermal power auxiliary services incurred compensation expenses of 21.095 billion yuan in 2018, accounting for 80.55%;
Wind power and hydropower incurred compensation expenses of 2.372 billion yuan and 2.094 billion yuan respectively in 2018, accounting for 9.06% and 8% respectively; the compensation expenses incurred by nuclear power and photovoltaic power grid auxiliary services accounted for only 2.4%.
018 Annual grid auxiliary service compensation expense proportion
Some grid auxiliary service projects have been put into operation
. Renewable energy power generation grid-connected side: effectively solve the problem of "abandonment of light and wind"
The application of energy storage technology on the grid-connected side is mainly to solve the problem of "abandonment of light and wind" and improve power quality. my country's energy supply and energy demand are distributed inversely. Wind energy is mainly concentrated in North China, northwest, and northeastern regions, solar is mainly concentrated in the western plateau region, and most of the energy demand is concentrated in the central and eastern regions with dense population and concentrated industry. The relationship between supply and demand has led to conflicts in the consumption of new energy. Wind and photovoltaic companies are forced to shut down or limit production because the power they produce cannot be included in the transmission grid.
According to statistics from the National Energy Administration, my country’s light and wind abandonment rate has remained above 4% for a long time. In 2018 alone, the total amount of wind and light abandonment exceeded 30 billion kilowatt hours. Lithium-ion battery energy storage technology can effectively help the power grid absorb renewable energy and reduce or even avoid the occurrence of light and wind abandonment.
Wind and solar power generation is affected by natural conditions such as wind speed, wind direction, and sunshine. The output power is fluctuating and intermittent, which will have a large negative impact on the stability of the local grid voltage and power quality. The application of lithium-ion battery energy storage technology in wind and photovoltaic grid connection is mainly to smooth the active power fluctuations of the wind power system, thereby improving the power quality and stability of the grid-connected wind power system.
China’s solar and wind curtailment rates have been declining year by year since 2016.
In the field of grid-connected renewable energy, lithium battery energy storage revenue mainly relies on the storage of curtailed electricity during power restrictions.
Energy storage power station stores the remaining electricity during the low period of electricity consumption and releases electric energy during the peak period of electricity consumption. The product of the released electricity and the guided electricity price is the income of the energy storage power station. At present, corresponding energy storage projects have been put into operation in areas with abundant light and wind power resources, such as Qinghai and Liaoning.
The vigorous promotion of some renewable energy grid-connected projects
and user-side peak and valley arbitrage
peak and valley electricity prices provides considerable space for energy storage arbitrage. At present, most large industrial enterprises in provinces and cities in my country have implemented a peak-to-valley electricity price system. By reducing the price of electricity during the nighttime trough period and increasing the price during the daytime peak period, users are encouraged to plan their electricity consumption in a time-sharing manner. This will help power companies to provide balanced power, reduce production costs, avoid problems such as huge losses caused by frequent starts and stops of some generating units, and ensure the safety and stability of the power system.
Energy storage is used for peak and valley electricity price arbitrage. Users can use energy storage devices to store electric energy during valley periods when electricity prices are low, and use the stored electric energy during peak periods to avoid direct large-scale use of high-priced grid electricity. This can reduce users' electricity costs and achieve peak and valley electricity price arbitrage.
4
Main application scenarios and cases of user-side energy storage
1. The charging station
integrates light, storage and charging. It is also a relatively common application scenario at present. On the one hand, it alleviates the impact of high-current charging at the charging pile on the regional power grid during charging peaks. On the other hand, it brings very considerable profits to the charging station through the peak-valley price difference. At present, it has covered most areas, and has been constructed and put into operation in many provinces such as Jiangsu, Guangdong, Sichuan, Yunnan, Shaanxi, Shandong and so on.
, industrial park
At present, most user-side energy storage projects are built in industrial parks. It was reported in January 2018 that the Singapore Industrial Park Intelligent Distribution Network Energy Storage Power Station in the Xingzhou Industrial Park in Wuxi, Jiangsu Province had an energy storage capacity of 20MW/160MWh, making it the world's largest commercial energy storage power station at the time. This project is the first large-scale energy storage power station to be connected to the customer-side energy storage interactive dispatching platform of State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Company. It is also the first project to be accepted for grid connection in accordance with the "Customer-side Energy Storage System Grid Connection Management Regulations" of Jiangsu Electric Power Company . In addition, Jiangsu Qidong Screw Factory, food factory, sewage treatment plant, Xinyi Air Conditioning Park, etc. have also installed energy storage facilities.
, data center
In order to further improve the stability and reliability of the data center power supply, Wanke Energy cooperated with Alibaba to build a data center energy storage system in Alibaba Shanghai Data Center, which provided power guarantee for the data center during Double Eleven. The energy storage system is connected in parallel to the data center, which simplifies the series series of data center power supply, optimizes and improves the power supply structure, greatly improves the capacity and backup time of the data center emergency power supply, and further enhances the power supply reliability of the data center. In addition, the energy storage system can also improve the economics of data center power operations through mechanisms such as peak shaving and valley filling, capacity allocation, etc., saving energy, reducing consumption, and being low-carbon and environmentally friendly.
, communication base station
On January 4, 2018, China Tower Corporation in Beijing and Chongqing Sixteen companies, including Changan, BYD, Yinlong New Energy, , Waterma, Guoxuan Hi-Tech, Thornton New Energy, signed a signing ceremony for strategic cooperation in the recycling and utilization of new energy vehicle power batteries. It is understood that the demand for base station energy storage batteries is huge. China Tower Corporation currently has nearly 2 million base stations across the country. The total demand for batteries for power backup, peak shaving and valley filling, and new energy stations is about 136 million kWh. The annual new demand for energy storage batteries is about 25 million kWh.
, subway, tram
On May 9, 2018, the first train of the Delingha Modern Tram Project rolled off the assembly line at CRRC Sifang Co., Ltd. . The car uses supercapacitor and lithium titanate battery hybrid energy storage technology. It can be called the "upgraded version" of supercapacitor tram . It has been put into operation in 2018. It is the first modern tram to enter the Tibetan Plateau and is also the tram with the highest operating altitude in the world.
, Port shore power
The port is a large consumer of electricity. As the scale of the port continues to expand, its consumption of electrical energy has also received more and more attention. The main power load in the port is concentrated on equipment with high power and long working time. Jiangsu Lianyungang plans to build a 5MW (1MW supercapacitor + 4MW lithium battery) energy storage power station in the port's shore power system to meet the shore power access needs of more than 10MW in total and more than 3MW in a single berth. When the shore power is operating at full load, there is enough margin to meet the access needs of a variety of random power sources and loads.
, islands
At present, in some remote mountainous areas, islands and other places far away from cities in my country, there are still some "power blank areas" that are not powered by electricity or have unstable power supply. On May 27, 2018, my country's first offshore island smart microgrid was built on Yongxing Island in Sansha. Through the complementation of various energy sources such as diesel power generation, photovoltaics, and energy storage, it increased the power supply capacity of Yongxing Island by 8 times. It also achieved 100% priority utilization of clean energy such as photovoltaics. In the future, it can also achieve flexible access to various energy sources such as wave energy and mobile power supplies.
, hospital
On December 31, 2018, the first phase of the Fujian Magaoai Memorial Hospital 750 kW/1.8 MWh energy storage project constructed by Shanghai Electric Construction Fujian Company was successfully put into operation. This project is the first hospital system energy storage project in Fujian Province. It can realize peak shaving and valley filling of the power grid when the power supply is normal. In the case of power outage, it can quickly disconnect the power grid to ensure the power supply of important loads of the hospital and quick access. It functions as an UPS (uninterruptible power supply) to ensure that the important loads of the hospital are not powered off, providing a solid power guarantee for the smooth operation of the hospital.
, shopping mall
Nandu Power Beijing Lanjinglijia user-side commercial complex smart energy storage power station is located in the North Third Ring Road, Haidian District, Beijing. The total project scale is 1MW/5MWh, of which the first phase operation scale is 500KW/2.5MWh. The total project area is 170 square meters. The energy storage system is connected to the busbar of the shopping mall distribution room on the 400V low-voltage side, and the expected service life of the power station is 10 years.
This energy storage power station realized the capacity and electricity fee management of home shopping malls on May 22, 2017. It solved the pain points of the inability to expand and transform the home shopping mall lines and the impact on the power grid caused by the charging access of electric vehicles . It realized peak-shaving and valley-filling smart energy storage services, and could also participate in power demand side response. In addition, according to Polaris Energy Storage Network, Beijing Changping Duole Port is also planning to build energy storage facilities to cut peaks and fill valleys to save electricity costs.
0, military camp
In a border plateau camp in Xinjiang, the army's first military-civilian integration renewable energy local area network project invested and constructed by Power Construction Group New Energy Company was launched in August 2018 and was officially connected to the grid on December 26, 2018. The
project mainly builds new photovoltaic, wind and energy storage power stations, and supports the construction of transmission lines, emergency diesel power stations and intelligent micro-grid management and control systems.After completion, the energy self-sufficiency rate will exceed 90%, making it the largest renewable energy local area network in China. It can not only better meet the comprehensive energy needs of both military and civilian parties such as lighting, heating, oxygen production, water extraction and equipment, but also greatly reduce the burden of logistical support such as oil and coal, and initially build a green, low-carbon, safe, efficient and sustainable plateau modern energy system.
1, government buildings
It was reported in November 2018 that the Sunshine Family Photovoltaic Energy Storage Power Station was settled in the Lujiang County Government Building in Anhui Province, becoming the first nationwide application of photovoltaic energy storage projects in government buildings. The power station has an installed capacity of approximately 6 kilowatts and uses the Sunshine Home Photovoltaic Energy Storage System to achieve off-grid independent power generation and power supply. It can generate more than 6,000 kilowatt-hours of electricity every year, delivering a steady stream of clean electricity to the building.
2, Pastoral Ecological Park
On December 5, 2018, the owner, Shanghai Yuhaitang Ecological Agriculture Technology Co., Ltd., officially handed over the appraisal certificate. At this point, Shanghai Electric Power Plant Group’s Chongming Samsung Pastoral “ Internet + ” smart energy demonstration project system has been fully debugged.
This demonstration project is a smart energy project integrating "wind, solar, storage and charging" tailored to the unique ecological environment, development planning and residents' needs of Xin'an Village, Sanxing Town. It is an important part of building Chongming a world-class ecological island. During the day, CIGS thin-film photovoltaics generate electricity and store it in the echelon-utilized power battery . When the lights are turned on at night, the electricity in the energy storage system is released, and buildings with local characteristics such as Straw Hat Forum and Haitang Left Bank are lit up in sequence. At this point, an upgrading and transformation of rural energy with renewable energy, energy storage, and energy management systems as core applications is beginning.
3, bank
On November 3, 2018, the 1MW/2.56MWH energy storage system of Shanghai China Merchants Bank Building was successfully connected to the grid. This project is the first commercial application of building user-side energy storage project in Shanghai, and also the first energy storage project built by a domestic financial enterprise using its own properties.
This project is funded and constructed by China General Nuclear Power New Energy Holdings Co., Ltd. . The building owner is Shanghai China Merchants Bank Co., Ltd., and Guangzhou Zhiguang Energy Storage Technology Co., Ltd. provides comprehensive solutions for the project. The project is located in the center of Pudong New Area, Shanghai. The construction site is China Merchants Bank Shanghai Building, covering an area of 103 square meters. It uses the "peak shaving" model to provide energy-saving services for Shanghai China Merchants Bank Building.
4, Hotel
The Beijing Lafayette Castle Hotel MW/2MWh energy storage project participated in by Kellu Electronics is an energy storage project for peak shaving and valley filling applications. It is the first energy storage power station completed and put into operation in the international procurement project of 500MWh energy storage facilities. It only took 45 days from order confirmation to completion of delivery.
According to reports, as of December 31, 2018, 60 user-side energy storage power stations have been built in Jiangsu Province, with a total energy storage capacity of 97MW and 691MWh. Among them, 48 energy storage projects with a total capacity of 93.7MW are used for peak shaving and valley filling. The main suppliers are Narada Power, Taihu Energy Valley, Zhongtian Technology , Lixin Energy, CATL .
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