Weapons are a microcosm of the development of human science and technology. Many high-tech and high-performance cutting-edge weapons are constantly emerging, full of mysterious colors, which makes people have to be curious about military weapons.
Military powers are stepping up their adjustments to their military strategies, using information technology to promote the development of information weapons and equipment, and continuing to accelerate the construction of nuclear deterrent forces.
At present, military aerospace powers are competing fiercely around "entering space, utilizing space and controlling space", and the innovative development of military aerospace equipment has attracted worldwide attention.
Military weapons and equipment can not only be used to consolidate national defense construction and promote peaceful development, but can also be gradually transformed into civilian technology, which can improve our daily living standards. The development history of
1 and nuclear weapons
The emergence of nuclear weapons is the result of the major development of science and technology around the 1940s. The second World War was about to end and three atomic bombs were made, making the United States the first country to have an atomic bomb.
Since 1939, due to the expansion of the war of aggression by fascist Germany, it has become increasingly difficult for many European countries to carry out scientific research on uranium nuclear fission. Some scientists led by French physicist Fuli were forced to move abroad. The UK had formulated a plan to conduct research in this field, and later sent a team of scientists led by physicist Chadwick to the United States to participate in the development of atomic bombs led by theoretical physicist Oppenheimer.
In the United States, Hungarian physicist Zirad Leo, who moved from Europe, first thought that once fascist Germany mastered the atomic bomb technology, it could have serious consequences. He discussed with several scientists who immigrated to the United States in Europe, and finally, in August 1939, physicist Einstein wrote a letter to the 32nd President of the United States, Roosevelt , and suggested the development of an atomic bomb, which attracted the attention of the US government. In early September, Danish physicist Bohr and his collaborator Wheeler developed the nuclear fission element isotope uranium 235, so Britain and France declared war on Germany.
, but at first, it was only allocated $6,000. It was not until Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in December 1941 that it expanded its scale. It developed into a huge plan code-named "Manhattan Engineering District" in August 1942, with a direct use of about 600,000 manpower and an investment of more than 2 billion US dollars.
World War II is the most brutal war in human history. A total of 2 billion people in 61 countries and regions were involved in this battle. The allied countries paid a heavy price to defeat the invaders led by Germany, Italy and Japan.
After Germany surrendered in May 1945, many people in the United States who knew the inside story of the "Manhattan Project" opposed bombing of Japanese cities with atomic bombs. At that time, the Japanese invading army was hit hard by the Chinese people's long-term resistance and its strength was greatly weakened. On August 6 and 9, the United States dropped the only two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan, codenamed "Little Boy" and "Fatty Boy". The Hiroshima fission nuclear bomb is in the form of an nuclear bomb with parachutes. It uses aircraft as a carrier tool. The energy released by less than 50 kilograms of uranium is equivalent to 20,000 tons of chemical explosives. This huge disaster in human history has caused more than 100,000 Japanese civilians and more than 80,000 injuries. The unprecedented killing and destructive power of the atomic bomb shocked the world.
The first atomic bomb On July 16, 1945, the US government successfully launched an atomic bomb code-named "Skinny" in the Alamogordo Desert in New Mexico amid strong opposition from many scientists. Exercises were provided for the US budget accuracy of the explosion in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan.
Before the Soviet Union was invaded by the German army in June 1941, it also carried out the work of developing atomic bombs. After the outbreak of the Patriotic War, the development work was forced to be interrupted. It was not until early 1943 that it gradually recovered under the leadership of physicist Kurchatov and accelerated after the war. In August 1949, the Soviet Union conducted an atomic bomb test.
After World War II, Germany was no longer the common enemy of the Soviet Union and the United States. Because it lost the focus of common attention, and because these two superpowers were completely different in politics and economic and cultural aspects, the two countries inevitably entered a state of hostility.
In January 1950, US President Truman ordered the acceleration of the development of hydrogen bomb . In November 1952, the United States conducted a hydrogen bomb principle test with liquid deuterium [dāo] as thermonuclear fuel, but the experimental device is very bulky and cannot be used as a weapon. The huge energy generated by the explosion exploded into a large pit with a depth of 50 meters and a diameter of 6,000 meters on the ground. The power of the explosion is equivalent to 10 million tons of TNT explosives, 500 times that of the Hiroshima atomic bomb.
In August 1953, the Soviet Union conducted a hydrogen bomb test using solid lithium deuterated 6 as the thermonuclear fuel, making the practicality of the hydrogen bomb possible. The United States conducted a similar hydrogen bomb test in February 1954. Britain and France also conducted atomic bomb and hydrogen bomb tests in the 1950s and 1960s.
A secret nuclear weapon test conducted by the United States in the South Pacific in 1957 sank the archipelago into the sea, and the entire nasal genus (1941-1957) also disappeared.
In October 1961, Russia tried to explode the most powerful " Tsar Bomb " in history on islands in the Arctic Ocean, with an equivalent of at least 50 million tons. After the nuclear explosion, aircraft, missiles, , radars, , communication and other equipment within 4,000 kilometers were all affected to varying degrees. Because it is too terrifying, it is too severe to damage the environment, and it is meaningless to overpower it. I will try it like this crazy in the future.
On October 16, 1964, the first test was codenamed "596" and the atomic bomb test was successfully tested; on December 28, 1966, the principle test of small equivalent hydrogen bomb was successful; on June 17, 1967, a million-ton hydrogen bomb airdrop test was successfully carried out.
In addition to the United States, the Soviet Union, Britain, France and China already possessed nuclear weapons, India conducted a nuclear test in 1974.
In 1986, the total number of nuclear warheads exceeded 70,000, which decreased after the United States and Russia gradually reduced the huge nuclear arsenal accumulated during the Cold War . By the mid-1980s, the United States and the Soviet Union had a total of about 50,000 nuclear warheads, accounting for more than 95% of the world's total.
From 1945 to 1996, the United States conducted more than 2,000 nuclear tests around the world. The United States once conducted an underwater nuclear explosion in the 1950s. After the explosion, all ships failed to withstand the huge explosion power of nuclear bombs. Of course, nuclear explosion tests also caused extremely harsh damage to the local natural ecological environment.
In the 1970s, the development of nuclear weapons systems focused more on improving the survivability and hit accuracy of weapons. For example, the United States' "Peace Guardian/MX" intercontinental missile, the "Gnome" small intercontinental missile, the "Trident II submarine-submarine missile, the Soviet SS-24 and SS-25 intercontinental missiles have all made great improvements and improvements in these aspects.
2, Vietnam War unknown secret
President Kennedy (43 years old) seems to think that war is the game of the wise, and the wise will win the war. After two months of his tenure, he spent more time in Vietnam and its adventist Laos than he spent on other national security issues combined. During the Eisenhower (71 years old at the time of leaving office), the anti-insurgency was completely ignored, but for the new president it is now a major event in the forefront.
President Kennedy said the United States must be prepared, "regardless of the size of the war, overall or limited, nuclear or conventional, the United States should have the ability to deter the response."
On April 12, 1961, in a memorandum submitted to the president, a "suggestion" to combat Vietnamese guerrillas was put forward, and R&D and military hardware teams were sent to Vietnam to apply various technologies and 'new equipment' in future operations" to improve the work effectiveness of the US military aid Vietnam advisory group. In the following month, President Kennedy appointed Vice President Johnson to personally meet with South Vietnamese President Ng Tingyan to seek his support for "technology" Technique and 'New Equipment'" plan.
Wu Tingyan is a staunch "anti-communist", able to speak fluent English, believe in Catholicism, well-educated, and obsessed with the cause of modernization. In the early 1960s, the main population of Vietnam was farmers engaged in agricultural production. They lived in rural areas far away from Saigon and made a living by producing rice, which was only enough to make a living. At that time, Wu Tingyan governed with an iron fist and was notorious for corruption.
The U.S. Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is the world's most powerful, most productive and mysterious military research institution. On June 8, 1961, the first R&D team of the "Dexterity Project" arrived in Vietnam with the goal of establishing the Operational Development and Testing Center of the Advanced Research and Planning Bureau. The "Dexterity Project" has an office in Room 2B-261 of the Pentagon, and the Operations Development and Testing Center has a confidential telephone number to keep in touch with it. The letter "DARPA" is printed on the office facilities of the Vietnam Test Centre. Local workers in Vietnam work hard at low wages and plan to produce parts for various secret weapons of the "Dexterity Project".
On July 6, 1961, the first four weapons and equipment ships, aircraft, rifles and military dogs will be carefully used in jungle combat in Vietnam. Inside the Pentagon, since the Korean War, various services have been arguing about an individual weapon , which is commonly used by various services.
On July 17, 1961, the highly confidential "Fallen Plan" used biological and chemical weapons to disrupt food supply to Vietnam. The first batch of chemical substances used to destroy crops arrived at the Operational Development and Testing Center in Saigon. Wu Tingyan is an enthusiastic supporter of the "Fallen Leaf Project". Two weeks later, he personally selected the second spray target. On August 24, an fixed-wing aircraft, , sprayed toxic herbicides in a jungle 50 miles north of Saigon, along Highway 13.
In 1961, few Americans outside the elite circle of government decision-making knew what was going on in Vietnam. Just three months after Kennedy took office as president, in the Bay of Pigs, the CIA-sponsored paramilitary invasion ended in a crushing defeat, and President Kennedy also experienced the lowest point of his presidency. On November 30, 1961, President Kennedy formally approved the plan to use chemical herbicides in Vietnam. By the end of the war, the United States had sprayed about 19 million gallons of herbicide on the jungle of Vietnam. A 2012 Congressional report confirmed that in the entire Vietnam War, there were as many as 2.1 million to 4.8 million Vietnamese people directly exposed to " Agent Orange ".
In the mid-1950s, Tannem was widely regarded as the RAND analyst who knew the best of anti-insurgency operations. In the deduction assumption of the "S Plan", the US military will use nuclear weapons. Rand Corporation and the Advanced Research and Planning Bureau agreed to join the "Dexterity Project" with an initial contract amount of $4 million (approximately $32 million in 2015).
The Ministry of Defense and the CIA have been implementing an important plan with the Ng Tingyan government called "Strategic Villages", moving villagers who were "hidden by Vietnam " to new villages that are said to be able to ensure safety, providing certain material incentives. When villagers build tall castle-like walls around the new jungle settlement, Wu Tingyan's administration's army will pay for it with US Department of Defense funds.
In the winter of 1962, the "strategic village" was growing at a rate of more than 200 per month. The Pentagon's goal is to make its number 10,000 to 12,000 in the entire South Vietnam region by 1963. The reality is that Wu Tingyan's soldiers drove them together, forced them to work but refused to provide food and charged them with construction materials.
During the Korean War, U.S. military helicopters were put into the battlefield. In October 1962, a taciturn 47-year-old local scientist, Lickreid (the inventor of the Internet concept of "Apa.com") arrived at the Pentagon from , Missouri, to assist the Advanced Research Projects Bureau in carrying out a new project and was hired to develop command and control systems that were mostly related to nuclear weapons at the time. Lickread believes that computers will make the world a better place.
15 days after Lickreid arrived at the Pentagon, the world was on the verge of crisis and the most tragic nuclear war was about to break out. Photos taken by U-2 reconnaissance planes show that the Soviet Union secretly deployed the nuclear missile on Cuba , just 90 miles from the coast of Florida. President Kennedy asked the Soviet Union to withdraw the missiles, but was rejected by Khrushchev . Cuban missile crisis China and the two sides detonated 4 nuclear bombs in total. The United States detonated the "General" and "Bluegling Sunfish" nuclear bombs in space twice on October 20 and 26, 1962. On October 22 and 28, 1962, the Soviet Union also detonated two nuclear bombs in space in response.The launch of nuclear bombs during the standoff was a complete desperation. The ballistic missile early warning system located at Tulle J Station easily misjudged the Soviet missile launch activity as the first round of nuclear strikes.
Senior Research Programs Bureau engineers at the Office of Lickreid’s Behavioral Science Program believe that computers can simulate social behavior. One of the ideas behind behavioral science programs is that one day computers can take on such jobs. A report from the Dexterity Project declared that “the United States needs to support limited war in these remote areas” and that “the Office of the Secretary of Defense is considering establishing a similar American presence in the rest of the world.” DARPA calls this global plan “remote regional conflict,” and Licked believes that these models will likely develop into computer models with predictive functions to predict what role this particular population can play in future wars.
May 28, 1963, the 2527th anniversary of the Buddha's birth, a group of Buddhists gathered in Hue Village to celebrate. Buddhists were under oppression of the Catholic dictatorship of Wu Tingyan. Police ordered the revelers to clear the ground and disperse, but were rejected. The police used fire water gun and tear gas, but it still didn't work. The incident quickly evolved into a catalyst for the South Vietnamese people to express their general dissatisfaction with the Ng Tingyan government and their brother, the leader of the secret police officer, . Two monks meditated and burned themselves in Shi Guangde’s lotus. Throughout rural South Vietnam, a fortress-style regime built by the US Department of Defense and Ng Tingyan began to collapse. As the "Strategic Village" plan disappeared, the Vietnamese Communist Party seized this opportunity and began to send thousands of soldiers to infiltrate the South Vietnamese countryside from the Ho Chi Minh Trail.
20 days after the execution of the Wu Tingyan brothers, President Kennedy was shot and assassinated in Deely Square in Dallas, , Dallas, and Johnson succeeded to the president and took over the Vietnamese hornet's nest. It was the winter of 1964 that Hickey came to Vietnam again as an employee of the Rand Company to work for the Advanced Research Program. An unknown war is quietly going on. Senior Research Program Officers tested early versions of the new rifle AR-15 to M-16 by shooting the long sea snake on the way. Once shot, the sea snake was thrown into the sky. The Battle of Nandong County in July 1964 foreshadowed the crazier and more tragic war after that, the famous Vietnam War.
Because the Vietnam War involved a large number of modern technology, a large number of troops and weapons and equipment, the entire South Vietnam was involved in the war vortex, attracting global attention, and the battle in Nandong County gradually faded out of people's vision. At this time, the American people still knew nothing about this war.
SullivanThe then head of the cross-departmental special coordination group for Vietnam issues, President Johnson, became the U.S. ambassador to Laos several months later. In the Pentagon, the “Vietnam Motivation Issues” also confuses the Advanced Research Projects Bureau. The United States has been involved in the war for three years, but no one seems to have figured out the origins of the Vietnamese Communists. Rand researchers gradually began to understand that the real reason for the insurrection was injustice, "it was the farmers' dissatisfaction with the Saigon government."
The United States' basic war policy proposition at that time was to "escalate pressure" and allow so-called "tit for tooth" small-scale air strikes against the Viet Cong goals. Just months after the November election, Johnson strongly demanded that the policy, known as "stay status quo until November" be continued in the Pentagon. At this time the war was in progress, the United States had not yet listed Hanoi, the capital of North Vietnam, as a target.
In the first week of August 1964, the U.S. Navy exchanged fire with a North Vietnamese torpedo boat in Zhongzhu Bay. This incident became a reason for declaring war. President Johnson interrupted normal programs on airing across the United States, informed him of the aggressive behavior of North Vietnam through a TV speech, and called on Congress to authorize him to take military action. The Vietnam War officially began. The Vietnamese Communist rebels believed that the United States was an invader and were willing to let the United States give up its efforts and withdraw from Vietnam at all costs.
10 years ago, this group of people successfully drove the French out of Vietnam, and at that time they also regarded Americans as villains, especially the "American imperialism and its lackey of the South Vietnamese government." They want to get their land back, i.e., those that were taken away in questionable security plans such as “strategic villages”, which is what inspired the Vietnamese Communist Revolution.
Advanced Research Program Bureau attempts to explore the Viet Cong motivation through the Viet Cong motivation and morale program, but it does not want to hear the Viet Cong invincible. Rand came to the conclusion that the Pentagon was consistent with that of the Viet Cong, and would eventually be defeated.
Gur was born in Moscow in 1922 and is an expert on Soviet issues who hates Soviet communism. In 1951, he became a Rand analyst and immediately began to study the impact of nuclear war with the company's senior defense experts Albert Walstet and Herman Kahn and others.
Gur claimed that he received first-hand evidence during his business trip in Moscow, showing that the Soviet Union had established a huge network of underground fortifications that could protect its people from harm after launching the first nuclear strike against the US. This behavior of the Soviet Union will inevitably lead to the nuclear reaction of the United States . The legendary air raid shelter that has spread all over Moscow is just a subway tunnel.
At the end of 1964, Goul served as chief sociologist of the Viet Cong Motivation and Morale Program of the Senior Research Program in Saigon. Goul did not interview any Viet Cong prisoners of war on the spot for his report. He promised that the "fear brought by air strikes" would "make the Viet Cong surrender", which would inevitably lead to a disaster. On February 7, 1965, a limited bombing battle called "Operation Fire Darts" began. 11 days later, Johnson ordered the Joint Chiefs of Staff to launch the first phase of "Handle 3 Operation Thunder " (aerial combat advocated by General Lemay). On March 8, the U.S. Marine Corps logged in Da Nang , and the Vietnam War officially began.
At the end of 1965, Congress began to review the work of Rand Corporation in the Viet Cong motivation and morale program, and Goul's reputation began to fall. Goul left office, but the Viet Cong's motivation and morale plan continued. As of 1968, Rand analysts interviewed Vietnamese soldiers more than 2,400 times and edited more than 50 Advanced Research Projects Bureau reports, totaling more than 62,000 pages.
On February 12, 1968, it was rumored that the Pentagon was considering using nuclear weapons to deal with Vietnam. The Pentagon has actually considered the use of nuclear weapons, and the news has sparked anger against the anti-war protests. The anti-war parade was a nightmare for the Pentagon in command and control.
Advanced Research Projects Bureau chemists have tested a variety of chemicals that may be used to deal with protesters. Some dangerous varieties can cause vomiting, skin damage, temporary paralysis and other effects. More than 15 million pounds of this type of combat agent have been used in the Vietnam battlefield, mainly used to drive militants out of the tunnels along the " Ho Chi Minh Trail ". More powerful is the E8-CS portable tactical launcher and related ammunition, which can inject chemical warfare agents into the rioters from as far as 750 feet. Crowd control has long been the engineering challenge the Pentagon has been trying to solve. Most of the equipment (riot control systems, helicopters, grenade launchers, and machine guns, ) were developed by the Advanced Research and Planning Bureau in the jungles of Vietnam and Thailand during the Vietnam War.
3, World Nuclear Force
Nuclear weapons were invented by humans, but they can also destroy humans themselves. If nuclear war really occurs in the world, frequent nuclear explosions will kill millions of people in an instant, and a large number of terrifying nuclear smoke clouds will also produce. This terrifying nuclear smoke cloud will wrap the earth tightly, allowing the sun to shine on the ground, and the surface temperature will drop sharply to tens of degrees below zero.
There is no sunshine, plants cannot grow, animals have no food, and the remaining humans in the nuclear explosion naturally cannot survive. This is the terrifying " nuclear winter ".
With the development of weapon technology, a variety of nuclear weapons systems have been formed, including ballistic nuclear missiles, cruise nuclear missiles, air defense nuclear missiles, anti-missile nuclear missiles, anti-submarine nuclear rockets, deep-water nuclear bombs, nuclear aviation bombs, nuclear artillery shells, nuclear mines, , etc. Among them, ballistic nuclear missiles equipped with multiple warheads and cruise nuclear missiles with various launch methods are the main nuclear weapons equipped by the United States and the Soviet Union.
According to statistics from the Stockholm Institute of International Peace in January 2021, the number of nuclear warheads owned by each country is: 5,550 in the United States, 6,255 in Russia, 350 in China, 225 in the United Kingdom, 290 in France, 4,165 in Pakistan, 160 in India, and 490 in Israel.
The total number of nuclear weapons dropped by 375 in January 2022 (the United States has 5,428 warheads and Russia has 5,977 warheads), and Moscow and Washington alone account for 90% of the world's nuclear arsenals. Of the estimated total inventory of 12,705 nuclear warheads in early 2022, about 9,440 are military stocks in case of possible use. Of these, an estimated 3732 nuclear warheads are deployed with missiles and aircraft, with approximately 2,000 missiles from Russia and the United States on high combat alert.
After the Russian-Ukrainian conflict entered its seventh month, a Ukrainian intelligence agency reported that Russia only has 20% of Iskander ballistic missiles left, and the number of caliber-to-land attack cruise missiles is also facing "difficulty", and the Russian-Ukrainian conflict shows no sign of ending.
On October 8, Russia's Crimea Bridge was bombed. The next day, more than 3,000 nuclear warheads with different equivalents were resealed, 24 drones were launched, and nearly 200 missiles bombed 14 regions including Kiev, Ukraine. 13 aircraft were destroyed by Ukraine and 43 were intercepted. Russia imported a large number of drones from Iran . China's DJI Technology stopped the contract between Russia and Ukraine during the conflict between Russia and Ukraine. China is neutral to ensure that domestic drone star products are not used in war.
After being sanctioned by the West, the production capacity of scientific and technological weapons has been seriously affected, and there are no conditions to produce more precisely guided weapons. While continuously improving and improving the performance of offensive strategic nuclear weapons, the United States and the Soviet Union have also been seeking means and technologies to effectively defend against nuclear attacks.
Russia even publicly threatens possible use of nuclear weapons in the Ukrainian war. " Financial Times " pointed out that if Russia attacks NATO members, it will attract NATO collective defense operations, and the United States may launch a devastating nuclear weapons retaliation against Russia.
In the future war in the United States, those who fight for the United States may not necessarily wear US military uniforms. They will be local combat personnel trained by the US military, mastered the US military's combat methods and knowledge, and carried US military weapons.
In the history of modern American war machines, DARPA has always led the development of advanced technology. Lasers are considered to be one of the most important scientific inventions in the contemporary world.
DARPA's huge future war system requires a military drone, including drones, unmanned ground systems, unmanned surface carriers, unmanned maritime systems and drone systems, as well as various weapon systems from deep to the seabed and to outer space.
Now and in the future, the Ministry of Defense's drones will fly, swim, crawl, walk, run or flock to perform missions around the world. Some of these are cyborgs, which the United States calls "biological hybrids"; some are machines; some are animals. This technology has been developed for decades and is more mature than ordinary people think.
In Terminator, Skynet became smarter than the defense scientists who made it, and it launched a nuclear war to achieve the purpose of machine hegemony and elimination of humanity.
We call for world peace and firmly oppose the proliferation of nuclear weapons and weapons of mass destruction. The earth is the only home on which all mankind relies. We must protect the ecological environment as we protect our own eyes, treat the ecological environment as we treat life, build the foundation of ecological civilization, and walk the path of green development together!
(The picture is from the Internet, infringement must be deleted)
