Before reading this article, please click "Follow". It not only facilitates you to discuss and share, but also brings you a different sense of participation. Thank you for your support. On November 2, 1948, the 52-day Liaoshen Battle won the victory, and nearly 500,000 elite troops of the Kuomintang army were wiped out. From then on, the defeat of the Kuomintang government quickly entered the countdown, and the speed of national liberation would exceed Chairman Mao's expectations.
Chiang Kai-shek After retreating to Taiwan, he began to summarize the reasons for becoming a pseudo-governor.
Chiang Kai-shek
In his diary, he cursed Marshall , who came to China to "mediate" at the end of 1945. said that if Marshall had not forced him to transfer his elite troops to the Northeast, then Nanjing would not have been empty.
At the same time, he said that his biggest mistake was not to withdraw the elite troops from the Northeast.
This is strange. Since Marshall returned to China at the end of 1946, Chiang Kai-shek has been "free". From then on until the beginning of the Liaoshen Campaign, he had a lot of time and opportunity to withdraw the Kuomintang troops in the Northeast, but he did not do it.
So what exactly caused Chiang Kai-shek to make such a big "mistake"?
"The Truth of September 18th"
As the "first son of the Republic", the earliest construction in the northeastern region of my country traces back to the Zhang Zuolin period.
Although Zhang Zuolin is born as a "beard", he is still quite good at doing construction. Northeast China has abundant resources and products. Zhang Zuolin used these treasures that could turn into real gold and platinum to exchange many modern industrial machinery and equipment from abroad, and built a large number of factories, and the industrial workers team also started.
Zhang Zuolin
While developing industry, Zhang Zuolin also attached importance to the development of military enterprises . The Fengtian Group was one of the few warlords in China at that time that could be self-sufficient in weapons and ammunition. Therefore, industry and agriculture gave Zhang Zuolin the confidence to "compete with the Central Plains".
However, things didn't go as they wished. With the loud bang of Huanggutun , Zhang Zuolin "has ambitions not fulfilled", and his "hegemony" could only rely on his son Zhang Xueliang .
If you treat Zhang Xueliang as a playboy, you will be very wrong. If this is the case, Chiang Kai-shek would either "click" him after the " Xi'an Incident ", or he would keep him as a pet, instead of keeping him under house arrest.
Zhang Xueliang
928 On December 29, 1928, Zhang Xueliang hung the "Blue Sky and White Sun Flag" in Ship Mansion , and the "bulk" Republic of China finally gathered the last "puzzle". But in fact, Northeast China had just changed its flag, and Chiang Kai-shek knew in his heart who had the final say in the Northeast. At that time, among the major "mountains" in China, the best military industry was Northeast Army , followed by "Yan Laoxi" Shanxi Sui Army , and finally Chiang Kai-shek's Central Army, or it can be said to be the "Zhejiang Army", because Chiang Kai-shek was the general representative of the landlord comprador class in Jiangsu and Zhejiang.
"Northeast Change Banner " After the "poor" Guangxi Li Zongren reached out to Chiang Kai-shek for money and guns. Zhang Xueliang, who was "rich and powerful", made the Northeast Army flourish, and had self-made weapons and purchased from abroad, as well as the navy and air force. The Northeast Army was the most elite army in China in 1930. None of them, and at that time it was definitely a place where Chiang Kai-shek "had no idea at all."
However, Chiang Kai-shek's "no idea" does not mean that Zhang Xueliang also has no idea.
929's " Middle East Road Incident " suffered a loss, so Zhang Xueliang deployed heavy troops on the border between the Northeast and the Soviet Union, and first stabilized his rear. 930, the Central Plains War broke out between the new warlords. Zhang Xueliang seized the opportunity and led the Northeast Army to enter the pass to participate in the war in the name of "helping" Chiang Kai-shek. Although Chiang Kai-shek's Central Army won the final victory in name, in fact, Zhang Xueliang's gains were the greatest. When the war ended, Zhang Xueliang had already taken Hebei, Beijing and Tianjin into his hands and continued to increase troops to these areas. At the same time, he also vigorously built a military factory in Tianjin.
Zhang Xueliang and Chiang Kai-shek
"fools" can understand Zhang Xueliang's "ambitions". The young marshal "changed his flag" did not invest in Nanjing at all, but wanted to be the "Chairman". This made Chiang Kai-shek feel "like a ray of light on his back". He knew that if Zhang Xueliang went south, the warlords in the Central Plains would definitely not be able to play a barrier, and his core interest areas and five provinces in , Central and South will definitely be in trouble.
However, all Chiang Kai-shek's worries disappeared with a phone call.
Late at night on September 18, 1931, Zhang Xueliang called Chiang Kai-shek for help. The big stone that had been hanging in Chiang Kai-shek's heart for almost three years could have been considered to have landed. On the phone, he regretfully told the "Brother" that he was really "willing but not enough", and advised Zhang Xueliang not to force the Japanese.
In fact, "918 " was actually Zhang Xueliang who gave the Japanese a chance to defend the Soviet Union in the north and prepare to fight for hegemony in the south. As a result, his hinterland became empty, which gave the Japanese Kwantung Army a great opportunity to take advantage of the situation.
At the same time, there are a large number of former "Japanese students" in the Nanjing government and the army. Ishihara Kaner knows better than Zhang Xueliang that Chiang Kai-shek will never help him. Therefore, in his plan, the focus is on how to deal with the Northeast Army, but Zhang Xueliang gave him a big "surprise".
Ishihara Kaner
In order to preserve the strength of the Northeast Army, Zhang Xueliang directly withdrew the Northeast Army to the pass! The warlord's self-protection thinking made the young marshal make unforgivable mistakes in the face of major issues, and also laid the groundwork for the "Xi'an Incident".
Chiang Kai-shek not to mention that the Japanese helped him kill the Northeast Army, an opponent that made him unable to sleep or eat. He took a big advantage without any effort. He was still happy.
Although the former headquarters of the Northeast Army launched a vigorous anti-Japanese movement with the support of the vast number of people in the Northeast, and the size of the rebel army once reached 300,000, and surrounded Jilin City, aiming at Changchun, the "capital" of the future puppet Manchukuo, the dilemma of supply shortage of food and bullets also followed.
When they asked for help from the Kuomintang government, Chiang Kai-shek was considering the interests of the Northeast after the liberation of the Northeast. He believed that the rebel army was mainly based on the old subordinates of the Northeast Army. If the Japanese were driven away, he would be "made wedding clothes" for Zhang Xueliang and would also offend the Japanese. Therefore, Chiang Kai-shek refused to provide any assistance to the rebel army, but only told everyone that they could return to , the Kuomintang-controlled area , but they had to accept the adaptation.
Subsequently, the uprising failed and the Northeast fell for 14 years.
From this we can see that The comprador class of Jiangsu and Zhejiang represented by Chiang Kai-shek only cares about the gains and losses of their family clans. Northeast? It's too far away. As long as it doesn't affect your own interests, then give it to the Japanese.
There were many times in the Three Kingdoms period. Zhang Zhao represents the Jiangnan family to persuade the powerful people to surrender Sun Quan to surrender Cao Cao . The " Donglin Party " in the late Ming Dynasty hanged Chongzhen to hang himself. Chiang Kai-shek and the interest groups behind him have no concept of "family and country" in their hearts since ancient times.
Therefore, only from the perspective of class interests can we clearly understand Chiang Kai-shek's mentality about the gains and losses of the Northeast.
"tangled" Lao Jiang
The "landlord comprador" attribute of the Kuomintang ruling class made them very enthusiastic about the financial industry that "money makes money", while industries with a long investment return cycle were not the focus of their interest. Looking at the entire Republic of China period, the highest industrial investment rate of the government was about 5%.
In contrast, the Japanese attach much importance to industry than Chiang Kai-shek. As an important base for the northeast to invade China and the north to attack the Soviet Union, the Japanese invested no matter how much they wanted.
As of 1939, the Japanese's industrial investment rate in the Northeast had reached 29%. From 1939 to 1941, the Japanese built a large number of factories and mines, and the overall scale of the industry grew at a rate of about 10%.At that time, the population of Northeast China was only one-tenth of that of the country, but the total industrial output value accounted for more than one-third of the country!
With the countdown of Japan's defeat, anyone with a clear understanding of the country's development knows the importance of the Northeast. However, this does not include Chiang Kai-shek. It is also a bit unfair to say that he does not pay attention to it, but his focus is "different".
Later in the War of Resistance Against Japan, the Battle of Henan, Hunan and Guangxi, personally commanded by Chiang Kai-shek, ended in a major defeat, which completely lost China's position as a chess player in the international chess game. On the Yalta conference, Churchill are both supporting roles, let alone Chiang Kai-shek. Neither Stalin nor Roosevelt wanted to call him.
Therefore, the introduction of the Yalta Agreement was not discussed at all. The United States only "politely" notified Chiang Kai-shek to send someone to sign a few months later.
sad!
Yalta Conference "Big Three"
After bargaining by Stalin and Roosevelt, although the Northeast, which had been dispersed for 14 years, returned to China in terms of sovereignty, the Soviet Union still retained the privilege of two railways in South Manchuria and Middle East , and two high-quality unfreezing ports . In a certain nature, the Northeast has changed from a Japanese colony to the Soviet Union's " semi-colonial ".
All of this is thanks to Chiang Kai-shek's calculation 14 years ago.
At that time, the retraction of Northeast sovereignty was more of a matter of face for Chiang Kai-shek. His ideas in the inside have not changed much, and his attention is still on his core ruling area of Jiangsu and Zhejiang. In his opinion, our Party’s Central Plains Liberated Area, which is closer to this place, is the biggest concern. As for the Northeast, let’s talk about it in the second step.
At that time, there were two major forces in the Northeast, one of which was the old subordinate of the Dongben Army, but these people were basically landlords and were born hostile to our party. The other one is the local "beard". These bandits were "exclusively sealed" by Chiang Kai-shek and collected money and weapons, which is naturally in opposition to our party.
Chiang Kai-shek's plan was to let these two forces consume the strength of our party first. After he "pacified" the Central Plains and North China, with his own force, the Northeast will naturally be in his pocket.
But just when Chiang Kai-shek's "wishful abacus" was crackling, at the end of 1945, the "Imperial Commissioner" Marshall came. The United States also has its own plans. The Soviet Union already has privileges in the Northeast. If Chiang Kai-shek was still so slow, then the Northeast would become the sphere of influence of the Soviet Union. How could this work!
Marshall
So, Marshall first determined the effectiveness of the "Yalta Agreement". After Stalin nodded, he began to urge Chiang Kai-shek to send troops to occupy the Northeast quickly.
At that time, the Kuomintang was still full of mountains, and Chiang Kai-shek could only mobilize his own Central Army. Although he wanted to keep these "own sons" to fight in the pass, others could not listen to their words, and Americans had to listen. Chiang Kai-shek could only "slowly" transport elite troops from the southwest to the northeast with the assistance of American warships and aircraft.
Chairman Mao’s attention to the Northeast is definitely not on the same dimension as Chiang Kai-shek. During the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, the Northeast Anti-Japanese Armed Forces led by our party have been carrying out arduous struggles.
Chairman Mao
After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, our party made the greatest efforts for national peace, but Chairman Mao also saw clearly Chiang Kai-shek's reactionary face initiating the civil war . The economic strength of our party's base areas at that time was generally weak, let alone industry. Therefore, in order to cope with the worst situation of the Kuomintang's comprehensive attack, our party quickly dispatched elite cadres and troops to the Northeast to recover lost territory.
After seeing our party's actions, Chiang Kai-shek came to his senses. It's okay to give it to the Japanese in the Northeast, and it's okay to give it to the Soviets, but it's absolutely not to give it to the Communist Party!
So, without the need for Americans to supervise, Chiang Kai-shek began to work hard to transfer absolutely elite troops such as the New 1st Army and the New 6th Army to the Northeast.After the Shanhaiguan War in November 1945, the Kuomintang army entered the Northeast. By May 1946, the total number of Kuomintang troops in the Northeast exceeded one million, while our party's troops were only about 300,000, and they had retreated to the north bank of Songhua River .
Chiang Kai-shek "floated" at this time, believing that the Communist army was "just like this", so he made a decision to "fight" outside the pass, and he could not blame Marshall for this decision. Subsequently, on June 26, Chiang Kai-shek launched a full-scale civil war with confidence. Marshall's "mediation" failed. Before leaving, he left a sentence, "The money of American taxpayers was completely 'waste'."
self-inflicted hardship
The war is fighting the "people's support".
Our army did suffer a series of setbacks in the early stages of the Northeast battlefield, but our party has its own magic weapon "land reform". This policy greatly aroused the enthusiasm of the people of Northeast China to support our party and our army. Everyone rushed to join the army, and our army's strength continued to grow.
On the other hand, Chiang Kai-shek rejected the suggestion of many people to "let Zhang Xueliang take charge of the Northeast" and resolutely sent his direct descendants to the Northeast where he was unfamiliar with the land to take over. And these recruits who had no feelings for the Northeast had come to pass the imperial examinations through the "five sons", which caused the people in the Northeast to lose all their hearts. At the same time, the former Northeast Army, who had originally tended toward the Kuomintang, also saw Chiang Kai-shek's true face and established cooperation with our party.
The Kuomintang army died in the Northeast by one less, and it was impossible to solve the problem of replenishing troops. They could only continue to arrest the strong men from all over the country to supplement them. However, after these new recruits arrived in the Northeast, the only hope they saw was to surrender to our army and then fight back to their hometown.
is like this, which makes Du Yuming always wonder, "The Communist army has also suffered great losses, but how can it fight more and more?"
Du Yuming
Since 1947, the situation of the Kuomintang in the Northeast battlefield has taken a sharp turn. The stubborn Chiang Kai-shek could not listen to the professional opinions of the senior generals around him. He believed that "preserving the Northeast" is a big issue of face, which is directly related to the stability of his dominance. Therefore, no matter who proposes to withdraw the main force from the Northeast, he will not listen. Under his blind command, neither Du Yuming, Chen Cheng, nor Wei Lihuang, nor Wei Lihuang, can no longer stop the Kuomintang army from collapse. When Chiang Kai-shek finally saw the situation clearly and had to make a retreat order, as Liao Yaoxiang's front-line command was completely destroyed by our army's third column of the East Field Army on October 26, 1948, his hundreds of thousands of troops, less than 100 kilometers from the port, suddenly lost their heads, and the Liaoshen Battle ended with the largest victory in the encirclement and annihilation battle.
In January 1949, Chiang Kai-shek stepped down for the third time and fled to Taiwan in December.
He was "heartbroken" in his diary and regretted not withdrawing hundreds of thousands of "elites" from the Northeast region to the pass in time, so that he was defeated, but what if he withdraws?
's fate was eliminated by history. On the night of "September 18", he had already been doomed from the moment he received the call from Zhang Xueliang.
