1. National characteristics of Spanish music
Spain is the nation that retains the most artistic characteristics of its national music in Europe. The Spanish nation is a passionate nation. They love music and dance, and their daily lives are often accompanied by music and dance.
Due to the mountain barrier between the Spanish region and the region, there is relatively little mutual communication. Each region has its own different flavors of singing and dancing, such as tango, horta, bolero, Aragonese dance and Mara induction dance each maintain their own special style. These colorful Spanish music and dances fully express the national characteristics of Spanish music and dance.
These colorful music and dance not only deeply influenced Spanish composers, but also many foreign composers, who were infected by Spanish music and dance, created music with Spanish characteristics.
For example, "Spanish Rhapsody" by French composer Ravel, Russian National Musician, "Spanish Caprice" by Rimsky-Korsakov, "Spanish Caprice" by French composer Laro of Spanish origin "Spanish Symphony" has very distinctive Spanish national characteristics.
2. Spanish violinist with unique national style-Sarasati
Sarasati is Spain's most national violinist during the Romantic period. His playing style is light and elegant, the sound quality is pure, and the tone is sweet, which makes the listeners fascinated and intoxicated.
He is a natural dazzling master, playing slow sections with round beads and jade, pure and clear, and when playing happy chapters, he is exquisite and transparent. He is called "the Paganini of the second half of the nineteenth century."
Sarasati (born March 14, 1844 in Pamplona, northern Spain; died in Biarritz, France, September 20, 1908) Sarasati is a Basque in Spain.
His family was poor. His father was a military band captain and violinist. He started to learn violin from his father when he was 5 years old.
This child with curly hair and dark and bright eyes has shown a childlike endowment and savvy since childhood.
When he was 8 years old, he was able to follow his father to perform in various places. In order to allow his son to receive a more formal music education, his father sent him to the capital Madrid, where he studied under the famous violin teacher Saez.
Sarasati lives in the teacher's house, and accepts the teacher's teaching eagerly. Sure enough, the piano art is greatly improved.
Somehow the fame of the violin prodigy finally reached the ears of the royal family, so the 10-year-old Sarasati was invited to the court to play on the spot before the king's drive, but the relatives of the royal family couldn’t help their jaws. praise.
Queen Isabella immediately presented a Stradivarius as a gift to this lovely child and promised to bear all the expenses for his further studies in the future.
So two years later, Sarasati came to Paris, France, and worshipped the outstanding representative of the French violin school Aral (1818-1888, professor of Paris Conservatory for 32 years) as a teacher.
In fact, Sarasati is a very smart person, he has mastered a very complete technique before learning piano with Alar.
As it is, he completed all the violin lessons in only 9 months.
But in order to learn composition and harmony, Sarasati studied at the Paris Conservatory for six years, which undoubtedly laid a solid foundation for him to compose violin music in the future. In 1861, the 17-year-old Sarasati became the best graduate of the school with the first place in the three subjects of violin, harmony and sight singing.
After graduating from the Conservatory of Music, he began his erratic and glorious playing career.
He has traveled all over the five continents and received an unprecedented warm welcome everywhere. It was not until 1870 that he returned to France and held a series of concerts in Paris. At this time, he was already a world-famous musician. In 1876, he performed in Vienna with great success.
and the German violin school master Joachim advocated the principle of "playing must be faithful to the spirit of the original work". Sarasati was the most outstanding representative of the "exhibitionist" of that era.
Perhaps dazzling skills are the inherent need hidden in the passionate national spirit of the Latin nation. The mainstream of violin performing art in the 19th century represented by Paganini and Wieniawsky is still fascinating for the audience. It is what every violinist is fascinated by and yearning for.
Sarasati undoubtedly possesses the capital of this kind of dazzling skills, he is a natural dazzling master.
His playing style is light and elegant, the sound quality is pure, the tone is sweet, and his skills are perfect. Appreciating the sound of his piano is like listening to Ye Su's singing. In the sound of his piano, there are both the lofty pondering of the pine and the lingering water.
His performance made the audience fascinated one by one as if they were possessed by a demon, and his piano bow was a magic wand that turned stones into gold.
His contemporaries admired this way: "When Sarasati is playing, I can’t hear the traces of the bow moving on the piano, whether it’s hair on the bow, rosin, or changing the bow, I can perceive everything. No, there is no sense of strenuousness and tension—his performance is as relaxed as a joke from beginning to end, but everything sounds so ideal.”
Fresh, the famous violin educator (1873- 1944) also praised him for "seems like a goddess", "He is technically extremely flexible when he plays the piano... When you listen to it, you only have a reputation."
Actually, Sarasati's innate The conditions are not good, but he cleverly designed according to his objective conditions and formed his own playing style. He uses a large and slow rubbing finger, so the sound is particularly full and sweet.
His bow method is also superb, the force of pressing the bow is very small, and there is no trace when changing the bow, which makes his piano sound both brilliant and smooth. When playing the slow section, the beads are round and jade, pure and clear; when the happy chapter is played, it is like a mercury drop, exquisite and transparent.
From his performance of "Song of the Wanderer", he can fully appreciate the combination of the two and his extraordinary acting skills.
Sarasati actively promoted new music works throughout his life, which had a significant impact on the development of violin art.
His brilliant performance inevitably won the respect of many composers, and there are many violin songs that were specially made for him.
The French composer Saint-Saëns dedicated his best violin works "Violin Concerto No. 3 in B Minor", "Introduction and Rondo Capriccio", and "Habanez"; and Saint-Saëns' After being unwilling, his friend Laro dedicated his "F minor Violin Concerto No. 1" and "Spanish Symphony" to Sarasati.
The German composer Bruch is very interesting. He first dedicated his "Violin Concerto No. 1 in G minor" to Joachim, and then composed his "Violin Concerto No. 3 in D minor". "And the Scottish Fantasia title dedicated to Joachim’s rival Sarasati.
However, it is common for people to list Viniavsky’s "Violin Concerto No. 2 in D minor" as a work dedicated to Sarasati.
According to Viniavsky’s completion of this song in 1862, Sarasati had just graduated from the Paris Conservatory of Music. It’s hard to imagine that Viniavsky, who was already famous in Europe at the time, would put his own The masterpiece is dedicated to a fledgling weak-crowned boy, which is unreasonable.
Sarasati is not only a world-famous violin player, but also Paganini in creation, the successor of Wieniawsky in the 20th century, due to the national music in the second half of the 19th century. Influenced by the school, his "Spanish Dances Collection", "Introduction and Tarantella", and "Basque Caprice" created based on the local folk dances with strong colors and distinctive characters in his hometown are all technically difficult and short. "Song of the Wanderers" and "Carmen's Theme Fantasia", numbered as Work 20, and "Carmen's Theme Fantasia", have become classics of violin works in the 20th century, and are concert repertoires that every famous violinist is happy to play. .
At that time, Sarasati herself played them on the European and American stages, thus bringing the dazzling beauty of the WestThe music culture of Spain has spread all over the world.
In addition to violin performance and creation, Sarasati is also a noble collector, he collects famous pianos, walking sticks and other precious antiques.
When he died in France on September 20, 1908, he left behind a huge estate of 3 million francs.
He donated most of the money in his will to art institutions and charities. He received 10,000 francs and a Stradivarius respectively at the two conservatories in Madrid and Paris where he had studied.
After his death, a "Sarasati Museum" was built in his hometown of Pamplona, where his works, manuscripts, valuable violins and many souvenirs in his collection over the years are collected. The witness of the brilliant life of the violin master.
3. Appreciation of Sarasati’s main violin representative works
Gypsy nation: Gypsies do not have a habit of settlement, nor do they have a fixed country.
They are a legendary and freedom-loving wandering people. They often make a living by performing arts and fortune-telling, preferring to eat and sleep and wander around, rather than give up this generational lifestyle. The Gypsies first originated in North India (according to the fact that their language is very similar to Sanskrit). They reached the Persian generation in the ninth century, and spread throughout the European Balkans in the eleventh century.
There were about 1.5 million people in Europe between the two world wars.
Gypsy’s music removes the inherent accidents of the basic ethnic group, and often absorbs a lot of things from other ethnic groups in performance or singing. Because of their special style, these newly absorbed music are deeply immersed in the music. It has a strong gypsy taste, so when it comes to gypsy music, it actually includes the music of other nations that have been gypsyized by them.
The music of the Gypsies is bold and unrestrained, breaking all restrictions, daring to make emotions free and unrestrained, and colorful. These features have attracted many musicians, among which Sarasati’s "Song of the Wanderers" is done using the tone of the gypsy and their special style.
This song is based on several gypsy melodies he heard during his travels in Budapest.
The music is divided into four parts:
①Introduction, medium speed. From the beginning, I used the violin G string to draw the tragic theme, maintaining the inner tension.
②Slow board, free speed. Huacai imitates the Hungarian folk plucked instruments and guitars, which are quite distinctive, showing an empty, distant desolation and lament.
③The speed is slower. Originally a Hungarian gypsy song, it has become one of the most beautiful violin melodies in the world after the author’s hand-picking. Emotional grief deeply reveals the tragedy of the gypsy's fate and has a heartbreaking artistic charm.
④Very lively Allegro. The music suddenly turned into a wild and bold dance music, which formed a strong contrast with the third part, symbolizing the other side of the gypsy's character---the vitality that never dies.
⑤This contrast layout is a typical characteristic of the Hungarian folk chaldas. Then, the music shows another theme starting with plucking, which makes the atmosphere of the music more and more exuberant. Pauses play infinitely moving passages of sixteenth notes followed by technical passages that frequently use overtones and left-hand plucking. , The music tends to climax step by step, and finally the whole song ends in two powerful chord plucking sounds.
This tune was originally a dance music from Havana, the capital of Cuba, and became popular in Spain and even the European continent.
This kind of dance music uses 2/4 time, the rhythm of the bass accompaniment is XX, and the rhythm of the first beat of the treble is often triplet, thus forming a complex interlaced rhythm.
Its music structure is generally the main song and the chorus, the main song is often used in minor, and the chorus is in major, forming a color transition from dark to light.
The author’s work is a multi-part sketch. After the theme is repeated four times, a small ending appears, and then it enters the chorus part of the major key.
There are two new themes in the middle part of the music, one in the bigTune up, the other is in a minor tone. At the end of the music, it returns to the original theme and changes and develops. The speed is getting faster and faster, and the atmosphere is getting more and more warm. The whole song ends in the climax.
The opera "Carmen" was written by French composer Bijie in 1872 based on the novel of the same name by the writer Mei Limei. After Sarasati listened to the opera music, he became very interested in it.
Because the melody inside is beautiful and dramatic, and rich in Spanish national music characteristics, it brings together several famous excerpts about Carmen in the play, according to the need for comparison of several paragraphs of violin music ( Rather than in the order of appearance in the play) compose this violin solo.
This piece of music consists of a prelude and four selections. The prelude is composed of the melody of the interlude in the fourth act of the opera. After the enthusiastic introduction of 17 bars, the violin plays the theme of the interlude on the G string. The second half is played with plucked, overtones are played quickly. Next is the first segment, "Avanella", which is the aria when the protagonist in the play "Carmen"-the gypsy tobacco worker Carmen appears-"Love is like a free bird" is also the most famous in the play One of the arias.
In this paragraph, the violin bow jumping, plucking, double tone, decorative tone, overtone, bow shaking, bow stick and other skills are played.
After Carmen stabbed someone in the first act, the army sergeant Don Hesai escorted her to the cell in the second paragraph. Although he was about to go to jail, Carmen didn't care. She believed that Don Hesai loved her and would let her go for love.
This casual chant shows Carmen's bohemian character. This section of the violin's high-pitched performance uses some overtones, and the performance is also very difficult. The third section is "Seguidia".
This is also the episode where Carmen was escorted by Don Hesai to his cell in the first scene. In the previous episode, Carmen told Don Hesai that if she was released, they could meet in a small hotel at night. Played various violin skills, such as bow jumping, bow throwing, and left-hand plucking.
The last act is composed of two pieces of music, "Bohemian Dance" and "Listening to the Triangle Iron Jingle" starting with the second act. "Bohemian Dance" is the accompaniment music of the gypsy dancing in the small hotel in the second act of "Carmen", and "Listen to the Jingle Triangle" is the accompaniment of Carmen.
Sarasati wrote a very long introduction with double strings for this passage. The speed of the music is getting faster and faster. Using various techniques of the violin, it sounds exciting, and the music ends in a very warm atmosphere.
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