In 1858, the Heilongjiang general of the Qing Dynasty Yishan and the governor of Eastern Siberia Muraviyov signed the " Ahuicheng Peace Agreement ". China lost outside the Xing'an Mountains .
So far, the expansion of Tsarist Russia has basically reached its peak, and Far East has basically been incorporated into the territory of the Russian Empire. And after hundreds of years of development and changes, today's Russia's Far East still seems to be covered with snow, without prosperity or a booming economy.
The Russian Far East has not been a key region for Russia's development. Although the double-headed eagle of the Russian national emblem has two heads, looking east-west, Russia's development center has always been the west. The center of national security is from the North Pole to the South Caucasus and then to the western border. Finally, I mention the Far East. .
The Far East is rich in natural resources. The fur business here was one of the pillars of the Russian economy during the Tsarist period. The Far East during the Soviet period provided a steady stream of energy and minerals for the development of the Soviet Union. For Russia today, the Far East has only a large number of resources as its business card. When it comes to the Russian Far East, in addition to the tragic and humiliating treaty, what we remember is more of its resources.
The Far East is called in Russia. The Far East Federal District is vast and sparsely populated. The area is huge to 6.96 million square kilometers. It is equivalent to 72.5% of China's land territory, which is larger than most countries in the world, and ranks 7th in the world! The population is only over 8 million, which is less than half of the population of Beijing.
In 2014, after the outbreak of the Crimea incident , many European and American countries imposed economic sanctions on Russia, and in 2015, Russia intervened in the Syrian war ,While being economically sanctioned, it must also win the Syrian war. Russia is facing tremendous economic pressure. As the saying goes, when the ship arrives at the bridge head, it is naturally straight. As a result, Russia has turned its attention to Asian countries, and China has recently been its biggest partner.
Russia's domestic economy can be seamlessly connected with China, it is the Far East. To this end, Russia established the Far East Economic Development Zone, trying to turn Vladivostok into the Russian version of Shenzhen. But the dream is full, the reality is very skinny.
Because economic development requires a combination of sufficient capital, technical input and resource endowments, objectively Russia’s development focus is still in Europe. Therefore, Far East wants to develop, and it has many difficulties.
In terms of resources, the Far East is adequately matched. The 2 proportions of various minerals in Russia’s reserves are: diamonds (80%), uranium (80%), tin (98%), gold (50%), silver (66%), tungsten (35%), antimony (74%) %), smelt stone (91%), brucite (100%), boron (100%). In addition, the Far East has abundant water resources and a large amount of firewood in coniferous forests, and there is natural gas under the permafrost.
However, the GDP of the Far East does not match the huge resources. The GDP of the Far East accounts for 6% of Russia's GDP . In 2019, Russia's GDP was 1.6 trillion US dollars. On a proportional basis, the Far East contributed only 96 billion US dollars, which is only 21% of Moscow's annual GDP. The poor annual GDP output value does not match the huge resource reserves. Why?
Because mineral is really difficult to mine !
Because invests in really is very rare !
Because of the natural environment really is bad !
Because 's economic and industrial structure is unbalanced !
At the same time, there is not enough population support regional development
Although the Far East is large,But most places have permafrost, and few countries can easily mine the depth of frozen soil. Located in Saha in the Far East, the depth of frozen soil has set a historical record, reaching 1370 meters thick.
The existence of frozen soil makes infrastructure construction costs and maintenance more difficult. Therefore, the traffic conditions in the entire Far East are extremely poor, and the road network cannot meet the needs of economic growth and people's travel needs, and the Trans-Siberian Railway , which runs through the Far East, has fallen into disrepair and overwhelmed.
Aviation and summer river transportation are common methods here. Air transportation with a small volume and limited river transportation also cannot promote economic development.
The key development areas of the Far East are mainly concentrated in Vladivostok, Vladivostok and other places. Vladivostok is a key development city. Because of its proximity to China and relatively convenient transportation, it is also visited by many people in the Far East. Area.
The oil of the Far East is an important economic resource. But Russia is clearly short of money. During the Soviet period, a large number of oil pipelines were laid in the Far East. Thanks to the governance of the Soviet Union, the economy of the Far East also increased steadily. Since the disintegration of the Soviet Union , the Russian central government's investment in and attention to the Far East has decreased, and the oil and gas pipelines in the Far East have gradually aged.
Russia has no choice but to attract investment and invite capital from China, Japan, South Korea and India to jointly develop. Many oil fields allow foreign capital to buy shares, but Russia’s business environment also troubles foreign capital. In recent years, due to Western economic sanctions, a large amount of foreign capital has left Russia, causing the economic development of the Far East to be hit hard.
Today, Russia has gradually recovered from sanctions, but its center of gravity is still concentrated in the west. When will Novartis’s Far East take off, the status quo is still far away.
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