1. Preface
Microbial manufacturing industry is a comprehensive industry that focuses on microorganisms and is based on cells. It uses basic scientific methods and is committed to transforming theoretical research and discoveries into actual products, production processes and system services in people's production and life. It will create new production models and economic forms for various industries such as chemicals, materials, and food. Over the past three hundred years, more than 100,000 microorganisms have been discovered and named. In 1973, scientists used genetic technology to open the door to microbial manufacturing, and studied the discovery of various modes of microorganisms and applied them to scientific research and industrial production [1].
Microbial manufacturing is formed based on the fermentation process combined with genetic engineering, cell engineering, enzyme engineering and other technical achievements. The science and technology of microbial manufacturing has gone through three stages: early development of metabolic engineering and reverse metabolic engineering, high-throughput omics, genome-level metabolic network model and post-genomic era of cell performance modification, and the latest advancements promoted by system metabolic engineering and synthetic biology. With the advancement of science and technology, synthetic biology and bioreactors have become two important pillars in microbial manufacturing [2]. Because the microbial manufacturing industry has advantages such as environmental friendliness, resource recycling, and stable production capacity, it has become a sustainable sunrise industry and occupies an important position in the development strategic plans of countries around the world.
With the rapid development of society and the rapid progress of science and technology, the microbial manufacturing industry has covered various fields such as pharmaceutical manufacturing, food processing, agricultural production improvement, chemical production, sewage treatment, innovative energy, etc. The microbial manufacturing industry has extensive environmental adaptability, diverse production and manufacturing strategies and huge economic development prospects, providing a sustainable and good model for social development. This article comprehensively analyzes the development history of the microbial manufacturing industry, the development trends of various fields, and the development opportunities and challenges of my country's microbial manufacturing industry, in order to provide reference for the development of my country's microbial manufacturing industry.
2. Development trend of the microbial manufacturing industry
(I) Current development status of the global microbial manufacturing industry
The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) proposed: Microbial manufacturing is one of the most competitive sustainable development industries. It is expected that by 2030, 35% of the world's chemical products will be replaced by microbial manufacturing products, and the microbial manufacturing industry will gradually form an economic form of sustainable development of renewable resources. By 2020, there have been 134 industrialization cases of modern microbial manufacturing, with the output value of its main fermented products being about US$14 billion, with an annual growth rate of about 4.7%. OECD predicts that the proportion of the microbial manufacturing industry in the entire bioeconomy will reach about 40%, far exceeding bioagriculture (36%) and biomedicine (25%) [3].
In 2020, the United States proposed the long-term goal of using microbial manufacturing technology to reduce energy consumption and pollution emissions in the chemical industry by 30%, and replace 25% of organic chemicals and 20% of petroleum fuel by 2030, establish a bioindustry manufacturing and design ecosystem (BioMADE), and promote the development of the US bioindustry industry. In the "European Chemical Industry Roadmap for the Bioeconomy" formulated by the EU in 2019, the annual utilization of biological products will reach 1.2×109 ~1.5×109 t by 2030, achieving the production and transformation of large-scale microbial manufacturing. The United States, the European Union, Japan, Russia and other countries and regions attach great importance to the development and application of industrial microbial technology, incorporate it into the national bioeconomy exclusive strategy or bioeconomy-related strategic plan, and increase their scientific research investment to quickly promote the industrialization process.
(II) The current development status of the domestic microbial manufacturing industry
my country attaches great importance to the research and development capabilities of the microbial manufacturing industry, and has jointly established a number of national key laboratories, national engineering research centers, industry special technology research centers, etc. in conjunction with universities and research institutes.During the 13th Five-Year Plan period, the Ministry of Science and Technology vigorously promoted the development of biomanufacturing technology, pointed out the strategic needs of biotechnology development in major national R&D projects such as the National Key Basic Research Development Plan, the National High-Tech Research Development Plan and the Science and Technology Support Plan, and vigorously promoted the development of my country's microbial manufacturing technology and industry [4].
my country's microbial manufacturing industry is transforming to a quality-efficiency type. Product output reached about 2.9×108 t in 2018, with a total output value of 247.2 billion yuan, and new products continue to increase. From 2006 to 2017, 515,677 patents were applied for in the field of industrial biotechnology worldwide and 120,586 Chinese patents, accounting for 23.4% of the total, ranking first in the world [5]. China's microbial manufacturing industry has formed an industrial chain of starch, cellulose, lignin oil, protein and other systems, and ranks first in the world in the fields of citric acid, glutamic acid, vitamin B2, amylase and other fields (see Figure 1). Taking citric acid as an example, from 1992 to 2020, my country's R&D team developed new bacterial strains, new processes, and composite enzyme technologies to achieve output of 191 g/L, far exceeding developed countries, with annual output reaching above 1.4×106 t; from 2004 to 2020, the production level of vitamin C was significantly improved, with annual output reaching 2.13×105 t, reaching a world-class level. In the past 20 years, China's microbial manufacturing industry has achieved a move from following and companion to leading the way in the fields of production technology such as citric acid and vitamin C (see Figure 2).
Figure 1 Overview of the microbial manufacturing industry chain
Figure 2 Current status of citric acid and vitamin C industry development in China
Although the scale of antibiotics, vitamins, amino acids and probiotics in my country has exceeded 50 billion yuan, the core strain autonomy rate is less than 20%, of which the strain autonomy rate of amino acids is less than 5%. At the same time, some advanced instruments and core technologies rely entirely on imports, causing huge outflows of funds and forming a monopoly of overseas industries. On the other hand, with the strong support of national policies, my country's microbial manufacturing industry has developed rapidly and has surpassed developed countries in many fields. At the same time, my country's microbial manufacturing has huge room for development in wastewater, waste gas treatment, material and energy development, etc., which have prompted my country to have the opportunity to seize the future core technologies in this field and increase the industry competitiveness of the international market.
(III) Market development trend of the microbial manufacturing industry
In modern fermentation industries such as enzyme preparations and biomedicine, the United States, the European Union and other countries and regions are in a technological monopoly position. It uses cutting-edge technologies such as gene editing and digital models to promote the research and development and application of microbial manufacturing, such as DuPont, the United States, to develop new biomanufacturing technologies with high yields of 1,3-propylene glycol [6]. At the same time, developed countries have made major breakthroughs in the fields of commercialization of microbial fermentation production, development of new degradable products, and establishment of global biodata platforms. In addition, developed countries are also committed to the research and development of instruments, equipment and equipment systems related to the microbial manufacturing industry. For example, Opentrons, the United States, developed pipetting robots and Synlogic, developed cell programming platforms, etc., to realize laboratory automation research and development and efficient production of the microbial manufacturing industry.
Japan, China, South Korea and other microbial applications in traditional fermentation industries have a long historical background and a deep research foundation, and occupy a large market share in bulk fermentation industries such as amino acids and yeast. In recent years, my country's GDP has grown at a rate of about 10% every year. my country's microbial manufacturing industry has begun to move from industrialization to industrialization, and its coverage and production scale have continued to expand. The microbial manufacturing industry has gradually become a new growth point for the national economy. In 2010, among the commodities exported by my country, antibiotics, vitamins, amino acids, and organic acid raw materials were the main exporters, and their production scale was firmly ranked first in the world [6]. The use of microbial methods to manufacture ethylene glycol, butanol, ethylene and other products has achieved industrial production. At the same time, the production of new materials such as bioplastics and biochemical fibers has reached an industrial scale [7].
(IV) Technology development trends of the microbial manufacturing industry
At present, microbial manufacturing technology is still in its initial development stage worldwide. During the 13th Five-Year Plan period, the country advocates energy conservation and emission reduction, green production, transforms the economic development model, vigorously develops the microbial manufacturing industry, and promotes my country's transformation from a big microbial manufacturing country to a strong microbial technology country.
genome shuffling technology, system metabolism engineering technology, global cell perturbation technology and other microbial genome breeding technologies have achieved significant benefits in the biosynthesis of amino acids and other [8]. The advancement of microbial manufacturing technology has accelerated the functionalization and intelligent research of new microbial synthesis based on data analysis and gene editing, constructing new bacterial strains, and designing complex enzymes, greatly improved the efficiency of biological performance and material transformation, accelerated the process of my country's microbial manufacturing industry, and promoted the adjustment of my country's industrial industrial structure.
In recent years, the microbial manufacturing industry has applied cloud computing, the Internet of Things and robots and developed a microbial reactor composed of optical sensors, data analysis software, etc., achieving the production goals of multi-data online monitoring, high-throughput screening, low unit energy consumption and short experimental cycle. In the future, the microbial manufacturing industry can use information physics systems (CPS) formed by technologies such as big data and artificial intelligence to create an intelligent manufacturing industry chain with self-perception, self-learning, self-decision, self-execution, and self-adaptive functions to achieve standardized, refined and intelligent production.
III. Analysis of the development of subdivided industries of my country's microbial manufacturing
(I) Development trend of microbial manufacturing in the field of fermented food
my country's fermentation bulk industries mainly include amino acids, organic acids, yeast, starch sugars, polyols, functional fermented products, etc. Since the 13th Five-Year Plan, an industrial structure with coordinated development of multiple products such as MSG, lysine, citric acid, crystalline glucose and other bulk products as the main body, and small variety of amino acids, functional sugar alcohols, oligosaccharides, and microbial polysaccharides as supplements. Among them, the production and trade volume of fermented bulk products such as MSG, lysine, and citric acid ranks among the top in the world. The output of main products of the fermentation industry increased from 1.84×107 t in 2010 to 3×107 t in 2019, with an annual average growth rate of 7.8%. At the same time, the output value also increased from 199 billion yuan to 329 billion yuan, with an annual average growth rate of 9.3%. The total export volume and export volume of major products in the biofermentation industry have grown steadily year by year, among which citric acid, MSG, starch sugar and other products have always been the main export products of the biofermentation industry [9].
my country's microbial manufacturing industry has combined with a variety of synthetic biological technologies such as metabolic engineering, multiomics analysis, metabolic network model calculation, regulatory gene circuit design and gene component design, and is widely used in the production of organic acids, amino acids, antibiotics and other products (see Table 1). For example, glucose is directly converted to malic acid by transforming the metabolic pathway, increasing its yield to above 180 g/L; by designing the arginine synthesis pathway, reducing the overflow pathway and other operations to synthesize new bacterial species, so that the L-arginine yield reaches 92.5 g/L; by model design and overexpressing key genes, the production level of erythromycin, doxorubicin, tyloxin, etc. is effectively improved [6].
Table 1 The recent development of my country's organic acid fermentation industry
At present, the liquor industry is developing at the same rate as other food industries such as dairy products, and has shown a good development trend. The sales of the entire liquor industry increased by 4.61% from 450 billion yuan in 2012 to 583.639 billion yuan in 2020, a cumulative increase of 4.61%; by 2020, the total profit reached 158.541 billion yuan, a cumulative increase of 13.35% [10]. Soy sauce, vinegar, pickled vegetables and other industries have also used microbiome analysis, brewing process optimization, functional component analysis and other technologies to upgrade from traditional natural fermentation to precisely regulated industrial CNC fermentation, and developed from past handicraft workshops to small and medium-sized enterprises and a few leading enterprises (see Figure 3). Generally speaking, since the 13th Five-Year Plan, by utilizing advanced microbial synthesis technology and advanced production equipment, the output and scale of my country's fermentation industry have been greatly improved, and the trend of stable development has been maintained.
Figure 3 The proportion of green factories in the fermented food field in China
(II) Development trend of microbial manufacturing in the biological fertilizer field
Starting from 2015, the State Council issued the "Action Plan for Zero Growth of Fertilizer Usage by 2020" and other policies to control the use of fertilizers, committed to solving the problems of water and soil pollution and overcapacity of chemical fertilizers, and promoting the development of microbial fertilizers. At present, my country's 2×108 mu (1 mu ≈ 666.67 m2) microbial fertilizer feed production base mainly produces biological fertilizers, biological organic fertilizers and microbial bacteria agents. The microbial fertilizer products registered by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs include 9 types of bacteria, including rhizobia agents, nitrogen-fixing agents, and phosphorus-soluble agents. From traditional strain screening to strain transformation design, multi-efficient composite bacterial system manufacturing, and functional mining of fertilizer strains, microbial manufacturing has achieved the diversity, regulation and accuracy of fertilizer strain research and development. Nowadays, there are nitrogen-fixing green algae fertilizers, 5406 antibiotic fertilizers, vesicle arbors (VA) mycorrhizals, and combined nitrogen-fixing bacteria as seed mixers [11]. In 2020, the Quality Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs showed that the number of microbial bacterial agent products was 3,315, accounting for 45.75%; the number of biological organic fertilizer products was 2,205, accounting for 30.43%; the number of composite microbial fertilizer products was 1,399, accounting for 19.31%. There are more than 2,000 microbial fertilizer manufacturing enterprises in my country, with a production capacity of 3×107 t and an output value of 40 billion, and a certain industrial scale has been formed. After 2017, the number of new enterprises increased significantly and the development momentum was rapid. As of the end of 2020, a total of 7,604 products were registered, and the top 4 registered were microbial bacteria agents, biological organic fertilizers, composite microbial fertilizers, and organic fertilizer decomposition agents [12].
In December 2020, the Microbial Fertilizer Technology Research and Promotion Center held the "4th China Microbial Fertilizer Technology Research and Industry Development Conference". The Ministry of Science and Technology, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs held a discussion and exchange with domestic biological companies. Taking microbial technology and innovative industrialization as the direction, it actively promoted the long-term development of my country's microbial fertilizer industry. The primary goal of the future development of my country's microbial fertilizer industry is demand-oriented, and it will build a scientific and technological innovation platform that integrates "production, education and research", select and breed new bacterial strains, develop new products, and expand new functions, so as to achieve the long-term development of sustainable innovation in the microbial fertilizer industry.
(III) Development trend of microbial manufacturing in the field of enzyme preparations
Enzyme preparations refer to a type of substance with enzyme characteristics extracted from organisms. They can replace chemical reactions that require special conditions such as high temperature and strong acids in production. They have the advantages of simplifying processes, reducing costs, increasing yield, saving energy, and reducing pollution. At present, enzyme preparations have been used in food processing, pharmaceutical fields, environmental protection, agriculture and chemical industries. According to the statistical data of the "Research Report on Market Competitive Strategies and Investment Feasibility of China's Enzyme Preparation Preparation Market from 2020 to 2026" released by CICC Qixin (Beijing) International Information Consulting Co., Ltd., the annual output of enzyme preparations reached 1.2×106 t, and the annual growth rate remained at around 10%. There are more than 3,000 varieties of enzyme preparations so far, but only more than 60 enzyme preparations have achieved large-scale industrial production, and the enzyme preparation industry has huge room for development and broad prospects.
In 2005, the annual output of enzyme preparation products was only 4.8×105 t (standard), and by 2010 it had grown to 7.75×105 t, reaching a compound growth rate of 10.1% [13]. Although Chinese companies have achieved major breakthroughs in the field of feed enzyme preparations, accounting for 14% of the global feed enzyme preparation market, industrial enzyme preparations, which are core in the entire bioeconomy field, are still lagging behind international leading companies. With the accumulation of knowledge in disciplines such as genetic engineering and protein engineering, as well as breakthroughs in high-throughput sequencing technology and gene editing, the microbial manufacturing of industrial enzyme preparations has also ushered in new development opportunities. The discovery of microbial enzymes, the transformation of microbial cell factories, and the de novo synthesis of expertise will all provide new solutions for biomedicine, environmental energy, biomaterials and other industries, thereby promoting a new wave of technological revolution.Therefore, seizing opportunities in the new wave of technological revolution, quickly mastering core technologies, improving industry technical level, and improving international competitiveness are the strategic focus of my country's enzyme preparation industry development.
(IV) Development trend of microbial manufacturing in the field of bio-based chemicals
Bio-based products mainly refer to the use of lignocellulosic agricultural and forestry waste such as straw as raw materials to produce environmentally friendly chemical products and green energy. Among them, bio-based chemicals are one of the hot spots in the world today and can effectively solve the disadvantages of large energy consumption and pollution of the environment in the traditional chemical industry. More than $4 trillion in products worldwide are produced by chemical methods, and according to the OECD, at least 20% of petrochemical products (about $800 billion) can be replaced by bio-based chemicals over the next 10 years. Among the EU's bio-based economic development goals by 2030, bio-based chemicals will account for 30% of the total EU chemical production; by 2025, bio-based chemicals will account for 22% of the global chemical market, with output value exceeding 5×1011 USD/year. At the same time, bio-based chemicals are also one of the materials that are clearly proposed to focus on developing in my country's "13th Five-Year Plan". In recent years, my country's bio-based economy has maintained an average annual growth rate of about 20%, and the total output has reached 6×106 t/a [14].
In my country's microbial manufacturing bio-based products, bio-based fine chemicals occupy most of the market share. Currently, there are more than 5,000 bio-manufacturing enterprises in my country, reaching a total output value of 1.5 million yuan, of which more than 400 billion yuan is the modern bio-manufacturing industry. With the continuous development of core theoretical technologies such as metabolic engineering, synthetic biology, and enzyme engineering, through the use of technical means such as metabolic transformation and protein de novo design, my country uses one-step biosynthesis to efficiently produce L-alanine, which can significantly save costs while shortening production time. It has a clear advantage in competition with traditional international giants such as Germany's BASF Group and Japan's Ainosuke Company, and occupy more than 60% of the international market. At the same time, in the production of bulk chemical products such as succinic acid and D-lactic acid, technical methods such as transforming the strain metabolic pathway and de novo synthesis of new enzymes have reached the international leading technical level. However, the domestic bio-based chemical industry still has the current situation of restriction of key raw materials, lack of core technologies, high product costs, and insufficient market competitiveness. It still has a gap with developed countries in terms of overall scale and level.
(V) Development trend of microbial manufacturing in the field of bio-based materials
my country is the fourth largest plastic product producer in the world. The annual demand for plastic products reaches 7×106 t, and the discarded plastic products are about 2×106 t. In the global "plastic ban" environment, bio-based materials known for their "green, environmentally friendly, renewable, and easy to degrade" are particularly important and usher in a golden period of development. The German Nova Institute report proposes that bio-based materials have a market share of about 1% in polymers and plastics, and by 2024, the estimated compound annual growth rate is about 3% to 4%, which is similar to the growth rate of traditional petroleum-based polymer materials. The annual demand for bio-based plasticizers in the domestic market is about 3.1×106 t, and with the continuous expansion of application fields, it is increasing at a rate of 8% to 12% per year, but the production capacity is still less than 1×104 t, which is far from meeting market demand and has a huge gap.
At present, the production and application of bio-based materials has become more specialized and universal. Transforming microbial proteins through synthetic biology, genomics and other technologies to build new bio-based materials with special properties has become a research hotspot. New biomaterials such as polylactic acid (PLA), polybutylene succinate (PBS), and polyhydroxy fatty acid ester (PHA) have been used in the production of bio-based plasticizers. E. coli has achieved the synthesis of PHA using glucose through a one-step method by introducing exogenous genes, weakening inhibitory genes, strengthening promoters, etc., in which the molar percentage of the lactic acid component reaches 1.6% and the polymer content is 83.9 wt%, providing the basis for the manufacturing of bio-based materials [15]. The use of microorganisms to prepare bio-based materials can greatly reduce pollution problems in chemical synthesis, and the relatively low production cost can greatly enhance the market competitiveness of bio-based materials.The bio-based materials industry has broad development space in improving technological innovation capabilities and accelerating the process of industrialization. Microbial manufacturing will be the core technology of future bio-based materials production.
(VI) Development trend of microbial manufacturing in the field of biomass energy
Biomass energy is an energy source that uses straw and other plant raw materials to ferment them into biogas, biohydrogen production, biodiesel and fuel ethanol. In 2019, the British "BP World Energy Statistical Yearbook" pointed out that the world's biofuel production is increasing year by year, and the market share of biofuels has gradually increased. By 2018, the global fuel ethanol production reached 6.04×107 toe. In my country, biomass energy mainly includes biomass power generation, biodiesel and bio-natural gas. For example, using emulsification technology and biosynthesis technology, lignin is efficiently synthesized into liquid fuel, which has the advantages of low environmental pollution, high combustion efficiency and abundant reserves [16]. According to the development prospects of the biomass energy industry, as of 2019, the scale of my country's biomass power generation investment exceeded 150.2 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 12.3%. In 2020, China's biomass energy industry added approximately 196 billion yuan, of which biomass power generation, bionatural gas, biomass forming fuel heating industry, and bioliquid fuel became key investment projects [17]. In March 2021, State Grid issued the "Announcement on the Announcement of the List of the Sixth Batch of Renewable Energy Power Generation Subsidy Projects in 2021", of which 6 biomass power generation projects were included, including 5 waste incineration power generation projects and 1 agricultural and forestry biomass power generation project, with an approved/recorded capacity of 139 MW, and a centralized biomass power generation project with a renewable energy power generation subsidy list, with an approved/recorded capacity of 30 MW, marking that biomass energy has become a key strategic goal of national energy development.
The "13th Five-Year Plan for the Development of Biomass Energy" points out that the biomass energy industry has reached commercialization, standardization and scale, and its annual utilization is approximately equal to 5.8×107 tce, achieving "green production, energy conservation and emission reduction". According to statistics, the amount of garbage generated in China in 2020 exceeded 3.6×108 t. At present, in the face of such a huge amount of garbage resources, my country is mainly stuck in the treatment model of centralized incineration and power generation, while developed Western countries have used domestic waste to recycle and produce agricultural fertilizers, industrial materials, etc., realizing the recycling of energy. Looking ahead, the biomass energy industry can carry out research and development in the field of garbage remanufacturing, fine-grained classification and utilization of waste, and achieve "turning waste into treasure".
4. Development of my country's microbial manufacturing industry SWOT analysis
(I) Advantage analysis (Strengths)
With the strong support of relevant national policies, the microbial manufacturing industry has developed steadily, the industrial scale has grown rapidly, and the social benefits are significant. Among them, the output and output value of the biofermentation field of microbial manufacturing have steadily increased, exports have grown steadily, and international competitiveness has been greatly improved. At the same time, my country has great market space and market potential. Taking the bioenergy field of microbial manufacturing as an example, by 2035, my country's crude oil demand is expected to exceed 7×108 t, and natural gas is expected to exceed 6×1011 m3, of which 70% of crude oil and 30% of natural gas need to be imported. Survey data show that the potential for bioethanol and biogas development in my country is 1.5×108 t and 2.5×1011 m3, respectively [18]. This shows that my country's microbial manufacturing has great market potential and development space in the field of bioenergy.
(II) Disadvantages (Weaknesses)
1. Raw material disadvantages
The existing technology in the microbial industry has a large demand for non-grain biomass raw materials such as lignin cellulose (straw), methanol (C1), etc., there are bottlenecks in the research and development technology of core raw materials for microbial production, and serious import dependence, resulting in low product quality and added value, insufficient atomic economy, high production costs, and poor market competitiveness compared with petrochemical refining products.
2. Technical disadvantages
my country's innovation capabilities in basic technology fields such as biocatalyst creation are relatively weak, and it is subject to the intellectual property rights of core bacterial species and key enzymes. There are problems such as large investment in the early stage, dispersed resources, lack of talents, and low conversion rate of results, which makes the domestic microbial manufacturing industry lack competitiveness in the international market. In addition, my country's microbial manufacturing industry lacks its prospective technology reserves. Compared with developed countries such as Europe and the United States, there is still a gap in my country's strategic architecture and underlying core technologies, especially the cross-disciplinary layout of cutting-edge disciplines in the new era represented by dynamic regulation, digital models, sensing technology, etc. is obviously insufficient.
3. Equipment disadvantages
At this stage, the core equipment support system of my country's microbial manufacturing is still hugely different from that of advanced countries, and there is a lack of equipment support systems based on big data, artificial intelligence and other technologies, such as microbial reactors, process sensing detection, etc. as the core. Due to insufficient accumulation of the foundation of my country's high-end equipment manufacturing industry chain, it is relatively backward in multiple sub-technical fields such as raw materials, standardized processing, auxiliary accessories, and online inspection. The monopoly of high-end equipment R&D technology, expensive cost, long R&D time, etc., has led to high risk of investment returns of manufacturing enterprises, and ultimately formed a vicious cycle in the industry
(III) Opportunities Analysis (Opportunities)
"Outline of the 14th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the People's Republic of China and the Long-Term Goals for 2035" points out that it is necessary to vigorously promote the integration and innovation of bioinformatics technology, accelerate the development of biomedicine, biomaterials, bioenergy and other industries, and make the bioeconomy bigger and stronger. At the same time, in the "National Medium- and Long-term Development Plan for Science and Technology", industrial biotechnology is listed as a cutting-edge technology in science and technology, and the biotechnology industry is identified as one of the seven strategic emerging industries. In addition to macro-industrial policies, my country is also actively promoting the "Belt and Road" strategy to promote talent exchanges and efficiently utilize global innovation resources.
In addition to strong policy support, the country's investment in the microbial manufacturing industry has also increased year by year, and the industry infrastructure has been greatly improved, which has vigorously promoted the development of the biotechnology industry. Industrial bioindustry clusters with the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta as the core are all internationally competitive. It can be said that my country's emphasis on microbial technology has been raised to an unprecedented strategic height, encouraging innovation and entrepreneurship of high-tech, guiding the intersection of multiple disciplines, integrating big data and artificial intelligence, and forming a favorable guarantee for the further development of this field.
(IV) Threats analysis (Threats)
Under the current severe international situation and fierce industry competition, the United States, the European Union, Japan and other countries and regions have strengthened their future forward-looking layout in the field of microbial manufacturing, trying to divide the international market and set technical barriers in multiple microbial manufacturing industries, bringing many challenges to my country's microbial manufacturing industry. The United States has specially issued the "China Biotechnology Development: The Participation and Role of the United States and Other Countries" for biotechnology, and has taken various measures to focus on preventing and blocking my country's biomanufacturing and other fields. In April 2020, the Brookings Institution in the United States released a report "China's role in the global biotechnology field and its impact on US policy", which comprehensively analyzed the challenges of my country's microbial manufacturing industry to the United States and proposed corresponding measures. As core bacterial strains and advanced equipment are subject to the control of others, the phenomenon of "bottleneck" in my country's microbial manufacturing industry is becoming increasingly prominent and market development is restricted. After expanding its scale or entering the international market, Dacheng Group, Ningxia Yipin Biotechnology Co., Ltd. and other companies have been subject to patent litigation from international leading enterprises, seriously hindering the development of enterprises. Some enterprises have even reached the point of bankruptcy and reorganization. These events reflect that the current advanced technologies in the field of microbial manufacturing are heavily dependent on foreign countries, the protection of intellectual property rights is weak, and the phenomenon of "reference" of technology occurs frequently, reflecting that there are still many problems in the current microbial manufacturing industry technology system, industrial system and intellectual property system.Although
faces many external threats and challenges, we should also clearly realize that the microbial manufacturing industry is still an emerging industry, and my country's overall development level is basically parallel to foreign countries. With the continuous breakthroughs of domestic R&D institutions and enterprises, we have the opportunity to master the future core technologies in this field, form a continuous R&D capability and independent product system, technology system, industrial system and intellectual property system, to ensure the healthy economic development and national defense security of our country.
5. Development suggestions for my country's microbial manufacturing industry
(I) Process and equipment
The report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China pointed out that it is necessary to accelerate the construction of a manufacturing power, accelerate the development of advanced manufacturing, promote the deep integration of the Internet, big data, artificial intelligence and the real economy, and cultivate new growth points and form new momentum in the fields of mid-to-high-end consumption, innovation-led, green and low-carbon, sharing economy, modern supply chain, human capital services, etc. [19]. This urgently requires my country's manufacturing industry to move towards green, high-end and intelligent directions.
Therefore, in terms of the process and equipment of microbial manufacturing, we should focus on the demand for high-end, green and intelligent biomanufacturing, take the intelligent bioreactors, intelligent process sensing detection, etc. of key core equipment, and combine intelligent analysis of biological processes and the development of decision-making software to realize intelligent biomanufacturing driven by big data-knowledge hybrid.
(II) Cross-frontier and disruptive innovation
"Special Plan for Biotechnology Innovation in the 13th Five-Year Plan" points out that the development of biotechnology highlights the increasingly close trend of global scientific and technological innovation development with the intersection of disciplines, and expands the space for scientific discovery and technological breakthroughs. The United States has always attached great importance to the cutting-edge exploration of biomaterial cross-technology. Research by world-renowned think tanks predict that biomaterial cross-technology may achieve disruptive breakthroughs in the next 10 years. Therefore, my country's microbial manufacturing industry should insist on leading the leap and promote deep integration and cross-disciplinary and cross-industry integration and cross-cooperation. Give full play to the leading role of biotechnology, strengthen original innovation and integrated innovation, promote the transformation and industrialization of biotechnology achievements, and seize the strategic commanding heights of international competition.
The cutting-edge cross-cutting and application of biomanufacturing will help my country get rid of the dilemma of insufficient original innovation capabilities and the key core technologies being subject to human difficulties, and improve the quality of scientific and technological innovation; it will help provide a new material foundation for my country's scientific and technological innovation to achieve leapfrog development; it will help narrow the gap in scientific and technological innovation with developed countries, and provide my country with new strategic opportunities to build a world science and technology power.
(III) Advance deployment
In the process of developing the microbial manufacturing industry, integrated deployment should be carried out from basic research, key technologies to industrial application demonstration. This will accelerate the development of the biotechnology industry and support the realization of strategic goals such as "building a world science and technology power" and "Made in China 2025" [20].
should give full play to the supporting and leading role of microbial technology in economic construction and social development, aim at the basic frontiers of microbial, major key technologies, industrial application and other directions, adhere to the policy of "independent innovation, key leapfrogging, supporting development, and leading the future", concentrate resources systematic layout, strengthen original innovation and integrated innovation, and take independent innovation from beginning to end as the strategic basis for the development of my country's microbial manufacturing industry.
6. Conclusion
Microbial manufacturing industry has shown huge economic benefits and social value in the fields of food, chemical industry, agriculture and medicine, and has developed rapidly in the materials, environment and energy industries. With the continuous research and development of basic biological research and technical equipment, it may also enter the fields of mining, metallurgy and other fields in the future, realizing the long-term development of microbial manufacturing in all-round, multi-field, high-tech and sophisticated microbial manufacturing. However, my country's microbial manufacturing industry has a long way to go in terms of scientific and technological research and development and technological innovation. I believe that with my country's policy support and the joint efforts of relevant scientific research institutes, my country's microbial manufacturing industry can improve industrial efficiency, expand its application scope, improve international competitiveness, and achieve the strategic goal of making a strong country in microbial manufacturing technology.
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