"A genome wide pattern of population structure and admixture in peninister Malaysia Malaysia" and "The Whole Genome Structure and Mixture Pattern of Malay Population in Peninsula Malaysia" studied the whole genome of Malaysia and Indonesia Malay. The study found that the genetic composition of these populations is widely present.
1. Research population
First of all, the article introduces the population composition of in the Malay Peninsula, In Peninsular Malaysia, the Malaysians form the majority of the population (63.1%) followed by Chinese (24.6%) and Indians (7.3%). The main population is Malays with a proportion of 63.1%, 24.6% Chinese and 7.3% Indians.
For the sampling, the article introduces the sampling as . The five branches of the Malay are Melayu Bugis, Melayu Jawa, Melayu Minang, Melayu Kedah, and Melayu Kelantan. 12 corresponding races were selected as comparisons, including the original Malays in Malaysia (1), the Niglitho people in Malaysia (dwarf blacks) in Malaysia (2), Yunnan, Thailand (1), Indonesian (3), India (2), and Africa (1).
2. autosomal analysis
The author analyzed the genes of these 17 populations through admixture software.
results show that when K=6, it can be divided into six main components: Malays ( Malay ), Proto-Malays (original Malay), Semang (Niglitou-Seman), Chinese (Chinese ingredients), Indians (Indians), and African (Africa).
Cluster1 (New Malay ingredient), which is more common in Malaysia and Indonesia. Among the five tribes in Malaysia, Jawa Java (0.419), Bugis Bugis (0.255), Minang Minan (0.318), Kelantan Kelantan (0.222), and Kedah Kedah (0.206). Among the three tribes in Indonesia, Jawa Java (0.251), Melayu Malay (0.378), and Toraja Toraza (0.444), with fewer people in other groups.
Cluster2 (primitive Malay component), is less than the tribes and is only higher in Temuan (36.1%). This group is a tribe in Malaysia, belongs to the primitive Malays, and the rest are all below 5%.
Cluster3 (Niglito - the short black component) is relatively rare among all tribes, only in jungle, Jahai (0.808) and Kensui (0.926), while the other groups are below 6%.
Cluster4 (Chinese ingredient) is the most widely distributed ingredient. Among the five Malay tribes in Malaysia, Jawa (0.561), Bugis (0.665), Minang (0.525), Kelantan (0.542), and Kedah (0.527), accounting for more than 50%. In Temuan (0.478), the primitive Malay tribe in Malaysia, Ja in the two tribes of Negritos (Negritos dwarf black people) hai (0.168), Kensui (0.035), in Pattani (0.57), in the Peking University Prefecture of Thailand (0.57), and in the three tribes of Indonesia, Jawa (0.663), Melayu (0.586), and Toraja (0.54), they also account for more than 50%. In the Jinuo tribes in Yunnan, China (0.959) and Wa Wa (0.936), they all account for more than 90%, in Marathi (0.006) and Telugu (0.006) in India. Among all new Malaysians and all Indonesian Malay people, Cluster4 (Chinese ingredient) has the highest proportion. The proportion of the dwarf black primitive people and Indian people is very small, at 16.8%, 3.5%, 0.6%, and 0.6%.
Cluster5 (Indian ingredient) also has a certain influence among the major tribes in Malaysia and Indonesia, but it is obviously much weaker than the Chinese ingredient. It is divided into five Malaysian tribes, Jawa (0.004), Bugis (0.008), Minang (0.125), Kelantan (0.162), and Kedah (0.208), the primitive Malay Temuan (0.006), the two short black tribes Jahai (0.002) and Kensui (0.015), Pattani (0.14), and the three Indonesian tribes Jawa (0.008), Melayu (0.012), Toraja Toraja (0.003), Jinuo (0.005), Wa Wa (0.005), and Marathi, native Indian country (0.979), Telugu (0.975).
Cluster6 is an African component. Among the 12 populations, only the African Yoruba people account for 99.2%, and the Indian Marath accounts for 0.4% among other Asian populations. Other Asians basically have no different analysis results of
admixture software from K=2 to K=10, as shown in the figure below.
3. Article Conclusion
The article found that among the five Malay races, 98% of the gene fragments can be found in Indians and Chinese. The Malays have had many integrations with other ethnic groups in history.
article points out that More than 98% of these northern Malays haplotypes could be found in either Indians or Chinese populations, indicating a highly admixture pattern among populations. (More of the northern Malays can be found in either Indians or Chinese populations, indicating a highly admixture pattern among populations.)
Clustering maps of different populations, you can see that the Chinese, primitive Malays, new Malays, and shared genomes are closer on the clustering tree, while the Indian and African populations are farther away.
For the formation of modern Malays, the article reviews history and points out that the new Malays more than 2,000 years ago are the main source of modern Malaysian Malays. In relation to the modern Malays, it is known that Malays have been previously referred to as admitted Deutero-Malays, which are the descendants of the Proto-Malays who had admixture with other populations, such as Arab,Sumatran and Siamese. (As for the modern Malays, it is generally believed that it refers to the development of the New Malays in history. The New Malays are formed by the fusion of the original Malays with other populations such as Arabs , Sumatras and Siamese .)
At the same time, the article believes that the migration and integration of Chinese people is an important source of ethnic origin for the formation of the New Malays. Other sources have posted that the Deutero-Malays originally migrated through the southern part of China, and reached the Malay Peninsula about 1500 to 2000 years ago, after the arrival of the Proto-Malays. (Another important origin hypothesis about the formation of the New Malays is the immigrants who migrated from southern China 1500-2000 years ago. They arrived at the Malay Peninsula after the original Malays.) The
article provides PCA principal component analysis. Judging from the PCA chart, it is indeed the case. The two groups in China (Kino and Wa) are close to the five Malay tribes and the three Indonesian tribes. There are large differences in language and religious beliefs between Chinese and Malay people, while there are fewer genetic differences.
Finally, the article further believes that the ancestors of the modern Malays shared the ancestors with the primitive Malays and the Chinese. the ancestry lines of Malaysians, Indonesians and Thais were traced back to have shared a common ancestor with the Proto-Malays and Chinese.
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