Abstract: There are different opinions on the origin of Li Ka-shing's ancestors. Li Ka-shing's ancestors should be Li Huode from Shanghang, western Fujian, and Li Mingshan was the ancestor of entering the tide after Li Huode.

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2025-03-31

Abstract: There are different opinions about the origin of Li Ka-shing's ancestors. Li Ka-shing's ancestors should be Li Huode from Shanghang, western Fujian, and Li Mingshan was the ancestor of entering the tide after Li Huode. Analysis of the source of Li Ka-shing's family, on the one hand, proves the phenomenon of moving to Chaozhou Hakka , and on the other hand, shows that the Chinese genealogy is far-fetched. Li Ka-shing’s identity as a Chaoshan person shows that ethnic changes are frequent and blood ties should not be the criterion for judging ethnic belongings.

Keywords: Li Ka-shing; Chaozhou; Hakka; from Ke to Chao

There are many books about Li Ka-shing, but few people really have academic value , such as the origin of the ancestors of Li's family, and many of the biography of Li Ka-shing are incomplete and unclear. Li Ka-shing's low level of research is not only related to the lack of relevant materials, but also the utilitarian attitude of the writer. Through tracing the origin, it was discovered that the Li family came from Hakka, Fujian, and the descendants of the Li family forgot their Hakka ancestors and achieved complete Chaoshanization. The changes in the Li family are the phenomenon of changing from guest to tide in the interaction between Chaoke tribes.

. Li Huode, the ancestor of the Li family,

According to "History of Li Huode":

Li Huode was a Hakka who moved south at the end of the Song Dynasty. He originated in Longxi and belonged to the descendants of the Tang Dynasty, Gaozu of Tang Dynasty, Li Yuan and Taizong Li Shimin . From the north to the south, we went to Banlangkaiji, Nentian Township, our county to start a business. The public values friendship, respects etiquette, is diligent and frugal, and is kind and generous. He is deeply respected by future generations and is respected as the "ancestor of the Li family entering Fujian". [1]

Also, "Huode Weng's surname is Li, and his first Ting was from Ninghua. During the chaos of the Song and Yuan dynasties, he and his wife Wu were evaded in the prosperous and lenient things in Shanghang. Seeing that the mountains are beautiful and the land is fertile, the people are pure and elegant, so they live with them." [2]

Shengyunli in Shanghang County, which is now the "Nintian Township". Now Fenglang Village is full of residents of Chen and Liu, but people with the surname Li live in Guantian, Dapinghu, Shangduping, Batou in Rentian Township, Zaitou in Lanxi Township, Taiba Township and other places. Fenglang Village is the "stone wall" of Shanghang Village and is one of the "transit stations" of Hakka surnamed Li in Shanghang. [3]

Researchers pointed out that the appearance of Hakka people is a group name with modern academic significance. The time of the formation of Hakka people is controversial in the academic community. In "A New Exploration of Hakka Origins", Xie Chongguang believed that "Since the Hakka people had formed a common region, common economic life, common social qualities, and common language at the time of the Southern Song Dynasty. Then, it should be more appropriate to affirm the Hakka people's family and be established in the Southern Song Dynasty at the latest." [4] Ninghua and Shanghang where Li Huode lived were the base camps and important transit stations of Hakka. To this day, Li Huode's status as the ancestor of the Hakka Li family has been widely recognized by the Hakka people.

"The Origin of Hakka Family" records the origin of the Li Family: "Because the Li family lived in Longxi for generations, and was the prefect of Longxi and the King of Longxi many times, and was a prominent family in Longxi, so the Li family took Longxi as the hall name. By the 78th generation of the Northern Song Dynasty, Li Zhu avoided the war and fled to Jiangsu and Zhejiang, and then entered Shibi Village, Ninghua County, Tingzhou Prefecture, Fujian, and settled in Lijiafang. Zhu gave birth to sons: Jinde, Woodde, Shuide, Fire virtue and earth virtue. ”[5]

According to the introduction of the Li clan ancestral hall in Shanghang, there were many branches of the Li clan entering Fujian. There were Li Zhu of the Song Dynasty moved from Shicheng, Jiangxi to Ninghua and shibiliu as the foundation. There were Duke Wulang moved from Ninghua to Lijiaqiao from Ninghua to Changzhai as the foundation. There were Li Shicheng moved from Ruijin to the north of Wuping to the city of Wuping as the foundation. One question here is why the Hakka Li family traced the ancestors of Fujian to Li Huode? "History of Li Huode" records:

Li Huode is a descendant of the Tang royal family. Huode's father Baozhu was moved south to Ninghua Fossil Wall. There is a record in the genealogy of Li's family; "Meng Gong was born to Duke Baozhu, and at that time the Song Dynasty was rebelled by the Yuan soldiers. He came to Tingzhou Prefecture from Longxi to marry Tian, gave birth to five sons, and used gold, wood, water, fire and earth as the names, and five brothers passed on to the world."When Huo De was in Ninghua, he served as a county Confucian teacher, and later took his wife Wu, and moved his father Baozhu from Shibi to Fenglang Village, Shengyunli, Shanghang. [6]

From the above, it seems that the person who is more qualified to become the so-called ancestor of Fujian should be Li Baozhu (some materials are written as "Li Zhu"), but compared with Li Baozhu, Li Huode surpassed his father in terms of virtue, and he served as a county Confucian teacher, so Li Huode was regarded as the ancestor of Fujian, which is more authoritative than Li Baozhu. Therefore, Li Huode was considered by later generations to be the ancestor of Hakka Li's family.

Reputation is one aspect, and some Japanese people also noticed the relationship between Li Huode and Ning Fossil Wall. This is The "holy land" in the minds of Hakka people can also connect Li Huode with Hakka people:

investigates the migration process of "Li Huode". To , the ancestor of "Li Zhen" in western Fujian was the generation of "Li Fen" in the 79th generation "Li Fen" in Jiangxi. He has moved from Henan to Shicheng, Jiangxi Province. Both "Li Zhu" in the 80th generation and "Li Zhu" in the 81st generation were born in Shicheng, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, but "Li Huode" in the 82nd generation was born in Ninghua Fossil Wall in Fujian Province. Then, "Li Huode" moved from Ninghua Fossil Wall to Shanghang, and gave birth to three children in Shanghang, namely Sanyilang, Sanerlang, and Sansanlang. In short, in the genealogy of the Li family, only "Li Huode" passed through the land of Ninghua Fossil Wall for generations, and he did not have any generations before and after Born in Ninghua Fossil. That is to say, only "Li Huode" in the Hakka Li family can be used for the legend of Ninghua Fossil Wall of Hakka. [7]

Kobayashi Hongzhi also proposed that the development of the Li Huode clan is also related to Li Huode's magical Feng Shui legend, which is the embodiment of Hakka people's attention to Feng Shui. In short, contacting the Ninghua Fossil Wall of Hakka holy land and the magic Feng Shui legend, Li Huode became the central figure of the Hakka Li family. The situation in Ninghua Fossil Village in Fujian is as follows:

Ninghua Fossil Wall, originally named Yuping, also known as Shibi, and consists of 22 natural villages. It is located on the eastern foot of the Wuyi Mountains and the western corner of Fujian Province. The north is connected to Jiangsu and Zhejiang, Guangdong and Guangxi are connected to the south, surrounded by mountains and water, and the middle is an open plain basin...

... Due to the barriers of mountains and frequent wars, they frequently interrupted their connection with the Central Plains. In the closed world, they mixed with the local indigenous folk customs with their own traditional culture, language and customs, and gradually produced a new and unique culture that has both the ancient Central Plains culture and the distinctive and innovative, namely " Hakka Culture ". At the same time, they also formed a Hakka ethnic group, and they reproduced and spread to various places with the spread of descendants. When the genealogy of Hakka surnames records the origin of surnames, most of them respected the first generation of ancestors who moved out of Ninghuashimian as the ancestors of the family. Therefore, the fossil wall in Ning, Fujian is known as the shaking blue of Hakka culture and the holy land of the dynasty of the Hakka people. [8]

In short, Li Huode is considered to be the ancestor of Hakka entering Fujian, which has a lot to do with Ning fossil walls. Connecting Li Ka-shing and Li Huode has to consider the situation of Hakka people and Hakka culture.

2. Li Huode descendants entered Guangdong

Li Huode descendants grew at an astonishing rate. "The Origin of the Hakka surname" is published:

Beads have children five: gold virtue, wood virtue, water virtue, fire virtue, earth virtue. The situation of the Five Sons' Desert is: Jinde lives in Ninghua County, ; Mude moves to Hangzhou Prefecture, Zhejiang; Shuide moves to Shaowu County, Fujian; Tude moves to Qingliu County, Fujian. During the reign of Emperor Xiaozong of the Southern Song Dynasty, Huo De moved from Ninghua to Shanghang County, and gave birth to three sons: Qianpei (Sanyilang), Xunpei (Sanerlang), and Kunpei (Sansanlang). From Kunpei to the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, he sacrificed the wine (name unknown, and was awarded the title of Jinshi at the end of the Song Dynasty and served as the Imperial College Priest). He gave birth to six sons. Among them, Li Dexin moved to Baiye in Dapu County, Li Deming moved to Songkou, and Li Dewen moved to Dahu and other places. Dexin Zixuan (Seventeenth Duke) moved to Rao from Baiye, Dapu in the early Ming Dynasty, and founded a residence in Zhoukeng, Bashang Management District, Shangrao Town. The eighth generation of Zhoukeng Li Zong moved to Jieyang and later moved to Wujialing, Haiyang County. The tenth generation Li Ying gave birth to a son, Lei, moved to Taiwan; the eleventh generation Li Shao moved to Chetianzhai, Jieyang during the Yongzheng period.[9]

From the above interpretation, it was found that Li Huode's descendants entered eastern Guangdong in large numbers as early as the Yuan and Ming dynasties, including today's Chaoshan and Meizhou areas. The movement of Hakka people is often related to the Han River. Han River is a major waterway that used to connect Chao, Mei, Ting and Ganzhou. Li Huode's descendants entered Meizhou and Chaoshan and often flowed along the Han River.

"The Preface" of "Li Huode History Talk" states that "Houde Duke has been nearly 800 since Fenglang opened the foundation, and his descendants are spread across Fujian, Taiwan, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Guangxi and Southeast Asia. ... According to the information brought by Li, a master of the ancestors of Guangdong, Li Ka-shing, Hong Kong's financial giant, is also one of the best descendants of his tribe moving out of the country..." [10] The "Reprint Preface" of this book says, "The newly compiled relevant first Two articles by the virtuous Li Guangdi and the patriotic compatriot Mr. Li Ka-shing of Hong Kong are based on the papers and materials provided by Mr. Li Jiazhi of Chaozhou City, compared with the "Li Guangdi Academic Symposium" compiled by the Li Family Ancestral Hall of Shanghang County. "[11]

From the above information, it recognizes that Li Ka-shing's ancestors were Li Huode, but Li Jia-zhi, a clan of the Li Family in Chaozhou, was Li Ka-shing's cousin. Since it was the relatives of Li Ka-shing in Chaozhou who took the initiative to provide information, its credibility should be high. It should be noted that the Li Ka-shing family in Chaozhou has been completely Chaoshan and no longer insists on their Hakka identity. There is an article in "History of Li Huode" that specifically clarifies the lineage of Li Ka-shing, with several excerpts:

Bingzi (1636) in Guantian Village, Shanghang, was well-educated and kind. In Gengxu (1670), the ninth year of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty, I dreamed of the ancestor Huo De and the grandmother of Chen, and waved to him frequently with a smile. Huo De shouted affectionately: Mingshan, go out! ...

After a period of planning, the couple of Mingshan Gong bid farewell to their parents and fellow villagers, took the Huangtan River small wooden boat into Tingjiang , passed through Feng City, Guangdong Shi City, boarded the Hanjiang wooden boat, went downstream, and settled down to Chaozhou Fucheng to make a living.

My Mingshan Gong runs a small business in Chaozhou. After his life gradually stabilized, his wife likes to give birth to a noble son and named him Chaoke, which means that the Hakka ancestral home for generations is to come.

Mr. Li Ka-shing is the tenth heir of Mingshan Duke. Since Duke Huode, the linear lineage of Li's family in Chaozhou Fucheng is:

The ancestor of Fujian, Huode Huode (1st generation)——Sansan (2nd generation)——Si Liulang (3rd generation)——Chianbalang (4th generation)——Niansanlang (5th generation)——Wan Erlang ( 6th generation) — Derong (7th generation) — Chongshan (8th generation) — Zongliang (9th generation) — Shi Fang (10th generation) — Hou (11th generation) — Renqin (12th generation) — Tingyi (13th generation) — Mingshan (14th generation) — Chaoke (15th generation) [12]

The above records interpret some of the traffic situations in the Hanjiang River Basin in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Hakka people entered Chaozhou City to do small businesses and reproduce offspring. According to this calculation, Li Ka-shing became the 23rd generation descendant of Huo Degong. The author checked several brief descriptions of Li Ka-shing's lineage in the Shanghang Li Family Ancestral Hall [13]. The description of Li Ka-shing's lineage is generally consistent with the previous article "Li Huode History":

brief descriptions of Li Ka-shing's lineage

Some information about Li Mingshan There are different records of the reasons for entering Chaozhou: "Li Ka-shing's ancestor was originally a person from the Central Plains. He moved south due to famine and migration to Fujian. In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, Li Mingshan, the first ancestor of the Li family, led his family to Haiyang County, Chaozhou Prefecture (now Chaozhou City), to avoid the war, and settled in the northern gate of the city. It was reported to Li Ka-shing for the tenth generation." [14] Considering the general background of the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, Chaozhou as a prefecture was also turbulent. The greater the possibility that Li Mingshan entered Chaozhou was that the Hakka population was multiplied, and Shanghang could not accommodate too many people, so he had to move out.

The situation of the Li family after Li Mingshan is quite clear. Many Li Ka-shing's biography records:

The Li family has lived on this land for about ten generations since the first generation of Li Mingshan. Among them, they experienced the second generation ancestor Li Chaoke, the third generation ancestor Li Zikun, the fourth generation ancestor Li Zhonglian, the fifth generation ancestor Li Shixin, the sixth generation ancestor Li Keren, the seventh generation ancestor Li Pengwan, the eighth generation ancestor Li Qiying and Li Xiaofan. It was reported that Li Ka-shing's uncle Li Yunzhang, his father Li Yunjing, and his uncle Li Yunsong, until Li Ka-shing was in the tenth generation. [15]

Tingjiang scenery

3. A large number of Hakka people settled in Chaozhou City

It should be noted that Shanghang was under the jurisdiction of Tingzhou in ancient times, and today belongs to Longyan City. Luo Xianglin recognized it as "Pure Ke County", and Hakka people account for the vast majority, just like Xingning and Meixian in Guangdong. Even if some people refute the possible false inheritance between Li Huode and Li Mingshan, Li Mingshan lived in Shanghang in the late Ming Dynasty. At that time, Shanghang was completely the base camp of Hakka people, and Li Mingshan was a Hakka people. In order to better illustrate Li Ka-shing's "Chaoshan people's Hakka ancestor", it is necessary to have a full understanding of Chaozhou City.

As early as the ninth year of Yixi of Jin Dynasty (413), Yi'an County was established in the Jin Dynasty, and Haiyang County (now the former name of Chaozhou City) was the county seat. Since then, Chaozhou City has served as the economic, political and cultural center in the eastern Guangdong area. With the development of Hanjiang transportation resources, it has gradually developed into a major commodity distribution hub at the junction of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi. Merchants from western Fujian, southern Jiangxi and eastern Guangdong gather here, and local specialties arrived in Chaozhou City, with fake Hanjiang River going straight out of the South China Sea and sold to Nanyang. Local special products and handicraft products in the coastal areas are sold in Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangxi and other places. The prestigious Chaozhou cuisine and traditional snacks are well-known at home and abroad, attracting many businessmen and tourists. Commercial exchanges are becoming increasingly broad, and the market is still prosperous. [16]

Since the establishment of the political system affiliated to the Central Plains dynasty, the names of administrative units have been replaced and abolished many times, but the name of "Chaozhou" was used for the longest time. By the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the concept of Chaozhou, the administrative unit in eastern Guangdong was basically established. The maximum number of county-level units under the jurisdiction of Chaozhou Prefecture is 11, namely Haiyang (Chao'an), Chaoyang, Jieyang, Chengxiang (Meixian), Dapu , Pingyuan , Zhenping (Jiaoling ), Raoping , Chenghai, Huilai , Pining , Pining . [17] The Chengxiang, Dapu, Pingyuan and Zhenping above are all Chunke County, which belong to Meizhou today, so Chao and Mei were almost integrated in the past. Before 's Second Opium War , Chaozhou was the center of in the Chaoshan area for a long time, and it was also the hub for the flow of people and goods in Hanjiang. In the past, Chaozhou contacted Chao, Mei, Ting and Ganzhou, and was like the central city connecting the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi provinces. Even in modern times, including the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, Chaozhou was still the central location where Chaozhou tourists meet. Many Hakka people go abroad to set out from Songkou Ancient Town in Meixian, pass through Chaozhou, arrive in Shantou, and then take a sea boat to overseas. For example, the local specialties in Xingmei area are often transported to Chaozhou via Hanjiang, and then transported to Shantou via Chaoshan Railway , and then transported to various places at home and abroad.

As the Tinghan River Basin Economic Center gradually moved south, guest residents also began to invest in properties in Chaoshan and other places. Many of the famous shops in Chaozhou are run by people from Shanke. During the Daoguang period of the Qing Dynasty, Chaozhou first created Yilong Yanzhuang; during the Guangxu period, Guihe and Jinlan Yanzhuang opened; by the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, more than ten Yanzhuang opened, including Meilan, Julan... They are all from Dapu and founded by themselves with workers. The 1920s was the most prosperous period of the tobacco industry. At that time, the Hakka people basically monopolized the trade in Chaozhou tobacco leaf .[18]

The author investigated in Shanghang, Yongding and other places in Longyan City today and found that the tobacco planting industry in these places was very developed. In the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, many local Hakka merchants made a fortune because of their tobacco industry. There is very little tobacco cultivation in Chaoshan area, and Shanghang and Yongding are the Hakka people's base camps in western Fujian. Therefore, it is very normal for Hakka people to transport tobacco from Fujian to Chaoshan.

above is only the tobacco industry. A large number of Hakka people entered Chaozhou to do business and settle down, and even eventually transformed into Chaoshan people . It is not surprising that they had Hakka schools in Chaozhou before, and Hakka celebrities Qiu Fengjia, Wen Zhonghe , and Wen Tingjing lived in Chaozhou for a long time. The author has lived in Chaozhou for two years and did not find Hakka people (some new Hakka people who work in Chaozhou are not included), which also shows that a large number of Hakkas who have moved in in history have completely assimilated into Chaoshan people, and even forgotten their ancestors. Rao Zongyi The ancestors were also Hakkas in Meizhou who moved to Chaozhou, but by Rao Zongyi's father Rao E, they had been completely Chaoshan.

4. The Hakka origin of Li Ka-shing’s ancestors is ignored

According to the statement of "History of Li Huode", Li Ka-shing should be a typical "Hakka ancestor Chaoshan people". Someone once asked whether Li Ka-shing belonged to Hakka people. Li Ka-shing denied it very surely, and he only admitted that he was Chaoshan people. Of course, Li Ka-shing is from Chaoshan, and it is not inconsistent with the identity of the ancestors of Xian Jia-shing as Hakka people. Many researchers have reached a consensus that ethnic identity should be based on culture, not blood. The real problem is that many biography of Li Ka-shing ignore the names of Hakka, Ninghua Fossil, Shanghang Banlang, Li Huode, etc. that can cause Hakka people to associate. Here we only quote one typical record:

Li Ka-shing's ancestors first settled in Xuchang, Henan. Around the end of the Ming Dynasty, Henan Province suffered a severe drought that had not been encountered in a century. A scholar named Li Mingshan couldn't stand the hunger and decided to move his family out of the ancient city where he had lived for many years. At that time, the Henan disaster victims generally went to Kanto, the former Liaohe River Road, because the vast fertile land of Heiji and Liao provinces could support people. However, Li Mingshan has other opinions. He believed that if all the people of Henan went to Guandong, then even the vast white mountains and black waters would be afraid of being overcrowded. So he and his family decided to find another way to live: go to Putian in Fujian Province. So, this is the first place for the Li family to migrate south.

Unexpectedly, just as Li Mingshan was preparing to settle in Putian for a long time, a man-made disaster suddenly came. It was the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. One day, the Qing army in Fuzhou suddenly rushed into the small Putian ancient city . Although their main target of killing was the old soldiers of the former Ming Dynasty, the city gate caught fire, which affected the fish in the pond. Fierce battles were endless in Putian City, and countless officers and soldiers on both sides were killed or injured. Rising fires also ignited in people's houses. Poor Li Mingshan's family finally built a thatched house on the outskirts of Putian, which was also burned by a ruthless fire in this disaster. Therefore, Li Mingshan, who had already been at ease with the situation, had to think of migrating again. In this way, Li Mingshan took his wife and children and traveled thousands of miles to Guangdong. [19]

The above article is very interesting. Not only did you not see any traces of the Hakka people, but instead, the ancestral homes of Fujia people like Xuchang, Henan and Putian, Fujian, appeared. You should know that Chaoshan people are classified as Fulao people in ethnic groups. Chaoshan people often trace the origin of their ancestors to the time when Chen Yuanguang entered Zhangzhou, and their ancestral homes are mostly connected to Gushi, Henan, Yingchuan , etc. There are often couplets in front of the Chen family in Chaoshan ancestral halls: "Yingchuan has a long history, and the family style is far away." Yingchuan is an extraordinary person in the center of the Chen family in Chaoshan people, which is a recognition of the ancestors' counties. It is consistent with Chaoshan's recognition of Henan.

The many ancestral halls in Chaoshan often contain the words "Putian Family", and the genealogy often moves the records of ancestors from Putian.In other words, in the minds of the Chaoshan ethnic group, Putian is similar to the Ninghua Fossil Wall in the minds of Hakka people, and the Zhuji Ancient Lane in the minds of , Cantonese people. From this point of view, the biographer ignored the facts of Shanghang and turned to Putian's special book, indicating that Li Mingshan's migration from Putian was also a reminder of Chaoshan's consciousness of the human race. There was a report, "In 1993, Li Ka-shing invested HK$3.5 billion to participate in the renovation and reconstruction project of Sanfang Qixiang, Fuzhou City. When signing the contract, he told Chen Guangyi, then secretary of the Fujian Provincial Party Committee, that his ancestors had lived and lived in Putian, Fujian, and he could be said to be half a native of Putian, Fujian." [20] From this point of view, Li Ka-shing's memory of Putian, Fujian is a profound memory symbol of the Chaoshan people's distant memory of their ancestors.

The author does not know whether the authors of Li Ka-shing’s biography have published it with Li Ka-shing’s consent and whether they have received their “sponsorship”. If Li Ka-shing knew that he was a Hakka ancestor, it means that he intended to downplay the origin of his Hakka ancestors. In ethnic interaction, for the sake of practical interests, the concealment of ethnic identity is often done. Most of the Hakkas who moved into Chaozhou City were surrounded and assimilated by Chaoshan people, but it is not surprising that the Hakkas who moved into Chaozhou City cover up their ethnic origin for practical interests. According to the above biography, it is very normal for Hakkas to enter Chaozhou through Tingjiang and Hanjiang in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, and it is extremely abnormal to move from Henan to Fujian. The records in "The Complete Works of Li Ka-shing" are obviously problematic. Although they cannot be regarded as a reliable history, this book also reminds the Li Ka-shing family to forget the identity of Hakka ancestors after the transformation of their ethnic identity.

In addition, the author investigated the Li clan ancestral hall in Shanghang. Those who came to the temple to pay homage and claim to be descendants of Li Huode include: Li clan of Majiaopu Township, Liangying Town, Chaonan, Fumei Li clan of Puninglihu Town, Raoping County, Li Liuhe, Huanggang Town, Raoping County, Jiexi Huizhai Lu, Guangdong, and Li clan of Jiaxi, Guangdong, and the Li clan ancestral hall also have Yaoguang Public Houses in Shantou, Guangdong (two rooms on the upper and lower floors) and Lifeng Public Houses in Puning, Guangdong (two rooms on the upper and lower floors). This shows that Li Huode's descendants entered the Chaoshan area in large numbers and became Chaoshan. Taking Huanggang Town, Raoping County where the author lives as an example, it is all of them lived by Chaoshan people, and Li Liuhe should be a Hakka from Chaoshan.

Note: The Li Family Ancestral Hall (also known as Dunxutang ) was built in 1836. Li Menglan, a juren from Xinmao in Yongding Lake, issued an initiative to the wise men of the clan and many descendants of the Li surname at home and abroad. In order to commemorate Li Huode, Li Gaofeng, a descendant of the 22nd generation of Li family, was appointed as the Prime Minister of the Cultivation Temple. He chose the land in Guantianxia Village to make a fortune. It took more than 20,000 silver dollars to and was built in 1839. It covers an area of 5,600 square meters, with 104 rooms, 26 rooms and three halls. It is divided into house numbers of various clan branches. It is used as food and accommodation for grandchildren from far away when worshiping ancestors. [21] It is said that Li Ka-shing once donated money to support the maintenance of the temple. The temple is large in scale and complete in structure. It is now national key cultural relics protection unit .

Shanghang Li Family Ancestral Hall

5. Different views on the origin of Li Ka-shing’s ancestors

According to the view of "History of Li Huode", starting from Li Yuan, Li Huode has been the 27th generation descendant of Emperor Gaozu of Tang, Li Yuan, and Tang Taizong Shimin's 26th generation descendant. The direct arrangement is as follows [22]:

However, a message appeared in " Straits Metropolis Daily " to explain the origin of several Li family members in Putian:

Tang Dynasty was the main period when Li family entered Fujian. The Li family is currently distributed in 54 streets and towns in the city, with the descendants of Li Yuan's twenty sons " Jiangwang " Li Yuanxiang .

　　Putian Li family mainly has two major factions: Baitang and Fenyang Li family. Li Yuanxiang's fourth generation grandson was Li Wankang, the ancestor of Fujian. His descendants moved to Yangwei, Baitang Town, Hanjiang District today, and settled in Yangwei, and became the ancestor of the Li family in Baitang. 5th generation Later Han Dynasty, Li Wankang's descendants moved from Sanshan Quanhu, Fuzhou to Xunyang, Qianxian County, Xianyou Fengshan, and were the ancestor of the Li family in Fenyang .

　　…

　　There are some of the Li family in Putian who are "Huode Li". Tang Dynasty The last emperor was killed by Zhu Quanzhong. Li Xizhao, who was only over a year old, was brought to Shaowu, Fujian to be raised by cousin Li Kailai. Li Xizhao's descendants, Li Huode, were all over the country, and one of them moved to Pingtung Mountain in Xianyou. The "Huode Li" branch also includes Li Guangdi, the Minister of Personnel of the Qing Dynasty. The Li family in Taiwan is also mostly descended from Li Huode. [23]

The above reports recognize that Li Xizhao is the ancestor of Li Huode, and that Li Huode's descendants are in Putian. The key problem is that the newspaper’s post about “Li Ka-shing’s ancestors were also Baitang Li’s family”:

　　Yangwei Village, Baitang Town, Hanjiang is the first provincial historical and cultural village in Putian. Yangwei Village is the settlement of Baitang Li’s family. It is a small natural village. From the Song Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, there were 98 Jinshi, 62 Juren, 216 officials, and a large number of cultural relics are preserved.

　　According to Li Jinxing, the head of the Baitang Li clan association, there is a set of ancient genealogies compiled during the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, which records in detail the breeding lineage and migration address of the Baitang Li clan. Li Jinxing told reporters that Yangwei Village is also the ancestral home of Li Ka-shing, the richest man in Asia. According to the "Baitang Li Family Genealogy", Li Ka-shing is the 46th generation descendant since the first generation ancestor entered Fujian. [24]

According to the clan origin of the Shanghang Li family, the clan origin before Li Ka-shing was: Issue Yuan, IIs of Shimin, IIIs of Zhi, IVs of Dan, Vs of Longji, Vs of Heng... Li Huode; and according to the so-called "Baitang Li", Li Ka-shing's ancestors were arranged as: Issue (Yuanxiang), IIs of Li (Jiao), Issue (Zucong), and Issue (Wan Wan) as the arrangement of "Baitang Li" is: Issue (Yuanxiang), IIs of (Jiao), Issue (Zucong), and Issue (Wan Wan) Kang), fifth generation (Chu Gui), sixth generation (Shang Hao)..., there is a song "Song of the Genealogy of the Li family in Longxi":

Entered Fujian for the first time, and the emperor was named Yuanxiang, and Gaozu was granted the title of King Jiang;

Second generation Jiaogong Wuyang King, still inherited the original title's name Yang;

The third generation ancestor Cong was in danger of martial arts and fled to Dejiao Township, Quanzhou;

The fourth generation Wankang and Wu Chu Gui, the fourth son Hao Yin Lianfen was carefully;

The sixth generation Shang Hao was born and handsome, and began to prosper throughout the ages;

Seventh generation Xi The eight reunions of rituals are used, and the nine distances are made ten things.

11 12 vassals, and the thirteen thunders continue the four Zhongliu;

100 pm, and the four Zhongliu are passed down;

15 pm, and the two peaks are spread to the peaks, and benevolence, righteousness, rituals and trust are divided into four schools;

This is the inheritor of the old genealogy, and the origin of Longxi is connected to the lineage. [25]

"Old Tang Book " records: "Jiang Wang Yuanxiang was the 20th son of Emperor Gaozu. In the fifth year of Zhenguan, he was granted King Xu. In the eleventh year, he was transferred to King Jiang and appointed as the governor of Suzhou, and was granted 800 households. In the 23rd year, he was granted 1,000 households. During the reign of Emperor Gaozong, he also served as the governor of Jin, Fu and Zheng. He was greedy and had many gold and treasures, and was insatiable for seeking things. He was troubled by officials." [26]

" New Tang Book " records:

Jiang'an King Yuanxiang, the first king Xu, later moved to King, and became the governor of the state four times, and was actually granted 1,000 households. He is mediocre in nature and has no awaits in his business. At that time, the three kings of Teng, Jiang and Guo were all greedy and violent, and those who got their officials were unwilling to act. Therefore, the time said, "I would rather go to Dan, Ya, Zhen, and Bai than to serve Jiang, Teng, Jiang, and Guo." Yuan Xiangkui was big, and he brought ten circumferences and had several people. Han, Guo, and Wei are also Hongwei, but they are not up to par. After his death, he was awarded the title of Situ and the Governor of Bingzhou, and was buried with the tomb.

　　The seventh son was the King of Yongjia, and he had animals and was killed; Jiao was the King of Wuyang, and the rest were all the Dukes, and most of them were executed during the reign of Emperor Wu. Jiaozi Cong is buried in Nan'an with the young Liuliu and is called the "Tiansun Tomb". Zhongzong was established to follow his son Qin and inherit the king. He also granted his disciple Zhizong's successor. He then surrendered to Duke Li for his reign. [27]

The explanation of "Baitang Li" traces Li Ka-shing's ancestors from Li Yuan's 20th son Li Yuanxiang, while Shanghang Huode Li is traced from Li Yuan's fourth son Li Shimin. This is a very different two Li's systems. The same is true, both systems are traced from Li Yuan, and both have descendants living in Putian.Of course, when Huo Deli's descendants arrived in Putian, I believe that several generations of people will transform into Fulao people. After all, Putian is the base camp of Fulao people. For example, Li Guangdi, a famous Neo-Confucian minister during the Kangxi period, is said to be a descendant of Li Huode. He was born in Anxi, Fujian, but Li Guangdi is also classified as the Fulao people in terms of ethnicity. Anxi land belongs to Quanzhou , and is also a gathering place for the Fulao people. In the minds of ordinary people, Putian is difficult to connect with Hakka culture. The author did not see the so-called "Baitang Li Family Genealogy", but it is just a genealogy. If you want to include the former richest man in your system, its persuasiveness is not strong. It should also be seen that Li Yuanxiang himself does not have much virtue, and there is not much to brag about tracing his ancestors back to this person.

There was also a strange news on the Internet, quoting from the Henan Province "Oriental Daily", which means that Li Ka-shing's ancestral home should be in Boai County, Jiaozuo, Henan. His ancestors moved from Boai County, Jiaozuo to Chaozhou, Guangdong. The tombstone with the name of Li Ka-shing's ancestors can be proved: the inscription stated that Li Mou's son is named Li Huaigong, whose courtesy name is Mingshan, and his grandson is called Li Chaoke. Li Mingshan's lineage later moved to Putian, Fujian Province, and then to Chaozhou Prefecture. The inscription is vertically engraved in regular script. The name of the tomb owner is in the middle. There is an inscription on the right and the worshiper on the left. The inscription contains the words "The great-grandson Chaoke moved to Putian, Fujian and lived in Chaozhou Prefecture." [28] Various biographies show that Li Mingshan moved to Chaozhou, whether from Putian or Shanghang, but this report turns into Li Mingshan's descendant Li Chaoke moved to Putian. If you want rich people to sponsor it, you can't do this!

In short, there is a clan issue about Li Ka-shing. Before there is more clear evidence, the author's view is that he will think that Li Huode's descendants, and Li Ka-shing is the "Chaoshan Hakka ancestor" and Li Mingshan realized the process of changing from guest to tide. By Li Ka-shing's father's generation, it had long been completely transformed into Chaoshan, and most of the clan members even forgot that their ancestors were Hakkas. Of course, in ethnic interaction, the transformation of vulnerable Hakka people into strong Fulao people (including Chaoshan people) exists in large quantities, and Lee Teng-hui, Lee Guangdi and Li Ka-shing's ancestors have similarities.

Tingjiang scenery

Yu Lun: Questions about other Li clan sources

There are many questions about the ancestors of the Li clan, such as the origin of Li Shimin is really clear? The book "History of Li Huode" traces the origin of the Li surname before Li Shimin to the first generation of the ancestor Li Lizhen, and proposes:

The above lineage shows that starting from Li Lizhen's surname "Li", it was the 56th generation to Emperor Gaozu of Tang, Li Yuan, and Emperor Taizong of Tang, Li Shimin, was the 57th generation. After calculation, Li Huode should be the 82nd generation descendant of Li Lizhen, the ancestor of the surname De.

The ancient ancestor of the Li family in Longxi was Di Shaohao, who was also a descendant of the royal family of the Tang Dynasty. Therefore, people are accustomed to calling Li Huode's descendants "phoenix sons and dragon grandsons". [29]

From Li Lizhen to Li Yuan, Li Shimin, then to Li Gang, and then to Li Huode, the so-called Li family origin traces, which shows the Chinese people's super strong "memories" in terms of ethnic origin, and they have to trace their ancestors to a famous figure. There is a genealogy of the Li family in Wuhua (called after Li Huode), which uses Li Er (Laozi) as the 17th ancestor of the Li family after Li Lizhen:

Seventeenth generation: Er Gong, whose courtesy name is Boyang and his pseudonym Dan, was from Qurenli, Ren Township, Ku County, Chu. Born on September 14, 604 BC, he was born in the sky with a red candle. The god of heaven was born. His mother was pregnant for 81 years and was born under a plum tree. Her hair and hair was white when she was born, hence the name Laozi. ...Tang Feng was the ancestor of the Li family and was named Emperor Xuanyuan. Morality respects heaven, and ascends to heaven is called Taishang Laojun. His wife He and Gu gave birth to six sons: Zong, Shi, Song, Bao, Jue, and Yu. [30]

It has a lot to do with the Tang royal family. It is a thing to regard Laozi as his ancestor. But it is very doubtful whether I am the seventeenth ancestor before Li Huode mentioned above. Even if my surname is Li, there are still questions in the academic community.

In short, we found many interesting phenomena, many contradictory statements, or far-fetched points of tracing Li Ka-shing's ancestors. There is an old saying among Chinese people, "No one knows the poor in the downtown area, and no one knows the rich in the mountains." Li Ka-shing is a huge rich man, and many people want to help him become a relative. You might as well think about it. Li Ka-shing is an ordinary person. I am afraid that no one of his ancestors is, and there is no need for many debates. The exploration of Li Ka-shing's ancestors also suggests that China's genealogy and records are mostly inaccurate. Historians should be particularly careful when using genealogy to study issues and never be misled by celebrities or counties.

Keywords: Li Ka-shing; Chaozhou; Hakka; from Ke to Chao

. Li Huode, the ancestor of the Li family,

According to "History of Li Huode":

2. Li Huode descendants entered Guangdong

Li Huode descendants grew at an astonishing rate. "The Origin of the Hakka surname" is published:

Mr. Li Ka-shing is the tenth heir of Mingshan Duke. Since Duke Huode, the linear lineage of Li's family in Chaozhou Fucheng is:

brief descriptions of Li Ka-shing's lineage

The situation of the Li family after Li Mingshan is quite clear. Many Li Ka-shing's biography records:

Tingjiang scenery

3. A large number of Hakka people settled in Chaozhou City

4. The Hakka origin of Li Ka-shing’s ancestors is ignored

Shanghang Li Family Ancestral Hall

5. Different views on the origin of Li Ka-shing’s ancestors

However, a message appeared in " Straits Metropolis Daily " to explain the origin of several Li family members in Putian:

　　…

Entered Fujian for the first time, and the emperor was named Yuanxiang, and Gaozu was granted the title of King Jiang;

Second generation Jiaogong Wuyang King, still inherited the original title's name Yang;

The third generation ancestor Cong was in danger of martial arts and fled to Dejiao Township, Quanzhou;

The fourth generation Wankang and Wu Chu Gui, the fourth son Hao Yin Lianfen was carefully;

The sixth generation Shang Hao was born and handsome, and began to prosper throughout the ages;

Seventh generation Xi The eight reunions of rituals are used, and the nine distances are made ten things.

11 12 vassals, and the thirteen thunders continue the four Zhongliu;

100 pm, and the four Zhongliu are passed down;

15 pm, and the two peaks are spread to the peaks, and benevolence, righteousness, rituals and trust are divided into four schools;

This is the inheritor of the old genealogy, and the origin of Longxi is connected to the lineage. [25]

" New Tang Book " records:

Tingjiang scenery

Yu Lun: Questions about other Li clan sources

——This article was published in the 10th issue of "Chao Shang·Chao Xue" in 2019. Author Chen Xuefeng, Master of History of CUHK, Special Researcher of Chaoshan History and Culture Research Center, Member of Guangdong Folk Artists Association

——————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— : "Biography of Li Huodeweng", published in "History of Li Huode", [Publishing location unknown], 1992, page 1

[3] Hu Shanmei: "A Brief Introduction to the Migration of Hakka Li clans", edited by the Cultural and Historical Materials Editorial Office of the Shanghang County Committee of Fujian Province, "Shanghang Literary Materials" (General Volume 13), [Publishing location unknown], 1989, page 16

[4] Liu Shangwen: "Historical Status of Shanghang in the History of Hakka", edited by the Shanghang Hakka Association of Fujian: "Shanghang Hakka" No. 4, 2003, page 11

[5] Deng Kaisong and Yu Siwei , editor-in-chief of Zhan Shiqin: "The Origin of the Hakka Family Names of Raoping", edited and printed by Guangdong Raoping Overseas Friendship Association, 1997, page 95

[6] Zhong Zhendong: "Li Huode is a descendant of the Tang Dynasty in Longxi", edited by the editorial committee of "Shanghang Literature and History Materials": "History of Li Huode", [Publishing location unknown], 1992, page 12

[7] [Japan] Hiroshi Kobayashi: "A View of Hakka Society and Feng Shui Discourse from the Genealogy", Journal of Gannan Normal University, 2010 No. 2, Page 17

[8] Edited by Li Ji and Wang Yuehong: "Chinese surnames", Beijing: China Social Sciences Press, 2006, Pages 77-78

[9] Deng Kaisong, Yu Siwei , editor-in-chief of Zhan Shiqin: "The Origin of the Hakka Family Names of Raoping", edited and printed by Guangdong Raoping Overseas Friendship Association, 1997, page 95, page

[10] "Foreword", edited by the editorial committee of Shanghang Literary and Historical Materials": "History of Li Huode", [Publishing location unknown], 1992, page 1, page 1, page

[11] "Republic Preface", edited by the editorial committee of Shanghang Literary and Historical Materials": "History of Li Huode", [Publishing location unknown], 1992, page 3-4

[12] Chen Songsheng: "The 23rd generation descendant of Huode Gong - Li Ka-shing, a great patriotic industrialist in Hong Kong", edited by the editorial committee of Shanghang Literature and History Materials: "History of Li Huode", [Publishing location unknown], 1992, pages 19-20

[13] "The concise list of the descendants of Huode Gong, Li Ka-shing, Lee Teng-hui, and Lee Kuan Yew," Picture introduction to the corridor at the entrance of the Li clan ancestral hall of Shanghang

[14] edited by Lu Yanyuan Author: "Li Ka-shing", Nanchang: Jiangxi People's Publishing House, 2010, page 9,

[15] edited by Liu Yufen: "Biography of Li Ka-shing, the richest man in Hong Kong", Changchun: Times Literature and Art Publishing House, 2002, page 14, page 13

[16] edited by Shi Yiqun: "Chaozhou Business Chronicle", edited by Chaozhou Municipal Bureau of Commerce, 1988, page 1

[17] edited by Zhang Senzhen: "Traveling in Chaozhou", Guangzhou: Jinan University Press, 2 012, page 6,

[18] Weng Zhaorong: "The History of Chaozhou Tobacco Strip Industry", edited by the Chaozhou City Cultural and Historical Material Collection and Writing Committee of the CPPCC: "Chaozhou Cultural and Historical Materials" Volume 5, [Publishing Location Unknown], 1986, page 48, page 48,

[19] Sun Liangzhu edited: "Li Ka-shing Collection", Beijing: New World Publishing House, 2012, page 7,

[20] "Putian Li family mostly comes from the imperial family "Baitang Li" is the ancestor of Li Ka-shing", "Strait Metropolis Daily", November 21, 2012

[21] "Introduction to the Li Family Ancestral Hall Scenic Area", Fujian Shanghang Li Family Ancestral Hall entrance

[22] Zhong Zhendong: "Li Huode is a descendant of the Tang Dynasty in Longxi", edited by the editorial committee of Shanghang Literature and History Materials: "History of Li Huode", [Publishing location unknown], 1992, page 13

[23] "Putian Li family mostly comes from the imperial family "Baitang Li" is the ancestor of Li Ka-shing", "Haisha Metropolis Daily", November 21, 2012

[24] "Putian Li family mostly comes from the imperial family "Baitang Li" is the ancestor of Li Ka-shing", "Haisha Metropolis Daily", November 21, 2012

[25] "Song of the lineage of the Li family distant ancestors in Longxi", http://www.360doc.com/content/16/0803/20/8456313_580580072.shtml

[26] "Old Book of Tang·Volume 64·Biography 14"

[27] "New Book of Tang·Volume 92·Biography 4"

[28] http://www.lsw.cc/bbs/thread-248084-1-1.html

[29] Zhong Zhendong: "Li Huode is a descendant of the Tang Dynasty in Longxi", edited by the editorial committee of "Shanghang Literature and History Materials": "History of Li Huode", [Publishing location unknown], 1992, page 15,

[30] Litang Genealogy Editing Group: "Li Family Genealogy", [Publishing location unknown], 1995, page 18-19

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