First, let’s analyze the origin of the Third German Empire.
The so-called Third German Empire is the informal name of Germany during the reign of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945. Other informal names include Nazi Germany, fascist Germany, etc.
The official name of Nazi Germany went through two periods, one was the German country before 1943, and the other was the Great Germany after 1943. With Germany's defeat and the Nazis fell, the so-called German Third Reich ended.
On September 1, 1933, Hitler used the term "Third Reich" for the first time at the Nazi Party Congress held in Nuremberg to describe Germany under the Nazi rule. He believed that Germany during this period was the heir to the Holy Roman Empire (First Empire) in the Middle Ages and the German Empire (Second Empire) centered on Prussia after the Franco-Prussian War, so he called the "New Germany" he established the Third Empire. On July 10, 1939, it formally abandoned the name "Third Reich".
Note: The Third Reich of Germany was also a concept that was extended and distinguished by two countries established by the German nations before the German nation at that time and later.
Below is a brief introduction to the origin, development and end of the Third Reich of Germany.
The founder of the Third German Empire was Adolf Hitler, who was also the initiator of World War II. World War II caused huge damage to people of all countries around the world and caused huge losses to all countries in the world, especially in Eurasian , which can be said to be a disaster and economic decline.
(I) Historical background
The rise of Nazi Germany first starts with the end of World War I.
1, With the end of World War I, the Western powers signed the " Treaty of Versailles " in 1919. The Treaty of Versailles imposes sanctions on Germany in particular. It divides Germany's overseas colonies and strictly restricts the development of Germany's military and military power, and economically divides Germany's important industrial and mineral resources areas.
2. The treaty caused Germany to lose 13.5% of its territory, 12.5% of its population, all overseas colonies (including German East Africa, German Southwest Africa, Cameroon, Togo and German New Guinea), 16% of its coal production areas and half of its steel industry .
3. It also requires Germany to pay war reparations to compensate the Allies. And participate in Germany's economic recovery construction through loans to further control Germany's economic development.
4. This meeting excluded Germany and Austro-Hungarian Empire , resulting in Germany not recognizing the content of its treaty after the war. This also aroused nationalist sentiment within Germany to a certain extent. Germany's social contradictions changed from internal contradictions to unanimous external factors, and populism took advantage of the situation to rise.
5 and only have one war compensation. Germany did not repay all war compensation for World War I until 2010 . It is conceivable how serious the so-called Paris Peace Conference was in sanctions on Germany, and formally due to the severe sanctions on Germany by the Treaty of Versailles, Germany moved towards militarism and launched World War II.
6. On April 16, 1922, since the Soviet regime had just been established, it needed to be recognized by more international community to restore and develop its own economy. The Western capitalist society at that time was generally hostile to the new Russian regime. Against this background, the Weimar Republic and the Russian Soviet government signed the Treaty of Rapallo in Laparo, Italy. The two sides announced that they would give up the territorial and monetary demands made to the other side after World War I. The two countries also agreed to normalize diplomacy and "friendly cooperation, and mutually beneficial economically." The secret annex signed by both sides on the 29th stipulates that Germany can train troops in Russia and test weapons such as tanks and aircraft prohibited in Versailles and about . This is also one of the reasons why the Soviet Union turned a blind eye to when Nazi Germany launched a war in the early days of .
7. After the signing of the Treaty of Versailles, the Austro-Hungarian Empire split into several small republics. In addition, the Tsarist Russian government was overthrown by the Soviet regime, and the Soviet Union fell into civil war and diplomatic isolation. Germany actually lost the important external force that could restrict its rise in both directions. On the other hand, Britain faced the European continent across the sea, while France was complacent, providing a better political environment for Germany's rapid rise.
(II) Establishment, development and ending
1, In 1929, capitalist countries began to experience the first economic crisis, that is, the global financial crisis. Popularism awakened from various countries, mainly Germany, Japan and Italy, in order to divert domestic contradictions through foreign wars. Its characteristic is that militarist ideas are rampant and began to appear on the political stage.
2, In 1933, Adolf Hitler came to power , and the German populist forces developed rapidly, and their military strength was further restored and strengthened.
3. In March 1935, Hitler announced the restoration of the military service system and the expansion of the German army, and he tore up the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles in front of the world.
4. In February 1936, Germany re-occupied the Rhineland Demilitarized Zone; in March 1938, Germany merged with Austria; in March 1939, Germany occupied the rest of the Czechoslovakia except the Sudetenland area.
5, In September 1939, the German army blitzed Polish , and World War II broke out.
6. In April 1945, Soviet troops invaded Berlin. Hitler committed suicide on the 30th. On May 23, Nazi Germany's Denitz government was disbanded, and the so-called German Third Reich destroyed .
(III) Influence and scope
1, The development of the Third Reich of Germany was based on populism and militarism , with military external development as the main direction, which caused huge harm to Europe and the world, and was the initiator of the largest war in human history.
2. During the heyday of , the territory of the Third German Empire reached France in the west, the Soviet Union in the east (near Moscow ), to Norway in the north, and to Greek , and the Caucasus in the south. It once occupied most of North Africa, and its occupied or controlled areas, namely the fascist puppet regime, area reached about 6 million square kilometers.
3. The establishment of the Third Reich in Germany was the rapid development of Western capitalism and the transition to imperialism. The competition between emerging capitalist countries and old powers was to redistribute capital interests on a global scale. Populism and monopoly capital imperialism during this period were the characteristics of development.
Let’s introduce the First and Second Empires of Germany below.
The existence time of the first and second empires of Germany is roughly as follows:
(I) The Holy Roman Empire is the so-called First German Empire. It has been regarded as the longest-existing of the three empires from 962 to 1806.
(II) The German Empire is the Second German Empire. It started with the unification of Germany by Prussia, that is, the end of the First World War from 1871 to 1918. It fell with the defeat of Germany. Its predecessor was Prussian Kingdom , and its successor was the Weimar Republic.
1. The First German Empire
(I) Historical background
1, The First German Empire is the famous German nation in European history during the Holy Roman Empire.
2. The so-called Holy Roman Empire actually has nothing to do with Rome. It’s just that due to the huge influence of the Roman Empire on European politics and culture, Europeans later generations all took the Roman Empire as the beginning of their civilization and were honored as the inheritor of the Roman Empire.
⭕️In addition, the Catholic center at that time was in Rome, and all the European emperors were crowned here.
3. Speaking of which, the Western Roman Empire was the ancestor of the German people who perished from the German nation. Later, the Germans established countries of all sizes in Europe, and gradually began to believe in Christianity under the influence of Roman culture under the influence of Roman culture. Later, the Germans established the Frank Kingdom , and developed into a powerful Frank Empire that basically unified the central and western Europe during the Charlemagne .
4. In 843 AD, the Frank Empire was divided into three parts, namely the Eastern, Central and Western Franks. The three became the prototype of Germany, France and Italy. .
5. In 911 AD, the king of the Eastern Frank Kingdom died without a heir. Duke of Frank Conrad I was elected as king, and he was the first German king .
(II) Establishment, development and ending
1. In 962 AD, German King Otto I was crowned emperor in Rome by Pope John XII, called " Roman Emperor ". The German kingdom is called "German nation Holy Roman Empire" , which is the ancient German Empire, or the First Empire.
2. From 962 to 1806 AD, it was the period of rule of the Holy Roman Empire. Its territory covers Western and Central Europe, and its territory is centered on Germania , including some surrounding areas, and at its peak, it included northern Italy, Burgundy and Frisia (now the Low Countries).
3. The Holy Roman Empire was an ordinary feudal monarchy in its early days. By the time of Frederick I in the 612th century, the empire became the strongest country in Europe, and the word "sacred" was added .
4, 1273 Rudolph I helped Habsburg family gradually obtain the right to inherit the throne of the Holy Roman Empire. In the middle and late periods of the empire, the Habsburg dynasty had a long monopoly on the throne of the Holy Roman Empire, for 400 years. The capital of Austria, Vienna, also became the actual capital of the empire.
5. In the later period, the Holy Roman Empire gradually weakened, and its evolved into a loose political alliance composed of hundreds of smaller vassal states, and the emperor was elected by the seven electoral emperors.
6. The leader of the empire during this period was Austria . Until 1806, under the order of Napoleon Bonaparte , Franz II gave up the title of Holy Roman on August 6, retaining only the title of Austrian Empire Emperor, and the Holy Roman Empire was destroyed from then on .
(III) Influence and scope
1. The Holy Roman Empire was a period of development in the German ethnic region towards the centralization and maturity stage of feudal rule of . During this period, Europe experienced the dark medieval period and started the Renaissance , the Reformation and the Enlightenment . In the later period, the bourgeoisie in Europe was sprouted and developed rapidly. In the later period, Britain and the Netherlands successively established the bourgeois system , the Age of Discovery began, and the colonial empire and trade developed rapidly.
2. In the late period of this period, the Holy Roman Empire dominated by Austria began to be surpassed by other European powers. The long-term turmoil and inconsistency caused the awakening of nationalism. In addition, the development of the bourgeoisie requires a unified domestic market and the colonial plunder of overseas under the support of the state. The Holy Roman Empire split into a force that combines capitalism and populism led by the Kingdom of Prussia, and a multi-ethnic force of feudal traditional aristocracy led by the Austrian Empire.
3. After many competitions and the seven-week war between , Prussia finally unified Germany and established a German country headed by the pure German nation. Austria was excluded from , and the Habsburg family ruled in Germany ended.
4, The territory of the Holy Roman Empire during its heyday included modern Germany, Austria, northern and central Italy, Czech Republic, Slovakia, , eastern France, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and Switzerland .
2. The Second German Empire
(I) Historical background
1, The Second German Empire is a binary monarchy federal state, also known as the German Empire . It is the last country ruled by the Hohenzollern Dynasty , and its official country name is the German country. The German Kingdom also became the official national name of the Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany later.
2. After the German nation's Holy Roman Empire was dismantled by Napoleon , the German nation experienced the era of the Rhine Alliance under the control of France and the German Confederacy era established at the Vienna Conference after Napoleon's fall.
3. The German Confederacy was a more looser federation than the Holy Roman Empire. During this period, the Prussian Kingdom rose rapidly and began to compete with Austria for dominance of the German nation. Before that, the German countries were basically dominated by Austria, led by the Habsburg family dynasty. From the early 13th century of the Holy Roman Empire to the mid-19th century, the newly established German countries were excluded from the newly established German countries.
⭕️ Therefore, the Habsburg dynasty also became the longest feudal dynasty in Europe, and even ruled Austria until the Austro-Hungarian Empire split in 1918 before withdrawing from the political stage.
4. From 1864 to 1870, the Kingdom of Prussia completed the German unification through Public-Dan War, Public-Austria War, and Franco-Prussian War.
(II) Establishment, development and ending
1. On January 18, 1871, King of Prussia William I was crowned the German Emperor at the Palace of Versailles in France. All the Southern German states except Austria were included in the North German Confederacy by Prussia. The German Confederacy was renamed the German Empire, and the German centrists before this were also included in the North German Confederacy.
2. With the rise of Germany, the problems of colonial competition and interest distribution within imperialism became increasingly fierce. As an emerging power, Germany did not get more resources to match it. formed an alliance with the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Italy, and used the "Sarajevo Incident" in 1914 as the fuse to launch the First World War .
3. At the end of 1918, due to the failure of the war, the German November Revolution broke out on the eve of the end of the First World War of . On November 9, Emperor William II was forced to announce his abdication, and the so-called German Second Empire ended .
(III) Influence and scope
1. The greatest contribution of the Second German Empire was that its ended the long-standing separatist situation of the German nation and established a unified German nation-state . Although Austria was excluded, under the leadership of its Emperor William I and Prime Minister Bismarck, with Moltke as the military commander, the German nation not only did not weaken, but rose rapidly, both industrial and military strength developed rapidly, and became a new powerful country in Europe and even the world, and still maintained the strong influence of its nation to this day.
2, The Second German Empire is a federal country , which consists of 22 states, 3 free cities and 1 direct-government. The Prussian king of Hohenzollern family has the title of German emperor , and he combines military and political power. The Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Prussia is also the Prime Minister of the Empire.
3. The Second German Empire centered on Emperor William I, Prime Minister Bismarck and Commander Moltke, established a political culture that Germany did not have before this, namely the populist political culture . It is an important factor in Germany's rapid rise. In addition, with the development of military and cultural ideas of the Junker aristocratic class that rose in the Kingdom of Prussia, these are also the root cause of Germany's further and further development on the road of militarism.
4, The territory of the Second German Empire includes the current western part of Poland, the two provinces of France, Alsace and Lorraine, and the Russian enclave - Kaliningrad Oblast, , Luxembourg, southern Denmark and part of Belgium, with a total area of about 540,000 square kilometers. With its colonies around the world, it reached about 3.2 million square kilometers on the eve of World War I.
5. This period was a period of rapid development of German capitalism and gradual decline of feudal rule.
Summary
1. The First German Empire belongs to the stage of . The early stage of feudal rule, which is one of the most powerful countries on the European continent, and Europe has also experienced a period of transition from the dark medieval to modern civilization. It is characterized by the Renaissance, Reformation and Enlightenment in modern Europe, and it has opened the capitalist colonial era with the "Great Voyage". In the later period of this stage, Europe experienced the first industrial revolution of , developed rapidly, and began to move towards the center of the world political stage, developing and leading the world .
2. The Second German Empire belongs to an important period when capitalist development is maturing and feudal rule is declining. The technological revolution in this stage, namely, the Second Industrial Revolution and the First World War are the main characteristics. The competition between emerging capitalist countries and old capitalist powers is becoming increasingly fierce.
3. During the Third Reich of Germany, World civilization entered a stage of modern development, among which Russia's October Revolution was the beginning of modern civilization, . During this period, capitalist imperialism developed rapidly and competition was fierce around the world. socialist country was established and headed to the historical political stage. The United States began to rise, and accompanied by the first economic crisis in the capitalist world . Nazis and extreme nationalism awakened, broke out. The war that affected the widest range, the largest impact, the heaviest losses and the largest death toll in the world, that is, World War II .
4, Among them, Austria and Prussia took turns to dominate the development of the German nation and country. Hitler, the founder of the so-called Third German Empire, was born in Braunau on the Inn in the Austro-Hungarian Empire at that time. This is also an Austrian city. After the failure of the dominance of the Second German Empire, the Austrians re-dominated and established the Third German Empire. It can be said that it is very interesting.
or above is an introduction to the first, second and third empires of the German nation.
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