Interesting History | Introduction to previous German Prime Ministers (1871-2019)
The Chancellor of Germany is the head of government of Germany, leading the various work of the federal government and giving them political guidance. The Prime Minister is often a member of the parliamentary majority and is elected by parliament.
The Federal Prime Minister and the ministers of each department form a cabinet, with a term of four years.
The word Kanzler comes from the Latin word "cancellarius", which in the Middle Ages means a royal official (Geistlicher) who often signs documents in a place separated by "Kanzlei" (Latin "cancelli" - railing; fence). Later it also refers to the Imperial Prime Minister and Chief Prime Minister (Erzkanzler). In the German Holy Roman Empire era, the institution he was in charge of was one of the important institutions (Erzamt).
After the end of the 19th century empire, the position of prime minister was reintroduced. Bismarck served as the federal prime minister during the North German Confederacy period (1867-1871), and served as the Prime Minister of the Empire after the establishment of the German Empire in 1871.
After World War II , the Federal Republic of Germany was established. Its prime minister is referred to as the Federal Prime Minister (Bundeskanzler), but not only the head of the German federal government is called the "Federal Prime Minister", but the head of the Austrian government is also called the Federal Prime Minister (Bundeskanzler).
Previous Prime Minister
North German Confederate Prime Minister
1, Otto von Bismarck (Otto von Bismarck) March 21, 1871-March 20, 1890 Nonpartisan
5Prince of the German Empire
1,Otto von Bismarck 1, 1871-March 20, 1890 Nonpartisan
Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck (German: Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck; April 1, 1815-July 30, 1898), [1] The first prime minister of the German Empire (1871-1890), known as the "Iron-blooded Prime Minister" (German: Eiserner Kanzler; "Iron" refers to weapons, "Iron" refers to war), "German architect" and "German navigator". During his tenure as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Prussia, Bismarck launched the Prussian-Austrian War and won the victory in 1866. In 1870, the French-Prussian War was launched and the French army was defeated. At the end of the year, Nandesbon joined the German Federation and established the German Empire. Bismarck became the prime minister of the German Empire and the prime minister of Prussia. Bismarck unified Germany from top to bottom with the " Iron Blood Policy " and also helped the French Versailles government suppress the Paris Commune . He promulgated the "Anti-Socialist Extraordinary Law" internally, brutally suppressing the workers' movement; and tried to use alliance policies externally to establish Germany's hegemony in Europe. In March 1890, he was dismissed by German Emperor William II. Bismarck was named Duke of Raunberg when he stepped down. After that, he lived in Friedrichsru Manor near hamburger for a long time and died of illness in 1898.
Bismarck is a conservative and upholds authoritarianism; but he passed legislation to establish the world's earliest workers' pension, health and medical insurance system, and social insurance. Bismarck was very good at diplomacy and became a storied figure on the European political stage in the second half of the 19th century. He wrote the memoir " Thoughts and Memories ".
2. Leo von Caprivi March 20, 1890 - October 26, 1894 Non-partisan
Leo von Caprivi was educated in Berlin when he was a child. He joined the army in 1841. During the Pudong-Austrian War in 1866, he served as a staff officer in Prince Frederick Carr's First Legion.
In the French-Prussian War of 1871, he served as the chief of staff of the 10th Army of the Second Corps, participated in the siege of the Metz Fortress and the battles near Orleans, and performed well.
1883-1888 served as Minister of Navy. Command the fleet and represent the Admiralty at Congress. Because of his outstanding leadership and no connection with any party, he was elected as his heir by Bismarck.
1890, he served as Prime Minister of the German Empire (1890-1894), Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Prussia (1890-1892) and Foreign Minister.
1899, he died at the Crosen Manor on the banks of the Oder River (now Poland Crosno).
3, Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst October 29, 1894 - October 17, 1900 The non-partisan
was born in the Bavarian royal family. He was the sixth child. His father was a Catholic and his mother was a Lutheran. According to the custom at that time, their brothers followed their father's beliefs, while their sisters followed their mother's beliefs. Because he had an aunt who had sisters with the British Queen Victoria, people speculated when they were young that he would go to the UK to develop, but when he grew up, he chose to work as a grassroots civil servant under Frederick William IV. He noticed the discipline and customs of Prussia and believed that this was the best base for the revival empire.
Due to the death of a series of relatives, he won a grand prize and inherited a bunch of small territories and became a member of the House of Lords of the Kingdom of Bavaria. During the revolution in 1848, he worked as a diplomat in the Frankfurt Parliament government, and agreed with the proposal of the Bavarian king Maximilian II to take the Grand Duke of Austria as the regent of Germany. In 1863, he supported Austria and Prussia's joint interference in Schleswig-Holstein. At this time, he kept writing letters to Queen Victoria to report on the development of the situation. In the Seven Week War in 1866, the Prussian Kingdom defeated the Austrian Empire. Through musician Richard Wagner, he became the chief minister of Bavarian fairy tale king Ludwig II. It is said that there was a large amount of money provided by Bismarck to impress the debt-ridden king. During his three years in power, conflicts with Pope Pius IX broke out further. He was dissatisfied by Bavarian localists, although with the support of the king, and was eventually expelled from power in March 1870.
After the Franco-Prussian War of 1871, he prompted Bavaria to join the German Empire and served as Deputy Speaker of the Federal Parliament and Representative of the Federal Bavaria. During Bismarck's cultural war (the conflict between the new empire and the Catholic Church), he proposed a decree that prohibited the use of sermons as political propaganda and supported the expulsion of the Jesuits from the empire. In 1872, he served as the Imperial Ambassador to France, stayed in Paris for seven years, returned to China in 1880 as foreign minister, and in 1885 he served as Chief Executive of Alsace Lorraine. In 1894, the Prime Minister of the Empire, Count Leo von Caprivi, resigned. He succeeded as Prime Minister. During his tenure, he tried his best to prevent or make up for unnecessary losses caused by the fanatical religious sentiment of Emperor William II. Although he did not agree with William's rough treatment of Social Democrats, such as August Bebel, he still signed the Anti-Subversion Act of 1894 and the Anti-Social Democratic Party Act of 1897. After Bernhard von Bilo became foreign minister in 1897, his influence had actually ended. He retired at the age of 81 and was replaced by Bilo.
4, Bernhard von Bülow October 17, 1900 - July 14, 1909 Non-partisan
Bernhard von Bülow, a German politician, served as Prime Minister of the German Empire from 1900 to 2009. His failure to curb the formation of German military groups is believed to be part of the reason for World War I . He served in the German army during the French-Prussian War from 1870 to 71; he later served in the German consulates in the capitals of various European countries; from 1900 to 2009, he was appointed as the fourth prime minister of the empire by German Emperor William II. Its foreign policy, especially its openly challenged and the Moroccan crisis in 1905 and supported the Austrian empire's annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908, made Germany even more isolated. There is a famous saying that reveals Germany's policy of foreign expansion in the early 20th century: "Let other nations divide the continents and the oceans, and the era of our Germany being satisfied with the blue sky has passed, and we also demand the territory under the sun."
5, Theobaldvon Bethmann-Hollweg (July 13, 1917 Nonpartisan
Theobald von (Theobald von) Bethmann-Hollweg, November 29, 1856 - January 1, 1921), a German politician, served as prime minister of the German Empire from 1909 to 1917. Some historians blamed him for writing a blank check to the Austro-Hungarian Empire in July 1914 in order to resolve the dispute between Austro-Hungarian Empire and Serbian , which triggered World War I. However, some historians always believed that he was an outstanding politician.
6, Georg Michaelis July 13, 1917 - November 1, 1917 Nonpartisan
Georgmis (September 8, 1857 - July 24, 1936) became the first prime minister of Germany under the background of non-nobles. Born in the Silesian province of Prussia, he grew up in Frankfurt (Bar the Odd River). He studied at the University of Breslau, University of Leipzig and the University of Würzburg from 1876 to 1884, becoming a doctorate in law.
from 1915 From then on, he was headed by Reichsgetreidestelle, who was responsible for the Prussian Corn and Wheat Management Office in World War I, and was forced to resign on July 14, 1917 to awaken von Bertmann Hollweg, and Michel became the German Chancellor and Minister of Prussia. He remained in this position until October 31, 1917, when he After being forced to resign, he was refusing to submit himself to the approval of the German Parliament's adoption of a resolution by annexation or compensation that would be detrimental to peace. In addition, he was increasingly regarded as a puppet of Paul von Hindenburg and Erich's chief of staff, Rudendolf . Mi's attempt to retain the role of Mr. Prussia's minister, he was unsuccessful. From 1 April 1918 to 31 March 1919, he served as the Pomeranian province of Prussia. erpräsident. After the end of World War I, he worked with the council of local workers and soldiers. However, the socialist-led government of Prussia quickly replaced him. After his dismissal, Michel worked in the field of economic lobbying, in student organizations, in the bishops' evangelical churches of the old Prussian coalition, and became a member of the monarchy of the German National People's Party (DNVP).
7, Georg von Hertling, Earl of George Friedrich von Hertling, November 1, 1917 - September 30, 1918 Intermediate Party
George Friedrich Grafvon Hertling (
Georg Friedrich Grafvon Hertling) (August 31, 1843 - January 4, 1919) Bavarian politician, served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Bavaria, Prime Minister of the Prussian and Prime Minister of the German Empire.
8, Max von Baden, October 3, 1918 - November 9, 1918 Nonpartisan
Prinz Maximilian von Baden (July 10, 1867-November 6, 1929), full name Maximilian Alexander Friedrich Wilhelm, Grand Duke Baden, cousin and heir of Friedrich II. After his death in 1928, he became the patriarch of the Grand Duke Baden family. From October 3 to November 9, 1918, he served as the eighth Prime Minister of the German Empire.
9, Friedrich Ebert ) November 9, 1918 - February 13, 1919 German Social Democratic Party
father and son of the same name during the Weimar Republic period, the father was a president and the son was the ninth prime minister. Friedrich Albert (Friedrich Ebert, February 4, 1871 - February 28, 1925) The right-wing leader of the German Social Democratic Party and the first president of the Weimar Republic (1919-1925). In 1917, the Social Democratic Party split, with some left-wing elements forming an independent Social Democratic Party, and the other part of radical elements forming the German Communist Party. After the failure of the war, Albert still opposed the radical revolutionary proposition. But after the outbreak of the November Revolution in Germany in 1918, he formed the Social Democratic Party coalition government. He replaced Max von Baden as prime minister.In 1919, Albert assisted in the formulation of the Weimar Constitution and was elected as the first president of the Weimar Republic on February 11. The Weimar Constitution was signed on August 11.
Prime Minister of Weimar Republic
1, Philipp Scheidemann (Philipp Scheidemann) February 13, 1919 - June 20, 1919 German Social Democratic Party
1903 entered the parliament as a representative of the Social Democratic Party. During the First World War, , he actively supported the war. He served as a member of Prince Baden's cabinet in 1918. After the November Revolution in Germany, he participated in organizing the government and brutally suppressed the Communist rebellion. He served as the first prime minister of the Weimar Republic in 1919. After the Nazis came to power in 1933, he went into exile abroad and died in Copenhagen.
2, Gustav Bauer June 21, 1919 - March 26, 1920 German Social Democratic Party
Gustav Adolf Bauer (Help and Information)) (January 6, 1870 - September 16, 1944) The leader of the German Social Democratic Party and the Prime Minister of the Weimar Republic, the government maintained for 219 days.
3, Hermann Müller (Hermann Müller) March 27, 1920 - June 21, 1920 German Social Democratic Party
Hermann Miller (May 18, 1876 - March 20, 1931), was born in Mannheim , and was a German politician. From 1916 to 1918, he was a member of Congress. From 1919 to 1920, as a member of the German Social Democratic Party, he was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs and signed the Treaty of Versailles on behalf of Germany. During his time in the Weimar Republic, he served as German Chancellor twice in 1920 and 1928-30. In 1931, he died after a gallbladder surgery, and his death also brought a major blow to the German Social Democratic Party.
4, Constantin Fehrenbach June 25, 1920 - May 4, 1921 The Intermediate Party
ran for re-election in 1901. He remained a member until 1913 and served as chairman of the conference from 1907 to 1909. In 1903, he entered the German Parliament building (National Assembly), and he quickly identified one of his most brilliant speakers. In 1917, he led the main parliamentary committee and became president in 1918 at the end of the history of the German Empire. Later, after a republic government was established, he presided over the Weimar National Assembly (1919). Although the first non-socialist cabinet in the Weimar period appointed him as Prime Minister of the Republic (June 1920), he had vowed to continue a general plan of socialization. However, his inability to win the Allied concessions on the issue of war reparations prompted his resignation (May 1921). In 1923, he was elected as chairman of the Catholic Centre Party.
5, Joseph Wirth May 10, 1921 - November 14, 1922 Intermediate Party
Joseph Wirth (German: Joseph Wirth, September 6, 1879 - January 3, 1956), a famous politician and Central Party member of the Weimar Republic in Germany, served as prime minister from 1921 to the following year, and was the youngest prime minister in German history
6, Wilhelm Cuno (Wilhelm Cuno) 1922 - August 12, 1923 Nonpartisan
Verheim Gunno (July 2, 1876 - January 3, 1933), German politician and Prime Minister of the Weimar Republic (1922 to 1923). After the German economy collapsed during his term, in order to repay the country's debt, the government printed a large amount of currency, which led to the peak of hyperinflation. In August 1923, Germany began a strike on Kuno, which led to the resignation of Guno and his cabinet on August 12, 1923.
7, Gustav Stresemann August 13, 1923 - November 30, 1923 German People's Party
Hermann Miller (May 18, 1876 - March 20, 1931), was born in Mannheim, and is a German politician. From 1916 to 1918, he was a member of Congress. From 1919 to 1920, as a member of the German Social Democratic Party, he was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs and signed the Treaty of Versailles on behalf of Germany. During his time in the Weimar Republic, he served as German Chancellor twice in 1920 and 1928-30. In 1931, he died after a gallbladder surgery, and his death also brought a major blow to the German Social Democratic Party.
8, Wilhelm Marx November 30, 1923 - January 15, 1925 The Intermediate Party
served twice as the German Chancellor from 1923 to 1925, and from 1926 to 1928, briefly served as the Minister-Presidents of the Weimar Republic in 1925. He competed with Hindenburg for the throne of presidential throne in 1925. During the Weimar Republic, he entered the parliament. In 1923, he prevented Germany from being dismembered and supported the Treaty of Versailles. During his tenure, he handled some post-war economic and reconstruction issues. He served as a member of parliament until 1932.
After the Nazis came to power, he lived in Bonn, Germany for a while until a while after World War II, and died there.
9, Hans Luther January 15, 1925 - May 12, 1926 Non-party
Hans Luther was born in Berlin and began to enter politics in 1907 and became a member of the Magdeburg Town Council. In 1913, he served as secretary of the German City Association, and in 1918, he served as mayor of Essen. He began to serve as Minister of Food and Agriculture of William Kuno and William Marx's governments in December 1922. In 1925, he was appointed as the German Chancellor. He briefly acted as the head of state after President Friedrich Albert's death in February 1925.
10, Wilhelm Marx May 17, 1926 - June 12, 1928 The Intermediate Party
served twice as the German Chancellor from 1923 to 1925, and from 1926 to 1928, briefly served as the Minister-Presidents of the Weimar Republic in 1925. He competed with Hindenburg for the throne of presidential throne in 1925. During the Weimar Republic, he entered the parliament. In 1923, he prevented Germany from being dismembered and supported the Treaty of Versailles. During his tenure, he handled some post-war economic and reconstruction issues. He served as a member of parliament until 1932.
After taking office, the Nazis faded out of politics. During the Nazi period until some time after World War II, he lived in Bonn, Germany, and died there.
11, Hermann Müller June 28, 1928 - March 27, 1930 German Social Democratic Party
Hermann Miller (May 18, 1876 - March 20, 1931), was born in Mannheim and is a German politician. From 1916 to 1918, he was a member of Congress. From 1919 to 1920, as a member of the German Social Democratic Party, he was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs and signed the Treaty of Versailles on behalf of Germany. During his time in the Weimar Republic, he served as German Chancellor twice in 1920 and 1928-30. In 1931, he died after a gallbladder surgery, and his death also brought a major blow to the German Social Democratic Party.
12, Heinrich Brüning (Heinrich Brüning) March 30, 1930 - May 30, 1932 Intermediate Party
Heinrich Brüning (German: Heinrich Brüning, November 26, 1885 - March 30, 1970) was the German Chancellor from 1930 to 1932 during the Weimar Republic of Germany. He was also the longest-serving Prime Minister of the Weimar Republic. Bruin was a controversial figure in German history, and his use of state of emergency decrees and ambiguous policies against the Nazi Party led to the demise of the Weimar Republic. He left Germany in 1934 and taught at Harvard (1937-1952) and the University of Cologne.
Heinrich Brüning (1885-1970) Prime Minister of the Weimar Republic of Germany, financial expert. Born in Münster , he was baptized in his early years and joined the Catholic Church. After the outbreak of World War I, he was conscripted and served in German Army . After the end of World War I, he began to work as a Catholic trade union. Since 1924, he has served as a member of the Congress delegation of the German Catholic Central Party and has been famous as a financial expert in Congress. In 1929, he became the leader of the German Catholic Central Party. In 1930, he served as Prime Minister of the Cabinet of the German Republic. On July 18 of the same year, the Congress refused to approve the emergency decree it issued, and invoked Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution to implement the President's emergency decree and dissolved the Congress, setting a precedent for the Weimar Republic to undermine the parliamentary system. He also served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Germany from October 9, 1931.On May 30, 1932, he was forced to resign under the pressure of German President Hindenburg. After Hitler came to power in 1934, Bruin fled from Germany. From 1937 to 52, he taught political science at Harvard University; later he returned to Germany and taught at the University of Cologne.
13, Franz von Papen (Franz von Papen) June 1, 1932 - November 17, 1932 Intermediate Party
Franz von Papen, full name is Franz Joseph Hermann Michael Maria von Papen, born on October 29, 1879, and died on May 2, 1969. He is a German politician and diplomat, Catholic, and served as the German Chancellor in 1932 and Kurt von Schleicher (Kurt von Schleicher) December 3, 1932 - January 28, 1933 Non-party
Franz von Papen took over as Prime Minister and appointed Schleicher as Minister of Defense. However, Schleisher is not as conservative as Papen. During a radio visit that year, he vaguely expressed opposition to military dictatorship or a puppet regime supported by the army. Finally, Schleisher clashed with Papen. After the November 1932 parliamentary election, the government failed to maintain a valid parliamentary majority, so Papen was forced to resign. Schleisher took over as German Chancellor.
In order to regain the majority of parliament, Schleisher's plan was to form a "Labor" government led by him, and unite the forces that several parties in Germany could not cope with in a non-parliamentary, dictatorial but participatory government. So he won over the left wing of the Nazi Party led by Grigo Strathor. However, Strathor was gradually at a disadvantage in the power struggle with Hitler at that time. The plan was initially achieved slightly, but Schleisher was boycotted by both sides. There, Papen, who was previously forced to step down, knew that President Hindenburg began to suspect Schleischer wanted to secretly practice parliamentary politics, and despise him for his willingness to cooperate with the Social Democratic Party. Therefore, Papen repeatedly advised the elderly president to appoint Hitler as the new prime minister, and the right-wing German National People's Party as the ruling party in parliament. According to the plan, the party would control the expansion of the Nazi Party with Papen. Schleisher didn't know that Papen was actually in secret negotiations with Hitler and Hindenburg respectively. Afterwards, Hindenburg refused to use emergency decrees and dissolve the parliament for Schleisher. The President removed Schleisher from his post and appointed Hitler as Prime Minister on January 30, 1933.
In , June 30, 1934, Schleisher and his wife Elizabeth were murdered by the Nazi Party as their enemies. His sixteen-year-old stepdaughter first discovered their bodies.
The Prime Minister of the Third Reich (Nazi Germany)
1, Adolf Hitler January 30, 1933-April 30, 1945 The National Socialist Workers' Party (Nazi Party)
2, Joseph Goebbels April 30, 1945-May 1, 1945 The National Socialist Workers' Party (Nazi Party)
Paul Joseph Goebbels (German: Paul Joseph Goebbels, born and died: October 29, 1897 - May 1, 1945), German politician and orator. He served as the Minister of National Education and Propaganda during the Nazi Germany period, and was good at speaking. He was known as the "genius of propaganda",
3, Ludz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk (May 1, 1945 - May 23, 1945 Karl Denitz appointed and acted as Prime Minister of the Provisional Government (Flensburg Government). After Germany surrendered, he was arrested and tried by the Allied forces and sentenced to 10 years in prison, and was later amnesty.
On May 7, 1945, the Provisional Government established after Nazi Germany declared its surrender, replacing the regime of the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany.
Before Hitler committed suicide on April 30, 1945, he appointed Denitz and Goebbels as the next president and prime minister, but Goebbels committed suicide the next day, and Denitz served as prime minister and became the new head of state.At that time, Dunitz's command was located in Flensburg, so this successor government was historically known as the Flensburg government. After Dunitz's succession, he was afraid of the revenge of the Soviet Union and tried to make Germany surrender to Britain and the United States. On May 6, the successor government held its first meeting. Dunitz ordered Alfred Jodel to sign an unconditional surrender letter to the representatives of the Allies in Reims, and on May 7, he instructed William Keitel to sign a second surrender letter to the Soviet Union in Berlin. When declaring the victory of the war, Churchill actually recognized the status of the head of the Flensburg government and Denitz, but the Soviet Union clearly opposed it and declared it as the "Denitz Gang". On May 23, the British representative arrived in Flensburg to announce Eisenhower's order to dissolve the Flensburg government and arrest its members. A power vacuum appeared in Germany. Until June 5, the Allies signed the "Declaration on the Failure of Germany and the Allies to Take Over the Supreme Government Power", and the German government's power was jointly taken over by the United States, the Soviet Union, the British government and the French local government.
Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Democratic Republic of Germany
1, Otto Grotewohl October 11, 1949-September 21, 1964 German Unified Socialist Party
1920-1925 served as member of the Brunswick City and State Assembly, and the Minister of State Interior, Education and Attorney General. From 1925 to 1930, he served as a member of the German Parliament and chairman of the German Social Democratic Party Brunswick State. After the fascists came to power, they moved into underground struggles and were arrested many times. In June 1945, he was elected as chairman of the Central Committee of the German Social Democratic Party. In April 1946, he was elected as chairman of the German Unified Socialist Party at the same time, along with the leader of the German Communist Party William Pique. On October 7, 1949, he served as Prime Minister of the Provisional Government of the Democratic Republic of Germany and later as Chairman of the Council of Ministers. He was elected as Chairman of the State Council in September 1960. He died in Berlin on September 21, 1964. The main works are collected in the "Grottivo Collection".
2, Villi Stoph (Willi Stoph) September 21, 1964 - October 3, 1973 The German Unified Socialist Party
was captured by the Soviet army in April 1945. After returning to China, he served as director of the Building Materials Construction and Construction Department and the Basic Materials Department of the Central Industrial Management Agency of the Democratic Republic of Germany from 1945 to 1948. From 1948 to 1950, he served as director of the Economic Policy Department of the Central Committee of the Unified Socialist Party of Germany. In 1950, he was elected as a member of the Central Committee of the United Socialist Party of Germany and a secretary of the Secretariat of the Central Committee of the Party Central Committee. Since 1953, he has served as a member of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee. He served as Minister of Internal Affairs from 1952 to 1955; he was one of the members of the presidium of the Council of Ministers. In 1954, he served as Vice-Chairman of the Council of Ministers. He was awarded the rank of police general in 1955, and served as Minister of Defense from 1956 to 1960 and Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Warsaw Pact Army. Promoted to general in 1959. After 1960, he no longer held military positions.
3, Horst Sindermann (Horst Sindermann) October 3, 1973 - October 29, 1976 German Unified Socialist Party
Horst Sindermann (1915-1990), a former Democratic German politician, the second most powerful figure in the former Democratic German Party and the country. Shinderman joined the German Communist Party at the age of 14 and has been a party member for 60 years. He spent 12 years in Nazi concentration camps and prisons. In 1945, he served as the editor-in-chief of the Communist Party of Dresden, served as the leader of the party in Halle District for 8 years, and had a high prestige in democratic Germany. Shinderman served as chairman of the Council of Ministers of Democratic Germany (Head of Government) from 1973 to 1976.
4, Willi Stoph (Willi Stoph) October 29, 1976 - November 8, 1989 German Unified Socialist Party
Willi Stoph (1914.7.9-1999.4.13) Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Democratic Republic of Germany (Head of Government), Minister of National Defense.
Ville Sdorf was born on July 9, 1914 in a working family in Berlin. He worked as a bricklayer and construction technician in his early years. He joined the German Communist Youth League in 1928 and joined the German Communist Party in 1931. He has been engaged in anti-fascist underground work since 1933. On April 2, 1938, she married Marianne Wiegank.
was captured by the Soviet army in April 1945.After returning to China, he served as director of the Building Materials Construction and Construction Department and the Basic Materials Department of the Central Industrial Management Agency of the Democratic Republic of Germany from 1945 to 1948. From 1948 to 1950, he served as director of the Economic Policy Department of the Central Committee of the Unified Socialist Party of Germany. In 1950, he was elected as a member of the Central Committee of the United Socialist Party of Germany and a secretary of the Secretariat of the Central Committee of the Party Central Committee. Since 1953, he has served as a member of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee. He served as Minister of Internal Affairs from 1952 to 1955; he was one of the members of the presidium of the Council of Ministers. In 1954, he served as Vice-Chairman of the Council of Ministers. He was awarded the rank of police general in 1955, and served as Minister of Defense from 1956 to 1960 and Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Warsaw Pact Army. Promoted to general in 1959. After 1960, he no longer held military positions.
5, Hans Modrow (November 8, 1989 - April 12, 1990 The German Unified Socialist Party
Hans Modrow (German: Hans Modrow), (January 27, 1928-) was born in Police, Pomerania Province, Germany (now in the West Pomerania Province of Poland), a German politician, formerly served as the chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Democratic Republic of Germany (i.e., Prime Minister), and is currently the honorary chairman of the German Left Party. Modro is the last Communist Prime Minister in East Germany. After Germany was reunified, he continued to serve as a member of the German Parliament and a member of the European Parliament.
6, Lothar de Maizière April 12, 1990 - October 2, 1990 East German Christian Democratic League
East German Christian Democratic faction. From April 12, 1990 to October 2, 1990, he served as Prime Minister of East Germany and was the last Prime Minister of East Germany. In March 1990, East Germany held its first free election, and the Christian Democratic League where Demezier was located won the election. On April 12, De Meizier took office as prime minister. Afterwards, De Meizier served as prime minister until Germany was reunited. After Germany's unification, De Meizier served as the Minister of Germany's Special Mission in the Cole government. On December 17, 1990, Lotal de Meizier resigned from the position of Minister of Special Mission Department due to the rumor that he had worked for Stasi.
Prince of the Federal Republic of Germany
1, Konrad Adenauer September 15, 1949-October 11, 1963 Christian Democratic League
Konrad Adenauer (January 5, 1876-April 19, 1967), a German politician and the first prime minister of the Federal Republic of Germany. He experienced four major historical periods, including the German Empire, the Weimar Republic, the Third Reich and the Federal Republic of Germany. Under his leadership, Germany went from a defeated country in World War II to regaining sovereignty, and then became an equal partner of Western countries; economically healed the trauma of war and created Germany's "economic miracle" by implementing a social market economy. As the most outstanding prime minister recognized by Germany, he has deeply stamped the mark of Adenauer in modern German history. His influence is still everywhere. For this reason, people call this period the "Adenauer era".
2, Ludwig Erhard October 16, 1963 - November 30, 1966 Christian Democratic League
Ludwig Wilhelm Erhard (February 4, 1897 - May 5, 1977), a German politician, economist, and the "father of the social market economy", is one of the representative figures of the Federal German neoliberal school. Born in Fert, Bavaria, Germany, after World War II, he served as Minister of Economic Affairs of the Bavarian Government of Germany, Director of the Economic Affairs Agency of the British and American Occupied Areas of Germany, Minister of Economic Affairs of the Federal Republic of Germany, Deputy Prime Minister and Prime Minister. His most important contribution is to discuss and practice the "social market economy" theory, which is the basis of the post-war economic policy of the Federal Republic of Germany.
Ehard entered the Nuremberg Higher Business College in 1919, and in 1923 he joined the University of Frankfurt as a graduate student and received his Ph.D. in economics. In 1947, the University of Munich awarded Ehard the title of Emeritus Professor. Ehard was one of the founders of the social market economy. Ehard introduced monetary and economic reforms in post-war Germany to establish a social market economic order; in 1948, monetary reforms began to be implemented, and the new German mark replaced the old mark.Ehard was a Liberal Party member before 1949, but he believed that his political views were more likely to be realized in a larger party, so he began to contribute to the CDU. On September 20, 1949, Federal Prime Minister Conrad Adenner appointed Ehard as Federal Minister of Economy and Labor. In 1950, Bonn University invited him to be a professor. He was appointed Deputy Prime Minister on October 29 after the 1957 general election.
On October 16, 1963 Ehard became Prime Minister after Adenauer. As soon as he came to power, Ehard changed his predecessor Adenauer's pro-French policy and changed it to the United States in full swing. He was forced to resign on December 1 after a fiscal crisis occurred in Germany in 1966. Ehard died in Bonn on May 5, 1977 at the age of 81.
3, Kurt Georg Kiesinger December 1, 1966 - October 21, 1969 The Christian Democratic League
1 Born on April 6, 1904 in Alpstadt City, received education in Berlin and Tübingen, and later became a lawyer. In 1933, Hitler joined the Nazi Party when he came to power, but refused to join the National Socialist Party Bar Association in 1938. He was the deputy director of the Broadcasting Bureau of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs during World War II and was one of Dr. Goebbels' main assistants. He was sentenced after the war and continued to work as a lawyer in Tübingen after his release. He joined Conrad Adenner's Christian Democratic League in 1948, served as a federal representative from 1949 to 1958, and served as chairman of the Parliament's Foreign Policy Committee. In parliament, he supported Adenauer's pro-Western foreign policy and domestic policy with conservative tendencies. He served as Prime Minister of Baden-Vüdenburg State from 1958 to 1966. On December 1, 1966, he became Prime Minister of the Federal Republic of China. He continued to implement his predecessor's pro-Western foreign policy, but slightly eased tensions with the Soviet bloc. After stepping down in 1969, he continued to serve as the chairman of the CDU until 1971. Died in Tübingen on March 9, 1988.
4, Willy Brandt, October 22, 1969 - May 7, 1974, German Social Democratic Party,
, Willy Brandt (also known as Willy Brandt, December 18, 1913 - October 8, 1992), was a German politician, served as Prime Minister of West Germany from 1969 to 1974. Joined the Social Democratic Party at the age of 16. Joined the Socialist Workers' Party in 1931. After Hitler came to power, he was forced to work underground. Later, he insisted on the anti-fascist struggle in a foreign country.
After the war, Brandt was elected mayor of West Berlin after he restored his German nationality. In 1958, Brandt was elected chairman of the Social Democratic Party of West Berlin. In December 1966, Brandt became the Foreign Minister of the Federal Republic of Germany. After the 1969 general election, Brandt ascended the throne of prime minister in one fell swoop. During his tenure, the New Oriental policy of reconciliation with the Soviet group opened up a diplomatic deadlock, especially the Warsaw Kneel in Warsaw in 1970 attracted global attention. For this reason, he became the Nobel Peace Prize winner in 1971. On May 6, 1974, he was forced to step down because of the exposure of the East German spy invasion. Brandt is still active on the international stage after resigning. He has served as chairman and honorary chairman of the German Social Democratic Party. In 1976, he was elected as the President of the Socialist Party International. After taking office, he carried out a series of reforms to the Socialist International and revised the Socialist International Constitution. Three new tasks have been set up for the Socialist International: to fight for easing and disarmament, to establish a new world economic order in the relationship between the north and the south, and to fight for human rights.
On October 8, 1992, Brandt died suddenly at home at the age of 78. Brandt often visits countries around the world as the Socialist Party chairman and the Socialist Party international chairman, and public opinion calls him a "peace envoy." On November 28, 2005, German TV No. 2 voted to select the greatest German, and Brandt ranked fifth.
5, Helmut Schmidt May 16, 1974 - October 1, 1982 German Social Democratic Party
Helmut Schmidt (1918-2015), a German Social Democratic Party politician. Born on December 23, 1918 in Hamburg. Joined Hitler Youth League in 1934. After graduating from middle school in 1937, he was recruited into the army. He was captured by the British army in 1944 and released after the war. In 1945, he entered the University of Hamburg to study politics and economics. He joined the Social Democratic Party in 1946, and from 1974 to 1982, he served as Prime Minister of the Federal German (West Germany).
On November 10, 2015, Schmidt died in the northern German city of Hamburg at the age of 96. He is known as the "old friend of the Chinese people" and is the pioneer and promoter of Germany-China relations.
polls show that he is one of the most popular German Chancellors after the war.
6, Helmut Kohl, October 1, 1982 - October 27, 1998 Christian Democratic League
Helmut Kohl (April 3, 1930 - June 16, 2017), was born in a military officer family in Ludwigshafen. He served as the German Chancellor from 1982 to 1998. During his administration, he witnessed the historic events of German reunification and promoted the process of European monetary integration. He is considered one of the most influential European leaders in the late 20th century. [1]
On June 16, 2017, former German Prime Minister Helmut Kohl died at home at the age of 87.
7, Gerhard Schröder October 27, 1998 - November 22, 2005 German Social Democratic Party
Gerhard Schröder, former German Chancellor. Born on April 7, 1944 in a working family in Mosenberg Town, Detmold City, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. He has been from a poor family since childhood. The hardships of life have tempered Schroeder's self-reliance and self-reliance character. He was 174cm tall and served as the German Chancellor from 1998 to 2005. His political career began with the left-wing German Social Democratic Party (SPD)—who was once the party chairman. He led a coalition of SPD and the German Green Party. He was also a successful lawyer before becoming a full-time politician.
On September 27, 1998, in the 14th Bundestag election in Germany, he defeated Prime Minister Kohl, who had been in power for 16 years, and became the new German Prime Minister. He was sworn in on October 27 of the same year. On April 12, 1999, he was officially elected as the eighth party chairman of the Social Democratic Party after the war.
On September 29, 2017, he was elected Chairman of the Board of Directors of Rossia Petroleum
8, Angela Merkel November 22, 2005-Today, German Union Party/Christlich-Demokratische Union
Angela Dorothea Merkel (July 17, 1954-), a German female politician, currently the Chancellor of Germany and the Chairman of the Deutschlands Christlich-Demokratische Union.
From 1973 to 1978, Merkel studied physics at the University of Leipzig, Germany. He received his Ph.D. in physics in 1986. He entered politics in November 1989 and joined the German "Democratic Awakening" organization. From 1991 to 1998, he served as vice chairman of the CDU and from April 2000. In November 2005, he was successfully elected as prime minister of the Alliance Party and the Social Democratic Party, becoming the first female prime minister in German history, and was successfully re-elected in the 2009 and 2013 general elections.
Merkel is serious and diligent, calm and pragmatic, and has outstanding achievements. He is known as the "Iron Lady" in German politics.
On March 11, 2015, Merkel ranked third among the salaries of leaders of various countries. In April of the same year, Merkel ranked 25th in the "Most Influential Person" of Time magazine, receiving 0.9% of the votes. On November 4, 2015, Merkel ranked second in the Forbes ranking of the world's most powerful figures. In December 2015, Merkel was elected "Times" Person of the Year. In June 2016, Forbes ranked first in the world's 100 most influential women in 2016, Merkel ranked first for six consecutive years. On September 22, 2016, Bloomberg ranked 6th in the world's top 50 most influential figures. On September 24, 2017, the Coalition Party led by Merkel won the most votes in the German Bundestag election, leading the other parties.
On March 14, 2018, Merkel was identified as the German Chancellor for the fourth time. On October 29, Merkel said she will step down as prime minister in 2021. In January 2019, Merkel was selected as the "Top Ten Thinkers of the World".
PS: The above content is compiled from the Internet;
