Diabetes is a very serious chronic disease, especially common among the elderly. However, with the development of society, the improvement of living standards, the diversification of diet, and some unhealthy lifestyles have made the incidence of diabetes more and more younger, and many young people have also developed diabetes without realizing it. Today, let’s learn about diabetes.
Diabetes is a type of disease caused by insulin secretion and/or insulin deficiency and characterized by chronic hyperglycemia with metabolic disorders of carbohydrate , fat and protein.
| Multi-drink | Multi-drink |
| Multi-uria | Weight loss |
Typical clinical symptoms are mainly manifested as three more and one less, namely, drinking more, eating more, and urinating, weight loss; but in the current clinical practice, many diabetic patients are not typical, and many patients have no obvious clinical symptoms for a long time. Instead, they find elevated blood sugar during physical examinations on weekdays and have further examinations confirmed. At the same time, some patients are diagnosed because of related complications, and they go to the hospital for examination and found elevated blood sugar.
Q1
Diagnostic criteria for diabetes
Diagnostic criteria for diabetes: ① Have symptoms of diabetes and have blood sugar ≥11.1 mmol/lL 2 hours after meal; ② fasting blood sugar ≥7.0 mmol/lL; ③ Glucose tolerance test for 2 h blood sugar ≥11.1 mmol/L. Patients who meet one of the above criteria, those who still meet one of the three conditions during the next day's follow-up visit are diabetic patients.
Q2
Hazards of diabetes
Diabetes patients with diabetes If the body is in the hyperglycemia state for a long time, it will lead to various tissues, especially the eyes, kidneys, heart, blood vessels , nerves, chronic damage and functional disorders. For example, diabetic retinopathy, severe cases can lead to blindness; diabetic peripheral nerves, vascular lesions, diabetes nephropathy , diabetes heart disease , diabetic encephalopathy, etc., and more severe cases can lead to diabetes foot , leading to lifelong disability.
Q3
Diabetes treatment
Diabetes treatment: diet, exercise and medication, psychological treatment. Any type of diabetes is the first in treatment of diet and exercise.
(I) Diet
Dietary treatment is the basis of diabetes treatment; dietary treatment does not equal "hunger therapy". Appropriately limit the total calories of food, while maintaining nutritional balance!
Specific dietary guidance: Diabetic patients need to control their dietary intake of total calories. Generally speaking, the daily staple food does not exceed half a pound, the average is 1 tael and 2 taels in the morning, 2 taels at noon, and 1 tael and 1 tael for dinner. Ensure the intake of milk and eggs every day. It is recommended to have 250ml pure milk and 1 egg for breakfast. Meat (such as beef, chicken, duck, fish and shrimp, etc., try to minimize warm and dry mutton and dog meat). Vegetables can be relaxed, half to one pound per day, mainly green leafy vegetables.
You can eat fruits in moderation on weekdays, but because you pay attention to the time of the fruit meal, it is generally two hours before or two hours after the meal, at least two hours away from the main meal. At the same time, pay attention to the control of the amount of fruits, about 100-150g per day, and try to focus on low-sugar fruits, such as tomatoes (big ones), cucumbers, ginseng fruit , snow lotus fruit , grapefruit, wax , strawberries, kiwi, etc.
(II) Exercise
Proper exercise helps restore psychological balance, eliminate anxiety, cheer up spirits, enhance confidence, improve work efficiency and quality of life, and enhance physical fitness. At the same time, improve your insulin sensitivity, improve blood lipid metabolism, regulate weight, and prevent complications. You should feel comfortable after exercise.
Generally, type 2 diabetes can control blood sugar within the normal range through strict diet control and physical exercise. According to the patient's physical condition, exercise types such as walking, jogging, cycling, Tai Chi , shuttlecock , ball sports, etc. It is best to use aerobic exercise. You must adhere to the principle of gradual progress and perseverance. It is best to exercise half an hour to 1 hour after a meal. At the same time, avoid excessive exercise and causing hypoglycemia.Patients who often experience hypoglycemia carry a small amount of food or sugar during exercise, and supplement a small amount of food in moderation after excessive activity to prevent the occurrence of hypoglycemia.
(III) Drug treatment
Under diet and exercise control, blood sugar control is still poor, hypoglycemia-lowering drugs can be given as appropriate. Currently, commonly used anti-glycemia-lowering drugs in clinical practice include oral anti-glycemia-lowering drugs and insulin.
Commonly used oral hypoglycemic drugs include six major categories: 1. Biguanidines represented by Gvarze; 2. Alpha glycosidase inhibitors represented by Baitang apple ; 3. Sulfonylureas represented by glitzit sustained release tablets; 4. Glinet drugs, representing drugs include reglinet ; 5. DPP-4 inhibitors, representing drugs include sagliptin , vigliptin , sitagliptin and other drugs.
Insulin: According to the different insulin action time, it can be divided into five categories: ultra-short-acting insulin, short-acting insulin, medium-acting insulin, long-acting insulin and premixed insulin. Which one to use requires the patient to go to the endocrinology department of a regular hospital for treatment.
(IV) Blood sugar monitoring
1. Blood sugar monitoring time: on an empty stomach, lunch, before dinner, and 2 hours after three meals, before going to bed, blood sugar needs to be monitored at 2-3 am if necessary. and when symptoms of hypoglycemia occur before driving, before and after exercise.
2. Precautions for monitoring blood sugar: Try to fasting blood sugar for more than 8 hours and draw blood early; the time must be calculated from the first bite of meal 2 hours after meals; monitor blood sugar after meals must be taken as usual as usual.
When monitoring blood sugar, blood sugar should be taken precautions:
Use alcohol disinfect the skin
Be sure to wait for the alcohol to evaporate
Do not squeeze the bleeding hard
The first drop of blood can be discarded
Can thorn the skin on both sides of the fingertips
Do not touch the test area
(V) Psychological treatment
Because diabetes is a chronic and lifelong disease, patients lack medical knowledge, and due to the influence of social and environmental factors, some patients may develop loneliness, anxiety, depression , pessimism and disappointment, fear, and even world-weariness.
Therefore, in clinical work, we must not only do a good job in basic treatment of patients, but also pay attention to the psychology of patients, express understanding and respect to patients, guide patients out of misunderstandings, establish confidence, maintain a good attitude, accept reality, cooperate with treatment, fully mobilize the patient's subjective initiative, learn prevention and treatment knowledge, and find favorable and unfavorable factors affecting the disease through monitoring of blood sugar, glycated hemoglobin and urine sugar , so that patients can develop firm confidence and perseverance, and encourage family members to participate together to enhance their confidence in defeating the disease.
Source: Beijing Tongrentang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital
