After the July 7 Incident in 1937, three domestic prestigious universities, Peking University, Tsinghua University and Nankai, moved south to the ancient city of Changsha. It jointly formed the "Changsha Temporary University", referred to as "Changsha Linda", which is the predece

Only by studying can you change your temperament

——Zeng Guofan

After the July 7 Incident in 1937, three domestic prestigious universities, Peking University, Tsinghua University and Nankai, moved south to the ancient city of Changsha and jointly formed the "Changsha Temporary University", referred to as "Changsha Linda", which is the predecessor of "Southwest Associated University".

"Changsha Linda" campus site - Hunan Bible College

After the July 7 Incident in 1937, under the trampling of the Japanese devils' iron hooves, the land of China was filled with smoke and devastated. According to the instructions of the National Government, three domestic prestigious universities, Peking University, Tsinghua University and Nankai, had to move south to the ancient city of Changsha. The school's headquarters at that time was located in Changsha Jiucaiyuan Bible College (now the Second College of the Provincial Government), forming Changsha Temporary University. The name of this school was discussed and determined by three presidents, Zhang Boling, President of Nankai University, Mei Yiqi, President of Tsinghua University, and Jiang Menglin, President of Peking University, during a meeting in Nanjing's Ministry of Education. The leaders of the Ministry of Education at that time believed that the Anti-Japanese War would not last too long, and it might be a year or two, so they were named after the "temporary university", and everything was made for temporary plans.

1600 teachers and students from Peking University, Tsinghua University and Nankai University arrived in Changsha after a long journey, among which a group of professors such as Zhu Ziqing, Wen Yiduo, Chen Yinke, Feng Youlan, Jin Yuelin, Pan Guangdan, Wu Youxun, Gu Yuxiu, etc. arrived first.

List of chairmen of professors of various departments of "Changsha Lin University"

On October 25, 1937, Changsha Temporary University officially opened. Unfortunately, there were only 1,452 students reporting, less than half of the total number of students in the three schools. Among them, there are 342 students from Peking University, 631 students from Tsinghua University, 147 students from Nankai University, and 232 freshmen and borrowed students. The School of Literature is located in Nanyue, more than 100 miles from Changsha. The School of Technology is a third or fourth grade student at Hunan University. Students from the School of Science and Law and Business live in the old barracks in Xiecaoping. At that time, many people in society expressed doubts about this newly established temporary institution: not only did they lose their original advantages in materials, but they were also worried that the three schools each had different traditional styles and could cooperate to run them.

In fact, if you look at it carefully, the three prestigious schools are "different" and have a long-term ideological basis for cooperation. Peking University is particularly superior in literature, history and philosophy, while Tsinghua's several subjects of literature, history and philosophy are no less than Peking University. Tsinghua University is particularly developed in science, while several science subjects at Peking University are no less than Tsinghua University. Nankai is particularly well-known for its Institute of Economic Research, while Peking University and Tsinghua University are no less than Nankai in terms of economic theory. On the other hand, the three schools are known as "mountains, seas, and clouds", which means that the south is stable as a mountain, Peking University is tolerant as a sea, and Tsinghua University is wisdom as clouds. Each has its own characteristics, but it has a strong modern academic freedom and inclusive academic style.

In order to enhance the social influence of the "temporary university", the school invited a group of celebrities to give lectures. These figures include Zhang Zhizhong, chairman of the Hunan Provincial Government, Zhang Jiluan, editor-in-chief of Ta Kung Pao, Bai Chongxi and Chen Cheng, former general secretary of the Communist Party of China Chen Duxiu, and Mao Zedong's teacher Xu Teli, etc. Their speeches were both popular among students and had a wide range of social influence.

More than 100 professors from three schools "declined the palaces of the five dynasties" in Peiping, "and temporarily stopped at Hengshan and Xiangshui... and 10% of them were the only one hundred families, and it was difficult to lose their ambition" (Southwest Associated University College Song). They were not refugees and passers-by in the ancient city during the war, but cultural descendants in the war of resistance. Feng Youlan, Dean of Nanyue Academy of Literature, said in the article "Missing Mr. Jin Yuelin":

On the surface, we seem to have been hiding into the Ivory Tower despite the national crisis. In fact, we all have nowhere to vent our grief and anger. That grief and anger are our driving force... Mr. Jin's "On the Tao" and my "New Neo-Confucianism" were both formed there (Nanyue)... Someone asked: Why should we use this old name? Mr. Jin said: In order to keep it a little Chinese flavor. At that time, we thought that even if it was just a little Chinese, it would be beneficial to the War of Resistance.

"Lin University" Professor Rong Zhaozu of Nanyue Literature College once summarized the attitude of professors in the School of Literature in response to the war of resistance with three quatrains.The first saying:

The people who have been drought for a long time hope Yue Lin (Mr. Jin Yuelin),

Who can save the world and the people (Mr. Liu Shoumin)?

The second saying:

The third saying:

The third saying:

The third saying:

The first saying:

The first saying:

After Nanjing fell, traitors from Beijing and Shanghai made a debut, and the pro-Japanese faction of the Han and Chongqing faction and the Japanese phobia sang surrender argument. At this time, as Mr. Ma Wenzhen of Tsinghua said:

Nanjing artillery fire shocked Han and Hunan, and half of the southeastern wall of Wu and Chu died.

The country is abandoned thousands of miles away, and the streets at alleys and streets are discussing war.

Professor Pu Xuefeng from the Department of Politics of the Temporary University saw this and wrote a big book in class "The fire burned to the tip of the eyebrows!" and quoted two Tang poems and said: "Han'er said all the words of Hu'er, but scolded Han'er at the top of the city!" It expressed his resentment towards the surrendered faction.

The country is in danger and disasters continue. Shanghai fell on November 12, 1937, and Nanjing fell one after another one after another on December 13... The news reached Changsha Temporary University, and the crowd was infuriated. 1,067 students held an anti-Japanese oath-taking meeting. Many students were tearfully touched their tears and demanded to go to the front line to kill the enemy. The Party Branch of the Temporary University promptly organized more than 40 people to participate in the "Hunan Youth Battlefield Service Team". Underground party members Xiong Xianghui, Xu Jianguo and Zhang Huajun formed a leadership group, Fu Guohu led a team and Chi Jishang led a team of girls to Fengxiang, Shaanxi to engage in anti-Japanese propaganda, people's training, military education, social services and other work. After Zhang Shengli, a Changsha student from Nanyue Literature College of Linda University, learned about the loss of Nanjing, he was restless and had no intention of studying, and invited four students to form a team to the front line. Because there was no travel expenses, he once raised donations from the school teachers. Mr. Zhu Ziqing's family has a heavy burden and he still took the lead in donating money. Before leaving on the afternoon of December 14, the School of Literature held a special farewell party. Zhang Shengli said at the meeting: "We are not coming in a daze, nor are we going in a daze, but we are going to the place where we persist in the war of resistance!" After the five of them arrived in Changsha by train, they immediately went to the Eighth Route Army Communications Office in Hunan to ask for a letter of introduction to go to Yan'an. Wang Lingci, director of the Communications Department, received five students. At that time, Zhang Shengli was left in Changsha to assist Zhou Libo in organizing the Anti-Japanese War Daily. The other four students were escorted to Yan'an through underground party organizations along the way.

Before the July 7 Incident, Peking University had 46 underground party members and Tsinghua University had 42 underground party members. After entering Changsha's temporary university, only 6 Peking University members including Wu Leibo, Guan Shicong, Zhang Shengli (Zhang Gansheng), and 12 Tsinghua Party members were Ding Wuchun (Zhou Hongming), Wu Jizhou, and Guo Jianen. The temporary university has absorbed a group of activists to join the party, including 9 people including Song Ping, Chi Jishang, Zhao Shi. At that time, there were only more than 50 underground party members in Changsha City, of which more than half were party members in temporary universities. The Party Branch of the Temporary University was established in October 1937. Ding Wuchun served as secretary, and Wu Jizhou and Guo Jianen served as branch committee members. This was the earliest party branch established in the cultural and educational system during the War of Resistance Against Japan in Changsha, and it was also the party branch with the strongest combat effectiveness. In order to unite Hunan University, Xiangya Medical College and the Republic of China College to form an anti-Japanese and national salvation front, this party branch was once the branch committee member Wu Leibo was responsible for the establishment of the Changsha University Students' Anti-Japanese and National Salvation Federation. In order to commemorate the second anniversary of the "Dec.9" movement, branch committee member Guo Jianen mobilized students from Changsha to attend a lecture held by temporary universities.

In November 1937, when the Hunan Cultural Resistance Against Enemy Support Association established a party branch, the first party branch secretary was Ding Wuchun, secretary of the party branch of the temporary university. The "Wreak Soldier Service Group" and "Refugee Work Group" organized by the Hunan Cultural Resistance Association have established party groups, and under its leadership, there are more than 30 units, including reading clubs, current affairs research clubs, drama clubs, singing teams, etc., which have become the main position of the Hunan Cultural Resistance Association. After the temporary university moved westward to Kunming in February 1938, Ding Wuchun, who stayed in Changsha, took over as Secretary of the Changsha Municipal Party Committee, and Wu Jizhou became the Organization Minister of the Changsha Municipal Party Committee.

1938 New Year's Day, various groups in Changsha City held a propaganda conference for the anti-enemy. The temporary university theater troupe performed the street drama "Crazy Mother" in Tianxin Pavilion, Jingwu Road, Zhongshan Road, and Education Huiping. Later, it performed "Eve of the Storm" in the "People's Club" and the "Youth Club", breaking through the long-standing silence of the Changsha theater. Huang Shaoxiang, director of Changsha's Seventh Refugee Shelter, is a Tsinghua student. He organized a "refugee theater troupe". With the help of the temporary university theater troupe, he performed repertoire "Descendants of the Chinese Nation", "Blood Sprinkled in the Sky", and "Back Defense", which achieved good publicity results. Changsha Temporary University was very active in Changsha at that time, and many students participated in the "Morning Call Team" organized by the "Study and Anti-Japanese Association Winter Vacation Working Group". They rose at dawn and rushed to several major streets in the city. First, they sang songs of national salvation, and then shouted slogans in unison; "We should not forget the great Nanjing!" "We should not forget the enemy's violent behavior!" "We should not forget the soldiers and compatriots who died!" "Comrades, get up quickly and save the Chinese nation from the danger of the Chinese nation!"..." Songs and slogans came one after another, cutting through the sky at the dawn of the ancient city of Changsha.

In February 1938, just after the Spring Festival, Jiaoyu School (later renamed the Army Mechanization School) of Jinsheng Meiyu Tea House, which had moved from Nanjing to Changsha, issued a notice: 81 technical students in the second phase were recruited, and Zhuang Qianding, the director of the Mechanical Department of the Temporary University, mobilized students to apply for the exam, and promised that Tsinghua could retain their academic status for them and could resume school in the future. The temporary university also sent two teachers Dai Zhongfu and Chen Jishan to teach courses such as mechanical design, automotive engineering, and internal combustion engines. Tsinghua University recognized the credits of these courses. With this call, only 5 of the 23 students from the 11th grade of Tsinghua Mechanical Department went to Kunming, and 18 were admitted to Jiaoyu School, including Zhang Hongdao (Zhang Wenjin, later as Deputy Minister of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs), Li Zhihan (Li Huichuan, later as Deputy Director of the Research Office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs), and Wu Zhonghua (later founder of the ternary flow theory of international impeller machinery). There were 10 people including Su Youwei (Su Zhewen, who later served as deputy director of the Ministry of Electrical Power) and others who were admitted to the 11th grade of the Tsinghua Electrical Department. After 6 months of study, he was assigned to work in the mechanized unit, artillery unit, Red Cross Rescue Corps and other units. Zhang Houying (Zhang Ziqing, female, later director of the Department of Mechanical Industry), a student of the Tsinghua Mechanical Department who graduated from the first phase, later served as the director of the Ministry of Machinery Industry, stayed at Jiaoyi School as the secretary of the underground party branch. Nie Hongjun, the Military Minister of the Hunan Provincial Working Committee of the Communist Party of China, sent Zhang Shengli to contact her several times. 12 people, including Yu Hongdao, Xin Zhihan, Su Youwei, He Ying (formerly a student of Wusong Merchant Shipping College and later served as deputy minister of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs), who graduated from the second phase of

, were assigned to the 200th Division (the division is stationed in Xiangtan and the division commander Du Yuming). Nie Hongjun once sent Zhang Shengli to the Third Battalion of the Infantry Regiment of the 200th Division as a document to lead the 12 underground party members internally, and later left because he was suspected by the deputy battalion commander (Fuxing Society elements). Around 1941, most of the students from Tsinghua University who were in the 10th and 11th grade returned to Kunming Southwest Associated University to resume school.

As the anti-Japanese situation continued to deteriorate, Shanghai fell on November 12, and Nanjing fell on December 13 a month later. Wuhan was in a hurry, and the situation in Changsha was becoming more and more critical. The Ministry of Education notified Changsha Temporary University to prepare to move westward to Kunming, Yunnan. After the first semester of study, in late February 1938, Changsha Temporary University began to move westward to Kunming. One of the westward migration routes is the "Xiang, Guizhou and Yunnan Tour Group" composed of more than 200 teachers and students. Starting from Changsha Lilac Garden, take a boat along the Xiangjiang River to Changde, then walk through Guzhang and Huayuan in western Hunan to Huangguoshu in Guizhou, continue westward to Zhanyi, Yunnan, and finally to Kunming. It took 68 days and traveled more than 3,500 miles.

"Changsha Linda" teacher and student plan to enter Yunnan three times

There are only five professors participating in the pedestrian group, including Wen Yiduo, Zeng Zhaolun, Huang Zijian, Yuan Fuli, Che Jitong. Hunan Provincial Chairman Zhang Zhizhong sent Lieutenant General Huang Shiyue as the leader to lead this "Long March". Professor Huang Zijian is the deputy leader and takes care of the entire group's life. Professor Wen Yiduo, wearing a long robe and rolled up his trousers, guided students along the way to widely publicize anti-Japanese war, conduct social surveys, visit folk customs, and collect folk songs. Thinking of the hardships of life in the War of Resistance, he was determined to start raising his beard on the way westward, and would never shave until the victory of the Anti-Japanese War. He told the students:

Qu Yuan's poems about patriotism and love for the people are closely related to his long-term exile life.Today, when we read Qu Yuan’s book, we must follow Qu Yuan’s path. The second of the westward migration route is a long-distance bus hired by Changsha, and arrives at Tongdeng, Vietnam through Nanning and Zhennanguan in Guangxi. Then, it will take a train to arrive at Mengzi, Yunnan via Hanoi and Old Street. Principal Mei Yiqi took this route. The third route to the west is to take a train from Changsha via Guangzhou to Hong Kong, then take the turn to Haiphong in Vietnam, and then take the train to enter Yunnan. Most of the people who take this route are female classmates with better economic conditions. Only 875 students from three routes gathered in Kunming.

When the school started on May 4, 1938, the school was renamed Southwest United University. At this time, a couplet was posted at the door of the student dormitory: "No one has ever been before, no one has come afterwards", praising the victory of Changsha's temporary university's "Long March".

Original title: "Changsha Linda" in the Anti-Japanese War, originally published in "Literature and History Collection" No. 4, 2014.