torture series are all quite thrilling. Up is very grateful to those who can stick to this day. Let’s call yourself in the barrage.
Let’s stick to it for the last time today. In the next series, we will ensure that we change the taste and explore something that we like in depth. The main film starts below
, with the old rules, high-energy warning throughout the whole process!
1750, the tide of witch hunting on the European continent has gradually subsided, and the cry for abolishing torture has lasted for more than a century, and countries have begun to abolish torture from the legal level. In 1734, Sweden was the first to abolish torture. In 1754, Prussian Frederick the Great completely abolished torture. In 1786, torture was abolished in Italy. In 1794, Netherlands abolished torture. In 1801, Russian Tsar Alexander I abolished corporal punishment. In 1812, Spain, which was notorious in this regard, also issued a decree to abolish torture. In the same year, the Inquisition was abolished, ending religious terror since 1484.
. Have you noticed that there seems to be one country missing in the above list? Others are moving towards civilization, but it refuses to "surrender" to civilization. My guessed friend, please hit the barrage.
That's right, this is France. Just on the eve of the French Revolution , a man attempted to assassinate Louis XVI . The executioner cut off his hands and feet, poured the melted graphite and boiling oil on his bloody stump, and then tied his limbs to four horses. The horse was whipped hard and ran wildly toward all directions. Unexpectedly, this prisoner was so strong that he was not torn apart. The executioner had to suspend his execution and cut off his limbs with a knife. Then, four horses were dismembered.
Even in 1791, two years after the French Revolution, there were still some death row prisoners who were fried alive in the oil pan. This was something that even the dark medieval times had never done.
However, the symbol of the Great Revolution was not the fried prisoner, but the famous guillotine. The birth of this thing is very legendary.
In the 60 years before the Great Revolution, the death penalty in Paris was still in use of ancient rotary punishment. If you don’t know what this is, please review the first and second episodes by yourself. On a gentle afternoon in May 1738, a prisoner was crushed to pieces under the wheels at the execution site. The horrible scene caused a pregnant woman with a big belly to be overly frightened and gave birth prematurely. Fortunately, both mother and baby were safe and sound, and the child was named Joseph Garudin. This baby who was scared out of torture will completely change the history of the world's death penalty.
Galuding entered politics after growing up and has been calling for the abolition of torture. Four years before the French Revolution, in 1785, Gairudin began to test the use of mechanical devices to behead. After repeated tests, he found that the success rate of using an oblique blade is much higher than that of a traditional straight blade. This is because the gradual sliding oblique cut is better with force. Just imagine it. When you cut cucumbers and potatoes with a kitchen knife, is it easier to cut cucumbers and potatoes with a kitchen knife?
Galuding
But before the Revolution, France was still addicted to torture prisoners and refused to accept this relatively kind and relatively progressive machine at all. It was not until after the Great Revolution that the revolutionaries took power and Gairudin was elected as a member of parliament. He gave a speech in parliament, saying that the guillotine can separate the body and head of prisoners and die quickly, is a humane method of death penalty that can be applied to criminals of any class. He also said that, regardless of origin and status, equal crimes should be subject to the same punishment.
This opinion has been supported by many members of parliament. Robespierre especially likes the concept of equality for everyone under the death penalty. Gairudin's proposal for the death penalty reform was formally approved by the parliament. Ironically, most of this group of MPs, whether the Revolutionary or the Royalist Party, died in the guillotine a few years later.
The first one to die under the guillotine was a robber who robbed 800 francs , named Nicholas Pertiai. It is said that his sentence was deliberately delayed, and the guillotine was built to test this new killing toy. After the incident, the whole of Paris was "stunning" by the "cleanness" of the guillotine.
On January 21, 1793, King Louis XVI of France was sent to the guillotine, which happened to be the third anniversary of the parliament's approval of the Garuding proposal. It seems that at least in the death penalty, the French achieved complete equality.
Soon, the improved version of the guillotine appeared, some with compound blades; some could execute multiple prisoners at a time like a multiple squat toilet.
Robespierre's revolutionary terrorist policy has led to more and more "results" in the guillotine, and thousands of counter-revolutionaries are executed every week. Thanks to the efficient tool such as the guillotine, the executioner would be exhausted to death. There are rumors that Garudin himself died on the guillotine he invented, but this is not the case. However, there are too many wronged souls under the guillotine, and the inventor will inevitably be implicated. The French call the guillotine "San Garudin". This nickname is so widely circulated that it has become a special noun in French. Garuding himself has gained a bad reputation because of this and has no way to continue his political career, so he has to resign early. Therefore, what the guillotine ends is not Gairudin's biological life, but his "political life". But this should be a good thing for Garudin. If you continue to stay in politics, you might really "see you on the guillotine" with Robespierre.
Theory, the guillotine is a humane way of death, but the experienced Parisians do not agree so much. According to some witnesses, they saw the prisoner's head rolling down the guillotine and falling into a pool of blood more than once, and his eyes were still turning, even trying to speak. There is a very classic story here. Everyone has read the famous painting ": Death of Mara ", right? After the murderer Charlotte Cody, who was murdering Mara, was beheaded, the executioner picked up her head and slapped her in the face. Unexpectedly, Charlotte Cody suddenly widened her eyes and glared at the executioner.
Up is not a doctor, so it is impossible to tell whether this story is true or false. Is there anyone in the relevant major that can answer it? Show it in the barrage!
However, up has consulted some medical information. It is said that neurophysiology has a similar explanation. If the head is cut off quickly, the brain can clearly realize its own experience in the first few minutes and the perception still exists.
Seeing this, are your necks chilly?
What makes people feel even more chilling behind the scenes is that until France abolished the death penalty in 1981, the guillotine was one of the main forces in the execution of the death penalty. It also had three missions in the 1970s.
However, although the guillotine is famous, it is a French specialty and is not used by other countries. Britain, across the strait, refused to use this kind of "revolutionary" torture instrument. People adhere to the old tradition - the aristocrats who committed treason were slapping their heads with swords. All other crimes were hanging . The British Hanging was also improved at this time, becoming "read as kind and writing efficiently". In traditional hanging, the prisoner was hung in the air and struggled, and died of suffocation after 10-20 minutes. The new hanging style was changed to a fall style. The prisoner placed a movable door panel under the foot. When the execution was executed, the prisoner suddenly lost weight and fell. He used his own weight to break his neck and die quickly.
Falling Hang
The improvement in efficiency has given the UK the ability to execute criminals on a large scale. At that time, at least two-thirds of the criminals arrested would be sentenced to death. The death penalty rate is so high because British law is a bit "deep well ice". Traitor, pirate, murder, arson, robbery, theft and other crimes are all applicable to death penalty . Even stealing a piece of bread may cause hang.
In this case, ordinary people are not completely powerless to resist. They united and used the UK's unique "jury" system to spontaneously help prisoners reduce their crimes in order to save their lives.
For example, if a person is accused of stealing ten pounds, it is hang; but the jury will pretend that he only stole 1 shilling, which is a misdemeanor. A man is charged with stealing a sheep and being sentenced to death; a jury will pretend that he only stole the wool, which is another misdemeanor.
In ancient times, misdemeanors such as theft would be sentenced to corporal punishment, such as cutting off a hand or branding a mark with a soldering iron.By the 18th and 19th centuries, corporal punishment was abolished, but the British were very hesitant and always liked to retain a little traditional sense of ritual. So they invented the "British branding ". The guards would ask the prisoners to get a piece of ham meat, and then press the cold iron on the ham meat. The prisoners would hum symbolically from the side.
Since there is no corporal punishment, it is better to be exiled. After North America's independence in 1776, Australia became the main destination for exile prisoners. Speaking of this, up can't help but think of the current Australian Prime Minister Morrison . His ancestors were stolen wool, and maybe it was an example of the person who was left under the jury's knife.
But the colonies are not trash cans, so too many prisoners exiled will be unfavorable to management. The Australian Governor once wrote a letter to threaten the king, and if you send the prisoner again, I will sell the prisoner to the primitive tribe to exchange for meat.
If you don’t exile, you will have to go to jail in the UK. But going to jail may not be more merciful than the ancient corporal punishment. Like many modern American prisons, prisons in the 18th century were private and for-profit. All incarceration costs are not borne by the government, but by the prisoners themselves and are very expensive.
Inmates in Newgate Prison in London, each person pays three guineas to enter the door. One bed, 1.5 guinea per week. Guinea is a British gold coin unit, 1 Guinea is about 1 pound. You should know that at that time, the weekly wages of a British worker were only two-thirds of the pounds. How could a prisoner who has no jobs be able to pay the bed fee if he has no financial resources?
What should I do if I can’t afford it? Of course, I just don’t sleep in the bed, I just sleep in the floor. Sleeping on the floor in the UK in winter is a life-threatening rhythm. In addition, candles, food and tableware in prison all need to be paid for separately. The inmates at Fleet Prison even paid for the shackles they wore.
The prison sanitation environment is even more terrifying. A committee investigation report said a prisoner was imprisoned with his dog and wanted the dog to protect him, but the dog was bitten to death by swarms of mice and eaten.
In this harsh environment, about 5,000 criminals die of hunger in the UK every year.
In addition, although the government has abolished torture, it has found other ways to torture people. Once, after a sheriff visited a prison, he believed that a large number of prisoners were sitting in the prison all day long, a waste of time and energy. So the sheriff consulted the famous engineer William Cupid and asked him to think of a way to make these guys move. Cupid invented a device called a treadmill. This is undoubtedly the most meaningless machine ever, and its only function is to occupy the prisoner's strength and time.
treadmill simulation drawing, sitting below is a prisoner who is resting for 15 minutes
1817, the treadmill debuted for the first time and was placed in Brixton Prison in London. It's a huge wheel-type device, kind of like a large waterwheel. The pedal can accommodate 10 to 40 prisoners standing side by side. They can grab the crossbar on their heads and step from one pedal to another. When stepping on the pedal, the prisoners must be in a consistent pace to make the wheels move. If someone doesn't work hard, or the rhythm is different from others, everyone will be slapped into the wheel. This is equivalent to climbing the endless steps and stepping on 15 minutes, even the strongest prisoner will be exhausted. After 15 minutes, the second team of prisoners replaced the first team. Then take turns, each team has to take about fifteen times a day.
If it were today, this kind of treadmill could still be used to generate electricity, but it could not be realized at that time, and it became a formalistic hard labor. Later, a machine called crank appeared, which made the prisoner turn a heavy handle constantly, 10,000 times a day. The designer even installed a dial on the crank to record the number of times the curved screen rotated.
If the treadmill exercises the thigh muscles, the crank is to turn a Kirin arm out. Moreover, even the prisoner himself knew that it would be difficult for prisoners to complete such a large amount of labor.
Let’s listen to the experience of 15-year-old Edward Andrews.He was sentenced to three months in prison for stealing 1.8 kg of beef. The prison asked him to turn the crank, but he failed to fulfill his request of 10,000 times a day and had to go hungry. A few days later, he failed to complete the task and the prison gave him the same punishment. On the third time, he deliberately broke the dial. He was ordered to wear a punishment jacket. This is a restraining garment that you cannot sit or lie down after putting it on; there is also a tall and hard leather collar that holds your neck so that your head cannot stretch and turn, and you cannot even eat a piece of bread placed next to his mouth. Andrews was forced to wear this kind of restraint and was tied to the wall and stood all night. The next day the prison guard discovered that Andrews had hanged himself with a hammock strap he could reach.
1905 There is also a treadmill, which can be used to grind flour at this time
From the above records, we can realize that although British law has explicitly prohibited torture, the tradition that has lasted for thousands of years is not so easy to change. In fact, although it is banned in the UK, overseas colonies are still the same. Throughout the 19th century, no place in the world would have been more extensive and infamous than British India.
In addition to inheriting the ancestral torture instruments, the British colonial authorities also developed some "Indian characteristics". The most commonly used torture is called "kitten". It consists of two hinged wood boards, which are used similarly to European thumb clips, or Chinese clip sticks. Small cats can be used to clip every small protrusion or sensitive part on their body, you all know it. Large cats can be used to clamp hands or feet.
The most Indian-style "torture instrument" is Asian elephant . The prisoner was placed about 2.5m away from the elephant, with his legs tied with three ropes, and the other end of the rope was tied to a ring on the elephant's hind legs. Every time the elephant took a step, it pulled him forward a little. When he reached ten steps, he could dislocate every limb of the prisoner. When the elephant walks 450 meters, the prisoner's limbs will be completely broken. But at this time the prisoner still has signs of life. After waiting for an hour, the elephant would turn around and stomp the prisoner's head under the instructions of the executioner.
India also has a very "lower three" torture. In 1908, a woman named Gula Bubaro was accused of poisoning her husband. Punjab court sentenced her to death, accusing police of torture and hanging her upside down on the roof of a local police station and stuffing her into her anus with a baton coated with chili powder and curry paste. The surgeon confirmed the charge after examination. Thus, Ms. Gula's death sentence was revoked.
If this watermelon is a human head. . .
After India's independence, the bad traditions of British colonists were also inherited. In 1975, Mrs. Indira Gandhi declared a state of emergency and arrested many opposition parties in prison. The victims later recalled that the police forced them to drink their own urine, soaked them in ice water, fasted and cut off water for several consecutive days, etc. Of course, compared with the methods of British ancestors, it was quite "gentle".
After entering the 20th century, the most notorious torture users were undoubtedly Nazi Germany and Japan during World War II.
What the Japanese unit 731 did, up and want to create a separate series. Do you want to watch it? If you want to, I will find time to write if there are too many people. I won’t talk about 731 in detail today, let’s continue to diss Germany.
In June 1942, Heinrich Himmler, the leader of Gestapo , approved the use of torture. At first, the targets were limited to communists, socialists, believers of Jehovah’s Witnesses, guerrillas, Polish and idle lazy people in the occupied Soviet areas. Himmler even set strict rules that would be severely reprimanded and punished if any member of the SS or Gestapo went beyond this particular range.
However, this so-called "punishment" is just a saying, Himmler has not formulated any specific measures. So there is no doubt that everyone later let go of it. Some people have archaeologically developed all the torture tools heirloomed, such as the favorite limb pulling , which was used in the Middle Ages, and the newly invented electrocution , which was newly invented in the 20th century.
A report from the US military is very sensational.All torture is random and completely purposeless, the report says. "In many cases, the Germans do not know what information they want to get, but they just torture and torture prisoners at will." Obviously, this is simply abuse for the sake of abuse. But in the subsequent de-Nazization trial, these abusers shirked the responsibility to higher institutions and Himmler. It seems that this is indeed inherited, and the judges of the witch hunting movement claimed that their sexual abuse of women was authorized by God.
But many SS and concentration camp officers have received good education. Why did they do the same things as those in ancient illiterate?
In fact, this has nothing to do with the level of education and social civilization. It is the universal dark side in human nature.
When these Nazis have been instilled with a thought over time, when they believe that the prisoners in front of them are something inferior to humans, when they realize that what they do will never be pursued or even encouraged, when they are already addicted to blood like they are to alcohol or drugs, what power can stop these people from committing violence?
The atrocities of Japan and Nazi Germany were completely exposed and severely punished because they were defeated. But are those victorious countries really clean?
Members of the French Resistance Organization were tortured at the hands of the Gestapo, but after they won, they used the sins they suffered to the colonies. Few people know today that French troops also used torture on a large scale during the Algerian War of Independence.
In 1954, an uprising broke out in North Africa in North Africa , and the guerrillas of the National Liberation Front attacked the French colonists. The French army responded quickly and quickly destroyed the headquarters of the National Liberation Front.
During this war, 30% to 40% of men were arrested in a city called Casbach in the Algerian capital Algiers and then handed over to the security department for handling, where there were experts who specifically interrogate suspects. According to survivors, the French army was particularly good at using electrocution, commonly known as "transmitters", and electrodes could be tied to any part of the body of the inmate, especially the genitals. Henry Alleger, editor of the Algiers Republican, is a European Jewish . He has only been away from Nazi concentration camps for ten years and is now in the hands of the French paratroopers. He recalled: "When I was given the first time I was electrocuted, one of my fingers and one of my ears was connected to the electrodes. The electric current made a loud noise near my ears, and I felt my heart jump out. Then they changed to a higher power transmitter. This time it turned into a long spasm . My muscles were tightly tight, and the severe pain occupied my body. No matter how hard I tried, I couldn't open my mouth and shout."
The scene of the massacre after the uprising in Algeria
The French government's secretary-general in Algiers, Paul Tekin, tried to protect the locals, but all his efforts failed. He finally submitted his resignation to Paris. He said he saw the torture suffered by prisoners, "That was exactly what I had suffered in the Gestapo cell 14 years ago." According to his statistics, at least 3,000 Algerians disappeared within half a year.
These people were executed of course. Paratrooper Pierre Leilet recalled: "The authorities like to send regular soldiers to perform death sentences. The whole thing made me feel very disgusting. I could accept shooting my enemies on the battlefield, but now they asked me to kill a person who was powerless. The man and I looked at each other's eyes. I endured all the pain and pulled the trigger at him, and the other soldiers shot and killed the rest of the victims. But if you do too much of this, you won't feel that bad."
Leilet also said that the suspect's body was sometimes buried in the garden and the pit was covered with quicklime. The bodies of some victims will be thrown into the sea by helicopters. 30 kilometers away from the capital Algiers, there is a mass grave.
Up can't help but think that the recent Macron has been promoted to be abolished and killed all over the world. It is suggested that instead of being a fool, he might as well compensate the victims of that year first.
We have talked about so much above, it is all physical torture. There is also a kind of non-corporeal mental torture. In this regard, Tsarist Russian and later the Soviet Union, as well as the United States, all did it particularly 6.
We haven't introduced Russian torture much before, mainly because they are not creative, either boxing, kicking, whip, or soldering iron. They are not as varied as Western Europe, so there is nothing to say. But when it comes to how to make people feel depressed, Mao Wang is professional.
On the morning of December 22, 1849, the famous writer, the author of " Crime and Punishment ", Dostoevsky and 20 other literati were escorted to the Semenov Clinic in Moscow to execute the death penalty. They were convicted of incitement to speech.
The chief read out their death sentence in a tormenting slow tone. Just as the order was issued to the firing squad, a court military officer rushed over and brought the sealed document of Tsar Nicholas I . After the chief opened it, he continued to read in a tormenting slow tone: The death penalty was changed to exile Siberian . The whole scene was planned by the Tsar.
100 years later, a similar scene took place again. Later, the famous World War II general Rokosovsky was still a small officer at this time, and he was also taken to the death penalty. The pistol that performed the gun execution approached his head and pressed the trigger with a click. However, the pistol "temporarily" decided: "I'm going to get stuck." Lao Luo then saved his life and came back. Soon, he waited at the execution ground and finally announced the sentence: No need to die, go back to the army and continue to be a social animal.
In fact, this psychological torture that simulates execution is entirely out of sanctions. After hearing the gunshot, the inmate had to react for a while before he gradually realized that he was still alive. The psychological trauma caused by this experience is a lifetime and can even destroy the most tenacious will. So Rokosovsky was able to win so many battles later and be promoted to marshal. He is really not an ordinary mortal!
Dostoevsky
The United States, which claims to be the beacon of democracy, has more cases of mental abuse, but the methods are not as "literary" as Russia. Most of them are simple and crude, such as long-term strong light exposure, which prevents people from sleeping; exposing prisoners to excessive noise; or forcing prisoners to perform Japanese movies in public. In this regard, you can search on the Internet for , Baghdad , , Abu Ghraib Prison, and , Guantanamo Bay Prison, , Cuba . There are already a lot of related information on the Internet, so we won’t repeat it here.
Torture does not allow domestic laws in the United States, so torture occurs in overseas prisons. But the American police still have some small toys in their hands. For example, electric batons, in theory, are only used to maintain order, but in practice, they are also a very effective tool for torture. It is most commonly used in sensitive parts such as private parts or lips, and sometimes also in fingers, toes or earlobes. US police also often use portable live riot shields. This shield is made of transparent hard plastic with metal strips implanted. Pressing the button on the handle will produce bright, blue-purple electric sparks and horrifying crackling when discharged. It can make voltages of 40,000 to 100,000 volts. A technology company in Cleveland, Ohio, has also developed a belt that can remotely control power generation and is wrapped around the waist of prison inmates. The company's sales brochure says nakedly: If you have such a belt around your waist, someone else can press a button a hundred meters away to make you incontinence.
In today's world, high-tech torture instruments are constantly being developed because there is always a demand in this regard. Perhaps, just as we were watching this video, torture was being staged in a dungeon of a South American military government, a dictatorship of the Middle East, a drug dealer or an extremist religious organization.
OK, and at this point, our torture series is about to end. Up finally couldn't help but say a few more words.
US Guantanamo Prison
Every time the West uses torture on a large scale, it has a special historical background.Whenever there are political and economic difficulties, or plagues rampant times, or ideological and conflicts, people will always need someone who can take responsibility for these issues. The ruler will follow the flow and push out a specific group of people as an existing scapegoat. As long as the victims are not very much like a member of their own group, the people are very happy to accept it.
For Spanish Inquisition , this scapegoat is a heretic. To the German Protestant, he was a witch. To the Nazis, he was Jewish. For the McCarthyist , he is a Communist Party member. For Ronald Reagan , he is an evil empire. For Bush Jr. , he is terrorism. For Trump , he is China.
These rulers will continue to strengthen the demonization of the target group until they establish an illusory enemy recognized by the whole nation. At this time, the groups to which the "enemy" belong, such as communists, Jews, Muslims, Chinese, etc., will be accused of being the common enemy of God and mankind. After that, they are no longer normal humans, and no matter how much they torture them, it will be less difficult to accept. Even the punishment of these so-called "evil creatures" has become everyone's responsibility.
Gradually, the people pretend to be invisible to the scenes of bloody abuse, and they are happy, and even personally participate in the violence against them. Their hearts will be filled with irresistible hatred, and some extremes will even believe that their abuse is to defend the continuation of civilization. Inevitably, it will eventually develop into institutional torture.
, while the ruler successfully turned the blame and continued to maintain his dominance over the people happily.
The past history is closely related to the modern world. Today, the various lynchings targeting Chinese on the streets of the United States seem to be omensing some bad things.
Racial violence against Chinese
We do this series just because we don’t want to forget history. There is always a small group of people who choose to forget and reject history. Some Spanish refused to recognize the Inquisition, some Germans refused to recognize the witch trial and Hitler's death camp, and some Japanese refused to recognize the 731 unit . If everyone forgets, then they are destined to repeat the mistakes of history, and atrocities will one day repeat.
The inhumanity of people to people is the endless
OK, the torture series is over here. Friends who like it, don’t forget to click Didi, see you next series.
