Why can’t Northeast keep people? In the book "Research on Employment Issues for College Students in Northeast China", Wang Liguo, associate professor at the author Jilin University of Finance and Economics, found through questionnaire surveys and data analysis that there are many problems such as the decline in employment rate of college students, serious graduation outflows, and untimely adjustment of the industrial structure of colleges and universities. Behind these problems are a series of economic and social reasons, such as the shrinking employment market caused by weak economic growth in the Northeast region, the harsh employment and entrepreneurship environment caused by insufficient institutional support and innovation, and the inability to adapt to the requirements of talents for industrial transformation.
In order to further solve the problem of serious talent loss in the Northeast region, Wang Liguo combined the employment characteristics of college students in the Northeast region and introduced the characteristics of college students' employment system construction and employment policies in Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States, as well as the new employment measures for college students introduced after the impact of the financial crisis, thereby analyzing how college students' employment faces the changes in the economic situation.
"Research on Employment Issues for College Students in Northeast China", author: Wang Liguo, version: Social Sciences Documentation Press, March 2021
The following content is excerpted from "Research on Employment Issues for College Students in Northeast China" authorized by the publisher. It has been deleted and modified from the original text. The subtitle and pictures in the text are added by the editor and are not owned by the original text.
Original author丨Wang Liguo
excerpt丨Xiao Shuyan
1. Employment of Japanese college students:
Internship training + economic subsidies + psychological counseling
As we all know, Japan attaches great importance to education and human capital cultivation, has many competent university teachers and college trainers, and has long had the world's top-ranked higher education resources and higher education scale. Especially after World War II , Japan only took a short period of time to push its higher education to the stage of openness and popularization. However, what is accompanied by is the increasingly serious employment problem of college students, which has become increasingly serious with the stagnation of Japan's economic development.
Japanese college students implement the self-employment system for employment. In terms of system, there is no "unified and unified classification" practice, and the government and universities have no obligation to directly arrange employment for college students. However, in order to promote employment for college students, the government and universities have provided a lot of employment guidance for college students. The Japanese government has adopted typical policies to promote employment for college students in public policy, and has also formulated many practical measures to implement the policy, and has conducted a systematic assessment of the effectiveness of the policy.
After the 2008 world financial crisis, the employment situation of university graduates in Japan was very serious. Therefore, in 2009, the Japanese government set up an emergency employment countermeasures department, proposing to elevate the employment work of fresh college students to a more important position. The specific management responsibilities of the Emergency Employment Countermeasures Department include: (1) Further strengthening the employment support system for college students, increasing support for college students' job search, providing college students' employment consulting services, improving the efficiency of employment information transmission, and promoting the implementation of career support plans; (2) Expanding the scope of employment information collection and distribution to avoid the problem that college students cannot find the recruitment information of the company, and the employment information of the company cannot be conveyed; (3) Call on enterprises to recruit fresh college graduates and past graduates throughout the year, and form strong support for college students who choose to find employment after April; (4) Provide a certain degree of relief subsidy for fresh college graduates who failed to find employment in that year to avoid wasting talents and social instability.
From the perspective of legal protection, the focus is on further emphasizing fair employment. Fair employment includes three aspects: First, the difference in the identity of graduates cannot affect the substantial employment opportunities. In fact, at the end of 2010, the Japanese government stipulated that previous graduates within three years of graduation should be regarded as fresh graduates, and enterprises should not set up artificial obstacles when recruiting; second, the difference in genders cannot affect the fairness of employment, especially in the recruitment of comprehensive positions suitable for girls, the quota of female college students should be moderately increased; third, it is not allowed to artificially imply or explicitly indicate that college student job seekers are not related to employment, household registration information, family background investigations, or employment materials involving personal privacy.
In the Japanese TV series " Escape is Shameful but useful ", the heroine Miri Moriyama has been in a bad career since she graduated from graduate school and was brutally fired and became a housekeeper through her father's introduction.
From the perspective of economic assistance to enterprises, the Japanese government implemented a strong tax preferential policy after the financial crisis and raised it to the legal level in 2011. It clearly proposed to implement the regressive tax system in the Tax Revision Law, that is, to increase 5 people per year. At the same time, for enterprises whose newly hired personnel account for more than 10% of the total number of employees, a tax deduction discount of 200,000 yen will be given for each additional employee.
From the perspective of financial aid to college students, the focus has been on increasing subsidies for interns, and interns will be subsidized by 7,000 yen per day (3,500 yen per day for enterprises receiving interns), thereby encouraging college students who will enter the workplace in the future to start internships early, enhance their adaptability to society, improve their mastery of basic skills in various industries, and thus improve their employment ability; and encourage interns to start from small and medium-sized enterprises, deepen their understanding of small and medium-sized enterprises, and find their own position among small and medium-sized enterprises.
After the financial crisis, Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare has increased its efforts in vocational skills training, internship training and trial training, and provides targeted training for free. Among them, the content of vocational skills training mainly includes interpersonal skills, workplace behavior and etiquette, and IT technology. Occasionally, college students will be organized to visit and experience the workplace, and provide free psychological counseling services to college students. Vocational skills training generally lasts for more than half a year. The main target of internship training is paid interns in the enterprise, and the content is mainly to train interns to form a sense of corporate identity and develop a spirit of hard work, thereby increasing the possibility of retention in the internship unit. Internship training usually lasts three to six months. The trial training is mainly aimed at college students who have passed the recruitment of enterprises but have not yet signed a formal contract, deepening their understanding of the position and enabling them to master various skills that match the position. The duration of the trial training is generally matched by the probation period.
The sudden deterioration of the employment situation of college students has caused some college students to have greater psychological pressure. For this reason, the Japanese government will also intersperse psychological counseling services in bilateral exchange activities to promptly guide college students who have not successfully found their favorite job to relieve their emotions, maintain a positive attitude, adjust themselves, and then devote themselves to the job search activities for their next job. At the same time, the opinions of psychological counselors were adopted to effectively reduce the psychological pressure of college students in terms of details. For example, government departments have called on companies to allow students to briefly wear interviews, thereby avoiding the underlying psychological pressure brought by formal wear interviews to job seekers. Of course, in addition to the allocation of psychological counselors, the Japanese government has not forgotten to seek the understanding and support of college students' parents. Through various social activities and information releases, it has emphasized the subtle importance to all students' parents, changing parents' understanding of the "face" issue of employment in small and medium-sized enterprises, and allowing them to actively guide their children to establish a correct view of job hunting.
2. Employment of British college students:
National internship plan + extended financial support
UK is the "pioneer" of modern and modern higher education. The world's second university in the modern sense - Oxford University was born in the UK. The UK has rich higher education resources and the level of higher education is also among the forefront in the world. After its elitist education transformed into popular education, the British government established a relatively complete employment policy system for college students, and further filled in the gaps in its existing employment policy system after the financial crisis.
Unlike most countries in the world, the UK implements a punitive funding reduction mechanism rather than a reward funding subsidy mechanism. In its view, this measure is more conducive to the government's urging schools to increase the development of employment for college students. Specifically, if the employment rate of a certain university is low, the government will reduce its education funds. In this way, many schools will treat increasing the employment rate as their focus of work, which to a certain extent suppresses the enrollment impulse of universities and enables them to form a better brand effect in cultivating students.
At the same time, the British government began to implement the "National Internship Scheme" a long time ago. The British government came forward to join hands with well-known companies such as Barlek Bank, Microsoft and other large enterprises and related social institutions to jointly provide college students with a considerable number of internship positions. On the basis of low internship salaries in enterprises or social institutions, the state will make up for another part of the internship salaries. The effect of this policy is significant. On the one hand, it helps alleviate employment pressure, because enterprises participating in the national internship program will allocate a certain amount of internship salary to interns. Although it is not as good as employment salary, the internship salary is also considerable, generally exceeding the scholarship loans they receive in school. This not only reduces the pressure on the company's salary payment, but also allows newly graduated college students who have not found a job in time to obtain a relatively stable source of income and do not bear greater pressure on life. On the other hand, it also helps enterprises use lower costs to train relevant practitioners, thereby avoiding the mismatch of positions and talents faced after direct recruitment, reducing the waste of human resources costs, and also avoiding secondary harm to job-seeking college students.
After the financial crisis, the British government realized the important strategic significance of full employment for college students. The United Kingdom made a quick decision to provide comprehensive and full-process financial support for college students’ employment. Specifically, from the perspective of the entire employment process of college students, it can be divided into two stages: the unemployed stage when finding a job and the employed stage after finding a job. No matter which stage it is, the British government has provided considerable financial support.
When looking for a job, college students are unemployed and their willingness to actively seek work will be stronger. Correspondingly, their frustration of failing to find a job will make them face greater psychological pressure. In this regard, the Cabinet Department of Employment and Pension, the Ministry of Employment and Pension, will provide corresponding subsidies. The amount of subsidies is related to four factors: one is the age of the person being subsidized, the second is the amount of national insurance paid by the person being subsidized in the past two years, the third is the income level of the person being subsidized, and the fourth is whether there is a partner. Generally speaking, the higher the age, the higher the subsidy; the larger the amount of national insurance paid in the past two years, the higher the subsidy; the lower the income level, the higher the subsidy; people with partners will have more subsidies than singles. However, regardless of the amount of the payment, it will only last for 182 days at most to avoid the phenomenon of " free ride " and cause the waste of social welfare resources.
In the French movie "Easy and Freedom", the male protagonist Sebastian is unwilling to work after graduation and relies on receiving unemployment subsidies to make a living.
After finding a job, new college students will face a considerable financial burden. Therefore, the British government has adopted various forms of subsidy measures, each of which points to a specific living pressure and economic expenditure, including: ① Subsidy for housing housing costs, which is intended for those who are at a low income level and have received 182 days of unemployment allowance (the financial allowance mentioned above), and the funding period is only 28 days; ② Subsidy for child support costs, many college students need to raise at least one child after employment, and if their wage level is low, the British government will also allocate funds to subsidize them; ③ Subsidy for independent child support, the British government stipulates that college students who independently raise children can receive a certain amount of additional subsidy every week, and it can last for up to 52 weeks; ④ Compensation funding. Compensation grants are given to college students who have received unemployment benefits and will receive a one-time compensation grant if they find a job and are expected to work for at least 5 weeks. ⑤Special subsidy. The grant is given to those college students who once or still have illnesses, as well as college students with physical disabilities. But the premise is that they have to join the work.
3. Employment of American college students:
Design training program + With the help of community power
The United States' higher education system has always been the object of learning and reference in other countries.Correspondingly, its college student employment philosophy is also the object of imitation by other countries. For example, the concept of employment guidance for college students that is now familiar is actually first created by Boston University in the United States. The United States has accumulated considerable experience in college student employment, and its college student service system has also led the employment practice of college students in other countries to a certain extent.
American universities attach great importance to the employment guidance and service of college students. Many universities have proposed to integrate the idea of career planning into the four years of university, and have detailed vocational education tasks in each of the four years. For example, the first year mainly involves students introducing the current employment situation and the current employment market situation, and encourage them to spontaneously collect relevant information; the second year is to design various career assessment questionnaires, distribute them to students, and organize them to fill out relevant questionnaires, so that each college student has an in-depth understanding of their personality characteristics and related industries suitable for their work; the third year is to organize students to actively participate in social practice activities and related internship activities, urging students to participate in social work, and intuitively understand the current employment situation and social environment; the fourth year is the "pre-examination surprise" stage, focusing on introducing interview skills, dress etiquette and other job search skills to college students. In addition, colleges and universities will also invite graduated students to visit their alma mater from time to time for various vocational training and services, establish a complete employment tracking and guidance system, and deepen the next round of employment training and education work.
The employment guidance work of American colleges and universities covers the entire stage of college students' study in school, and tracks and analyzes graduates. Therefore, funding investment is essential. Generally speaking, each university will draw 5% of the tuition fees collected every year specifically for employment guidance for college students. Adequate funds allow universities to establish a highly professional employment guidance team and form a complete employment guidance system. From the perspective of staffing ratio, a full-time employment instructor corresponds to 200 students. At the same time, these employment instructors often have high education and their majors are also matched with the positions they are engaged in. In addition, the school will also hire external career consultants and career counselors to guide college students in employment and provide useful supplementary advice.
The origin of the global financial crisis in 2008 was the United States. In 2008, nearly 7% of American college students were unemployed as soon as they graduated. The previous U.S. government's laissez-faire employment policy for college students was questioned. Against this background, the US government has carried out in-depth reforms as permitted by its federal law and adopted a more active college student employment policy, transforming from the previous neoliberalism to the Keynesian .
In the American drama " Anatomy Gray ", five medical school friends graduated at the same time and entered Seattle Grace Hospital for internship. They need to compete for the official seat of resident physicians with good performance.
After the financial crisis, the US government passed a remanufacturing bill. The purpose of this bill is to revive "Made in the United States" and promote the construction of its infrastructure, public project investment, new energy and high-tech industries through tax cuts and government investment. The construction of related industries is inseparable from the demand for high-quality talents. Therefore, this bill has alleviated the employment pressure of college students in the United States.
However, the development of different industries requires college students to master different professional skills, so the Ministry of Labor has designed a large number of college student training programs in a targeted manner. It is mainly divided into two major categories. The first category is the " apprenticeship " project. The "Apprenticeship" program is a type of training program unique to the United States. The feature of this program is to embed on-the-job training into off-the-job learning. Studying off-job at school can help college students master the theoretical knowledge required for work, while on-the-job training can help college students master the practical skills required for work. Therefore, the combination of the two can perfectly solve the problem of college students' difficulty in changing their identity when they first enter the workplace. The other category is employment skills training programs in specific industries. For high-growth industries and industries with strong employment absorption capabilities, the US government will organize relevant personnel to conduct professional skills training and on-the-job internship training to train college students to quickly adapt to the skill needs of specific industries.
Community culture has played a positive role in the economic development of the United States, and community power has become an important driving force for promoting employment for college students in the United States. The exertion of community power includes two levels: one is spontaneous volunteer service, and the other is community college-style service. Spontaneous volunteer service refers to volunteering services provided by volunteers from various communities in the United States to their neighborhoods. One of the important services is to provide relevant employment information, skills training and even employment opportunities to unemployed college students in the community. Volunteers have a relatively good understanding of their community, so they will have obvious direction when providing employment information and skills training, which will truly meet the needs of unemployed college students. Community colleges provide services to unemployed college students in the community from the level of a professional institution. Generally speaking, these community colleges will cooperate with local companies to conduct targeted vocational skills training and job opportunities promotion.
4. Inspiration for employment of college students in the Northeast
Employment of college students is not only an economic problem, but also a social problem. If you are not careful, it will arouse people's doubts about the government's credibility and governance ability. Therefore, governments of various countries have taken positive measures when facing employment pressure for college students, using government power to guide non-government power, and providing many reference experiences for college students' employment problems. These experiences undoubtedly have strong practical reference significance for solving the employment problems of college students in Northeast my country.
(1) promotes the formulation of relevant bills and builds a fair employment system
Judging from the employment policy practices in Japan, Britain and the United States after the financial crisis, the introduction of relevant laws is very necessary. The formulation of bills will help ensure fair employment for college students from a policy system. Without rules, there is no way to achieve fair employment for college students. A bill intended to achieve fair employment for college students will undoubtedly weaken the negative impact of college students' employment difficulties; on the contrary, if the lack of the bill leads to unfair employment environment and leads to phenomena such as discrimination in origin, gender discrimination, and regional discrimination, it will undoubtedly be detrimental to the long-term stability of society.
In the variety show "Talk Show Conference", Li Xueqin from Tieling City, Liaoning Province joked that she hoped that she would return to Tieling to get married and start a career, "The end of the universe is Tieling."
(2) strengthens vocational guidance training and improves labor supply
From the experience of Japan, Britain and the United States, before college students enter society and enter the workplace, relevant courses and training for career guidance are indispensable. The United States is a "pioneer" in this regard, and the United Kingdom and Japan are not willing to lag behind. The setting of training courses such as career guidance helps college students become familiar with the skill needs and basic requirements of relevant career positions as soon as possible, and also helps college students to form a reasonable and complete self-awareness, thereby finding a job that is more in line with their personality traits and in line with their career plans.
(3) Implement industrial support policy to expand social employment demand
For college students, the purpose of training is not completely functional, but rather is more inclined to management or professional. Therefore, if there is no suitable industrial policy to match, it will cause a lot of waste and mismatch of human resources. In this regard, both Japan and the United States emphasized the positive role of industrial support in promoting employment of college students after the financial crisis, and introduced corresponding industrial policies, and through government-enterprise cooperation, the problem of employment difficulties for college students was partially solved.
(4) Establish an employment information platform and improve the employment service system
Nowadays, the diversification and diversification of information make college graduates fall into the information vortex when choosing a job and looking for a job, thus making the development of college students' employment work somewhat confusing. Therefore, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States have used the power of the government to build an employment information platform for college graduates to ensure the timely, accurate, fair and open employment information and prevent information asymmetry in the employment market. Some countries will also provide psychological counseling services, experience sharing services and interview skills teaching services at the same time, and promote the solution of employment problems for college students by building a sound service system.
Original author丨Wang Liguo
excerpt丨Xiao Shuyan
edit丨Zhang Ting
introduction proofreading丨Li Xiangling
Source: Beijing News
