Chongqing Fresh corn production status and efficient cultivation and business model
Fund project: Chongqing Social Institutions and People's Livelihood Security Science and Technology Innovation Special Project "Research on the Efficient Planting and Mechanization Technology of Functional Corn" (cstc2016shms-ztzx80016).
Fresh corn mainly includes sweet corn and glutinous corn . Glutinous corn originated in China and was introduced to the United States by China in 1908 and spread to all parts of the world. Sweet corn was introduced to China in 1963 and began to be widely promoted and applied in production in the 1980s. In recent years, fresh corn production has played an important role in the planting structure, grain production capacity, agricultural industrialization process, agricultural benefits and farmers' income, and improving people's dietary structure.
1 Production status
1.1 Area and distribution
According to statistics from the Chongqing Agricultural Technology Promotion Station, in 2018, the area of fresh corn in Chongqing was 31,300 hectares, of which 19,330 hectares were distributed in the main city and surrounding western counties, accounting for 61.70%; 8,270 hectares were found in northeastern Chongqing, accounting for 26.39%; 3,730 hectares were found in southeastern Chongqing, accounting for 11.91%. Fresh corn in the city is widely distributed at an altitude, and is planted at an altitude of 200 to 1,400 m, mainly concentrated in the area of 300 to 800 m, accounting for about 57% of the city's area. Among them, glutinous corn is 28,400 hectares, and 19,200 hectares are distributed in the western region, accounting for 67.61%; 6,470 hectares are in the northeast, accounting for 22.77%; 2,730 hectares are in the southeast, accounting for 9.62%. The area of glutinous corn is calculated separately by districts and counties. Changshou, Hechuan , Qijiang , Yubei , and Tongliang all exceed 2 million hectares, Wulong , Banan , Kaixian , Dianjiang , all exceed 13,300 hectares; Fengjie , Nanchuan , Jiangjin , Rongchang , Dazu, Wanzhou , and Tongnan all exceed 00,670 hectares. Sweet corn is 29,300 hectares, 18,000 hectares in the northeast, accounting for 61.36%; 1 million hectares in the southeast, accounting for 34.09%; 0,13 million hectares in the western region, accounting for 4.55%. According to the district and county individually, the area of sweet corn in Kaixian, Fengjie, and Youyang exceeds 0.67 million hectares, and Wushan exceeds 0.33 million hectares.
1.2 Main varieties and farming
0 Chongqing is mainly planted with glutinous corn, with varieties mainly Jingke Nuo 2000, Ai Nuo No. 1, and Yu Nuo series. The remaining varieties include Xidabai Nuo No. 1, Jin Nuo 628, Rui Nuo 2008, Haixiang Nuo 18, Yu Tian Nuo No. 1 and other sweet glutinous corn varieties. Special sweet corn varieties are fewer and messy. Most of them are foreign-provincial (foreign) varieties purchased directly by large households and professional cooperatives through their own channels. The larger ones include Taitian No. 88, Jintian 678, Rongyutian No. 1, Jinzhongyu, etc. The farming process is mainly based on rotation and intercropping cultivation, and the cultivation of "jade-vegetable", "jade/tao", "jade-jade-vegetable" and other cultivations are mainly used; the high-altitude (>1,000 m) areas are mainly planted with glutinous corn.
2 Market and large-scale planting income
Sweet and glutinous corn has a high market-oriented degree, and the prices vary greatly in seasons. The purchase price is generally between 1.5 and 3.0 yuan/kg, and sales are 4 to 6 yuan/kg in the wrong season (at the end of May and early October). According to the two consecutive years of surveys by Qijiang District Agricultural Technology Center, the average income of planting 667 m2 for a season of glutinous corn is 2,100 yuan. After deducting labor and agricultural investment (excluding land rent), the net income is more than 1,300 yuan. The sweet corn industry is developing relatively maturely in Wushan and Youyang. According to the survey of sweet corn growers in Wushan County , the purchase price is 1.2 yuan/kg, 667 m2 income (corn + straw) is about 2,000 yuan, and after deducting labor and labor costs (excluding land rent), 600 to 650 yuan, the net income is more than 1,300 yuan. According to the survey of large sweet corn growers in Youyang County, the purchase price of sweet corn is 1.4 yuan/kg, 667 m 2 income (corn + straw) is about 2,200 yuan, deducting production costs (including land rent) 1,100 yuan, and net income is 1,100 to 1,200 yuan. It is particularly worth noting that sweet and glutinous corn have high risks in the market. If concentrated sales are sold, it may be too much. Yubei and Qijiang have experienced difficulties in selling in the past few years. The purchase price is as low as 1 yuan/kg, which dampens farmers' enthusiasm.
Fresh corn has a small scale operating area. As of 2018, there were 108 large-scale growers (50×667) m2 in the city, 125 professional cooperatives engaged in the production of sweet glutinous corn, 6 leading enterprises, and a large-scale operating area of 2,000 hectares.
3 Efficient cultivation technology
In response to different geographical locations and people's needs, the agricultural technology department has developed two major promotional technologies: spring-to-autumn sweet corn cultivation technology and sweet glutinous corn installment sowing technology based on the traditional fresh glutinous corn cultivation technology.
3.1 High-efficiency cultivation technology for sweet and glutinous corn in spring and autumn
This technology not only makes full use of temperature and heat resources, but also ensures that the second season of glutinous corn is on the market staggered before the National Day. It is suitable for cultivation and cultivation in Chongqing's middle and low mountainous areas, shallow hills, flat dam areas, and river valley areas below 600 m altitude. The following risks should be paid attention to when planting. 1) Low temperature and cold wave during seedling cultivation. 2) Pests and weeds are harmful. 3) Autumn glutinous corn is sown at , Zhongshan, or above areas at the latest in mid-July [4]. 4) Market risks. When applying this model, attention should be paid to controlling the scale of business, and strict control of the "early and one night" time, and the sowing time should be determined according to the harvest period to avoid centralized listing.
Cultivation points: 1) Choose a premature sweet and glutinous corn variety within 90 days of growth period, with wide adaptability, strong disease resistance, beautiful ear shape, and good fresh fruit ear taste. 2) Sow in advance and innovate seedling cultivation methods. Sowing at the end of February and early March, seedlings are cultivated using electric hotbeds, double-membrane floppy disks and nutritional bowls to increase the seedling yield and advance the transplanting time. 3) Covering cultivation. The covering of the plastic film can help drought resistance, insulation, fertilizer, water and grass to improve yield. 4) Remove excess fruit ears. After the spring glutinous corn is spinned and flowers is bloomed, two or more ears on the single plant are removed, and only one main ear is retained to increase the weight of the single ear to ensure the uniform size of the glutinous corn. 5) The gradient sowing period of autumn glutinous corn is reasonable, and sowing starts from early July to end on August 15.
3.2 Sweet glutinous corn installment sowing technology
This technology can extend the picking period, meet the market needs of different periods, and avoid concentrated listing. Currently, it is widely used in developed areas such as Qijiang and Wulong. All links of this technology are basically the same as general cultivation techniques. The main point is to sow in stages, that is, the sowing time of glutinous corn is extended from early April to mid-May, with a interval of about 10 days, and the transplanting period is from late April to mid-June, and the corn picking period is concentrated from mid-July to the end of August, which just meets the picking of summer tourists in the fields.
4 Chongqing Fresh corn efficient business model
Fresh corn efficient business model, which is mainly used in areas of concentrated fresh corn industry such as Qijiang and Youyang. This model includes a fresh corn efficient business model mainly for "agriculture + tourism", a fresh corn efficient business model mainly for "base + farmers + enterprises", and a circular agricultural efficient business model mainly for "fresh corn - herbivorous livestock - slag liquid". Its common feature is to increase the integration of the first, second and third industries, focus on tapping the potential of the tourism and food processing industries, thereby increasing the added value of the industry and increasing comprehensive income. This model represents the current trend of grain production from "functional" to "efficient" and is an important way to achieve industrial upgrading in the local area.
4.1 Qijiang District's agricultural and tourism integration business model
Qijiang District will support the development of the glutinous corn industry as the main industry for local farmers to increase their income, integrate resources and strive to build a glutinous corn production demonstration base in Shihao Town, and successfully applied for the certification of pollution-free vegetable production site. The local government actively builds a production and sales platform, promotes local brands to "go global", and "bring in" foreign markets. By holding glutinous corn exhibitions and promotion meetings, " Huaba glutinous corn" has become a well-known green food brand. The "Huaba Corn Festival" is currently an important rural tourism festival in Qijiang District, attracting a large number of citizens in the main urban area to travel. A typical example of wealth-making is Li ××, a large-scale grower, only opens a farmhouse and a vacation house, with an annual income of more than 100,000 yuan, and the peak sales of glutinous corn exceeds 4,000 yuan a day.
4.2 Youyang County Base + Farmers + Enterprise Business Model
Youyang County relies on its favorable geographical advantages adjacent to Hubei Province, and the government will build sweet corn as a key industry in poverty alleviation. At present, the county has developed a sweet corn base area of 820 hm 2, including 50 large-scale growers with a scale of (50×667) m 2 or above, 2 professional cooperatives, 2 leading enterprises, and a large-scale planting area of 359 hm 2.The local leading enterprise "Minxin Agriculture and Forestry Co., Ltd." uses land transfer operation and planting and orders to purchase products from surrounding farmers, introduces a complete set of processing and refrigeration equipment for sweet corn, and produces 18,000 tons of fresh sweet corn ears and products annually. The revenue in 2017 was more than 30 million yuan, and all of them were supplied to the Hubei market.
4.3 Green, high yield and high efficiency model circular agriculture
The more mature model is the "fresh corn-herbie livestock-slag liquid" circular agriculture model. The glutinous corn production base in Shihao Town, Qijiang District strictly produces fresh corn in accordance with green food regulations. The main application of technologies such as organic fertilizer + biomissiles and solar insecticide lamps in the production area is to ensure that no pesticides are applied throughout the process, reducing chemical fertilizer pollution. At the same time, after the glutinous corn is harvested, large growers provide free straw to surrounding feeder farms for silage. After being sterile, cattle and sheep manure is later provided free of charge to large growers as organic fertilizer. Through the combination of breeding and breeding, we can achieve rational use of resources, mutual benefit and common development of planting and breeding.
5 Chongqing fresh corn development problems and countermeasures
5.1 Insufficient capital investment
Special capital investment is seriously insufficient. Only some districts and counties such as Youyang and Qijiang have included the development of fresh corn in poverty alleviation or the leading industries of grain and oil, introduced support measures, and provided financial support. At present, there is a lack of special funds and plans to support the development of fresh corn from the state to the local government. It is recommended that Chongqing City focus on top-level design from the municipal level, issue special industrial development plans, implement projects and funds in a planned manner, organize implementation.
5.2 There are few varieties available
0 Chongqing corn seed market mainly sells grain corn. Whether it is sweet corn or glutinous corn, there are problems such as few special varieties on the market, difficult to choose, and unavailable to buy. Taking glutinous corn as an example, Jingke Nuo 2000 has always been the main variety planted in districts and counties, but it has been nearly 16 years since the breeding of this variety. Since 2015, the purity and resistance of the reaction varieties in some districts and counties have deteriorated, while other varieties such as Yunuo are poor in palatability, which is not liked by farmers and the market is not welcomed by the market, and cannot replace Jingke Nuo 2000 for the time being. Sweet and glutinous corn is mainly purchased by professional cooperatives themselves. Many varieties have not been approved, making it difficult to ensure quality and protect rights. It is recommended to increase the efforts to breed special glutinous corn and sweet corn varieties and introduce and screen, and to screen out a batch of high-quality, high-yield and strong stress-resistant new varieties that are suitable for Chongqing's special climate and ecological environment for large-scale production, promotion and application.
5.3 Low degree of mechanization
Due to restrictions on terrain, machinery and related supporting technologies, the city's corn has a low degree of mechanization throughout the entire process, which may be difficult to solve in the short term. The post-processing capacity of sweet glutinous corn is insufficient. Compared with Hubei, Guangdong and other provinces and regions, Chongqing's sweet glutinous corn is still backward after picking fresh food processing and cold chain transportation. It is recommended to follow the idea of "easy first and then difficult, gradually solve", start from the key production links that are relatively easy to solve, support leading sweet glutinous corn enterprises and introduce processing equipment.
5.4 Technology extensive
The yield of fresh corn varies greatly from place to place, which is closely related to density, tillage and fertilization levels. Compared with grain corn, sweet and glutinous corn has greater potential and less difficult output in increasing yield. According to recent surveys, the output of large farmers with fine management has reached the average level of the dominant main production areas of sister provinces and cities. For example, the yield level of sweet and glutinous corn in Tongnan, Bishan , and Fuling is relatively high, and the average yield of corn 667 m 2 (fresh weight) can reach more than 900-1 200kg, which is equivalent to the average yield of the main sweet and glutinous corn production areas in Hubei and Guangdong. It is recommended to increase the efforts in technology integration, demonstration and promotion. Increase technical support services for professional large-scale enterprises, cooperatives and leading enterprises, implement key supply of key supporting materials such as seeds, fertilizers, pollution-free pesticides, agricultural machinery and special fertilizers, promote materialization and chemical technology, and ensure successful demonstration.
5.5 Brand influence is insufficient
There is still a long way to go to build Chongqing's fresh corn into a high-profile and influential high-quality brand. At present, the development of the fresh corn industry is only at the production end, and there is still a lack of large-scale leading processing enterprises in the city. At present, the preservation technology of the origin is still relatively backward, limited to rough processing, and the product line is not rich.It is recommended to increase support for leading enterprises, introduce advanced technologies and enterprises from other places, and gather efforts to create public brands such as "Qijiang Huaba Corn" and "Youyang Sweet Corn".
