1, China's integrated circuit industry development difficult process
1, China's early research and development status ( Chinese Academy of Sciences Semiconductor Institute, 13 Institute, etc.)
1947 In the United States, the United States Bell Laboratory invented the semiconductor point contact transistor, and developed a germanium alloy transistor in 1949. The Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences also developed a germanium alloy transistor in 1956. In 1954, the United States developed silicon alloy transistors. China Beijing Electronic Tube Factory also developed silicon alloy transistors in 1958. In 1958, Texas Instruments and Fairchild Corporation developed semiconductor single-block integrated circuit respectively. In 1959, the United States invented planar lithography technology and successfully developed planar diffusion transistors (referred to as "planar tubes"). In 1960, the United States used graphic technology to develop integrated circuits, and since then it has embarked on the road of mass production. The Institute of Semiconductor, Chinese Academy of Sciences, also developed plan tubes in 1963, and many units are also developing plan tubes. Immediately afterwards, many Chinese research institutions developed integrated circuits in 1965, including the Institute of Semiconductor, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hebei Institute of Semiconductor (13), Beijing Institute of Radio Technology (Shahe Devices), etc. In December 1965, the Institute of 13 first identified a DTL-type digital circuit with dielectric isolation at the product appraisal meeting.
After the research unit, the factory also developed integrated circuits on the basis of producing planar transistors. The north is the Beijing Electronic Tube Factory (Factory 774), and the south is the Shanghai Component Factory No. 5. The latter held a product appraisal meeting at the end of 1966 to identify a TTL-type digital circuit that uses the internationally universal PN junction isolation technology.
From this, it can be seen that in the 1950s and 1960s, in the initial stage of semiconductor transistors and integrated circuits, China was only 4 to 7 years away from the United States, and the difference was not very far.
2. Industrial production was initially formed (Factory 878 and Factory 19 on the Shangwu)
In order to accelerate the development of integrated circuits, the Fourth Machinery Department decided to build three professional integrated circuit factories, of which 878 was built in Beijing, and was recruited by Factory 774 to jointly build the factory within the Beijing Radio Industry School. Construction began in 1968 and was completed and put into production in 1970. Factory 878 built China's first 2-inch line in 1978, lagging behind the world for 12 years.
At the same time, the Shanghai Instrument Bureau decided to relocate the Shanghai Component Factory 5 workshop to Caohejing to build the Shanghai Radio 19 Factory (hereinafter referred to as the No 19 Factory on the 19th Factory).
Soon after, a number of integrated circuit factories were built in Beijing and Shanghai, including Beijing Semiconductor Device Factory 2, Third, Fifth, Shangwu Factory 7, Shangwu Factory 14, etc. In addition, factories have been built in various places, such as Changzhou Semiconductor Factory, Suzhou Semiconductor Factory, Tianjin Semiconductor Device Factory 1, Guizhou Factory 873 and 4433, Gansu Factory 749 and 871, Jinzhou Factory 777, etc. In addition, some units in various departments have also launched integrated circuits. The Chinese Academy of Sciences has established Factory 109, the Institute of Mechanical Automation of the Ministry of Machinery, the Institute of Fifth Machinery, the Institute of 214 of the Ministry of Machinery, the Institute of 7th Machinery, and the Institute of 691 of the Ministry of Machinery. When the
craze was at its peak, 33 units across the country introduced 24 3-inch second-hand production line equipment. However, at the time, repeated introductions at a low level were only 6 to 7 lines in the end. The
878 factory built China's first 3-inch line in 1980, lagging behind the world for 8 years. In the 1970s, under the planned economic environment, the North 878 Factory and the South 19 Factory were known as the "Two Dominics of the North and South". The national integrated circuit industry production was initially formed, and various small-scale integrated circuits (including digital circuits and linear circuits) were self-reliance to produce various small-scale integrated circuits (including digital circuits and linear circuits) for various industrial departments and various institutes of the Academy of Sciences to develop and produce various electronic complete machines, including industrial applications and national defense and military needs.
3. Explore breakthroughs in mass production channels (Aika, Xinghua and Huake )
Although there are many chip wires in integrated circuit factories and research institutes across the country, the silicon wafers used are small in size, and at the beginning they are irregular wafers with a diameter of more than ten millimeters. After the first 2-inch and 3-inch lines were completed at the 878 factory in Beijing, several 3-inch lines were put into production one after another. But the monthly output is very small, only a few hundred pieces, and at most thousands of pieces.
In order to break through 4-inch silicon wafers and increase the monthly production volume, utilizing the advantages of Hong Kong's International Trade Free Port through different channels, 3 companies were established in Hong Kong's Tai Po : Aika, Xinghua and Huake, and each built a 4-inch chip production line. First of all, when Huake Company produced consumer circuit products, it exceeded the monthly production of 20,000 tablets, and the other two companies also produced more than 10,000 tablets. To this end, when the National Semiconductor Industry Association held a membership meeting in Nanjing, it invited Huake Company to make a typical speech at the meeting to introduce its experience, so as to promote each factory to increase its own production volume.
4. embark on the road of technology introduction (742 Factory - Huajing, Huayue)
After the country entered the era of reform and opening up at the end of 1978, my country's integrated circuit industry shifted from the stage of self-reliance to the stage of technology introduction.
742 Factory - Huajing
The first comprehensive introduction project is Wuxi 742 Factory (Jiangnan Radio Equipment Factory) to provide special bipolar analog circuits for TVs. It introduced a complete 3-inch chip production line from Toshiba, Japan, starting from single crystal pulling, including plate making, 3-inch silicon wafer processing and packaging testing. It reached production in 1984, with 10,000 3-inch tablets invested monthly, and the annual output of finished products reached 30 million yuan. It became the most advanced technology, largest scale, most complete supporting facilities in China at that time.
This is the first project in China's integrated circuit industry to fully introduce technology from abroad. The first process is a 5-micron bipolar analog circuit process, and the second process is a DIP type (double in-line) plastic packaging line.
to the late 1980s and after factory 742 was changed to Huajing Company, it introduced 2-3 micron CMOS digital circuit technology 4-inch and 5-inch chip production lines from Siemens, Germany and Toshiba, Japan, with a total monthly chip output capacity of 11,500 pieces, as well as plastic packaging lines including DIP, QFP, SOP and PLCC.
Huayue
Gansu 871 Factory established a window in Shaoxing, Zhejiang, and established the 871 branch, which was later renamed Huayue. After building 3-inch and 4-inch second-hand equipment chip production lines on its own, it later introduced a complete 5-inch chip production line from Fujitsu, Japan, which is a 5-micron bipolar digital circuit process technology.
5, and entered the Sino-foreign joint venture stage (Beiling, Philips, Shougang)
Beiling
Beiling tide of national reform and opening up, Shanghai integrated circuit companies have begun to explore the model of Sino-foreign joint venture. First, the Shangwu 14 Factory, which is engaged in CMOS technology, negotiated a joint venture with Belgium during the construction of a new factory in Caohejing. At that time, the country was expanding the field of wired telephones by program-controlled switches. In order to establish a joint venture in Shanghai, Shanghai Beier Telephone Equipment Company has provided special integrated circuits for program-controlled switches, Shanghai Beiling Company came into being. Beiling Company built the first 4-inch chip production line in mainland China in 1988, lagging behind the world for 13 years. It adopts a 2-3 micron MOS circuit process. First, it produces nine LSI (large-scale integrated) circuits used in program-controlled switches, and later introduced a 1.2 micron CMOS circuit process. It once created the best economic benefits in China's semiconductor factories and is also the first domestic listed microelectronics manufacturing company.
Philips
Shanghai Component Factory 5, Shangwu Factory 7 and Shangwu Factory 19 negotiated a joint venture with Dutch Philips Company to establish Shanghai Philips Semiconductor Company. It also built China's first 5-inch chip production line in Caohejing in 1992, lagging behind the world for 10 years, using 3-micron bipolar analog circuit process. It has no products in itself. In the early stages of its completion, it was mainly processed by international Philips. It can be said that it was China's first Foundry line, but OEM for other design companies and product companies was gradually formed later. Later it was renamed Shanghai Advanced Semiconductor Company.
Shougang Nikkei
Beijing Capital Steel Company (Shougang) In order to expand its business areas, with the help of four integrated circuit units in Beijing (two factories, one company, one company) in Beijing, decided to jointly establish Shougang Nikkei 3 after negotiations. As a result, China's first 6-inch chip production line was built in Beijing in October 1994, lagging behind the world for 8 years. It was officially put into production in March 1995, using 1.2 micron CMOS process. In 1995, sales reached 910 million yuan and profit was 270 million yuan, setting a record for the highest annual turnover of the microelectronics industry in China.Originally planned to sell 70% domestically, but the result was mainly to produce products from Japan Electric Company.
6, 908 projects and 909 projects (Huajing and Huahong)
908 projects:
China Huajing Electronics Group Corporation (hereinafter referred to as Huajing Company) was established on August 8, 1989. It was formed by the merger of Wuxi Factory 742 and 24 Wuxi Branches (from the MOS Department of 24 Yongchuan, Sichuan). At that time, China Electronics News set up a column to discuss: Where can China's integrated circuits go?
After experts, professors and government officials published extensive articles and discussions, the Ministry of Mechanical and Electronics Industry dispatched personnel from various units in February 1990 to compile 1 micron integrated circuit project proposal materials, and established the project in August of that year, named "908 Project". Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shandong and Shanghai are actively striving for it. Finally, the ministry decided to build a 1 micron 6-inch chip production line in Wuxi, Jiangsu, and the construction will be undertaken by Huajing Group, which was recently established. However, due to project approval and funding, it was not completed until the end of 1997, and it took 8 years.
Huajing Company introduced a 6-inch chip production line from Lucent, the United States, and circulated two products with 0.9 micron CMOS process. It was not until January 1998 that it passed the foreign contract acceptance. Originally the first 6-inch line to start, it became the third 6-inch line after Beijing Shougang R&D and Shanghai Philips.
909 Project:
In March 1993, the state decided to open the original mechanical and electronic industry part, establish a new Ministry of Electronic Industry, and appoint Hu Qili as minister. In view of the serious lag in my country's integrated circuit industry, the Ministry of Electronics Industry submitted a report to the State Council on Accelerating the Development of the Integrated Circuit Industry during the "Ninth Five-Year Plan" period" to the State Council in 1995. At the group meeting of the Central Economic Work Conference in December of that year, Minister Hu made a special speech on "Developing my country's integrated circuit industry is the top priority." As a result, the 909 project came into being and decided to implement the 909 project - to build an 8-inch 0.5-micron integrated circuit chip production line in Pudong, Shanghai.
The State Council decided that Minister Hu Qili would serve as the chairman directly. The Ministry of Electronics Industry and the Shanghai Municipal People's Government jointly established the "909 Project Promotion Committee". On November 27, 1996, the groundbreaking ceremony of the ultra-large-scale integrated circuit chip production line of Shanghai Huahong Microelectronics Co., Ltd. was grandly held in Jinqiao, Pudong New District. The
909 project is the largest investment project in China's electronics industry, and is preparing to invest 10 billion yuan to build an 8-inch 0.5 micron chip production line. After many negotiations, the cooperation negotiations with Japan Electric Company (NEC) were finally successful, and a joint venture was established in Huahong NEC. In the initial registration period, the Chinese side invested US$500 million and the Japanese side invested US$200 million. On February 23, 1999, the 909 Project's ultra-large-scale integrated circuit chip production line was completed and officially launched. This is China's first 8-inch chip production line, lagging behind the world for 11 years.
From November 2000, 20,000 8-inch silicon wafers were invested monthly, reaching the international economic level of scale and a CMOS process technology with a process of 0.24 microns. The 909 project successfully completed the construction task.
7. Transfer from IDM to Foundry (Advanced, Huajing Shanghua)
In the past, Chinese integrated circuit companies, like foreign companies, adopted the IDM model, that is, the integrated manufacturing model, from circuit design, chip manufacturing to packaging testing, they are all done by themselves. In 1987, Taiwan established Taiwan integrated circuit Company (hereinafter referred to as TSMC), and proposed the Foundry model. It did not design itself, but only did wafer manufacturing and processing, and was commissioned by design companies or product companies, and also had packaging and testing companies. This creates a situation where the design industry, chip manufacturing industry and packaging and testing industry are carried out simultaneously.
The earliest way to adopt the OEM model in mainland China was Shanghai Philips. As mentioned earlier, it was mainly processed by Philips. Later, after renamed Shanghai Advanced Company, the proportion of processing for other companies was increased, and the proportion of processing for domestic design companies was gradually increased. The pure processing mode of
was first implemented in Wuxi. Huajing Company introduced a 1-micron 6-inch CMOS process line through the 908 project, and previously introduced a 2-3-micron 5-inch MOS line. Due to the lack of market-based product production, the MOS business unit suffered losses and suffered losses and liabilities in the company.After mainland semiconductor industry insiders went to Taiwan to attend the cross-strait semiconductor exchange meeting at the end of May 1997, representatives from Taiwan's semiconductor industry visited Huajing Company during their return visit to the mainland. Then after nearly half a year of negotiations, the two parties finally reached a cooperation agreement. The Hong Kong Shanghua Semiconductor Company was formed by overseas Chinese semiconductor personnel, and operated the 5-inch and 6-inch lines of the MOS division of Huajing Company under the "incoming material processing, entrusted management" model, thus transforming from an IDM model to a neutral and pure Foundry line for domestic and foreign design companies and product companies, which began to be implemented in February 1998. From then on, the Foundry era in mainland China really began. After cooperation and "soft" joint venture, the two parties finally formed Wuxi Huajing Shanghua Joint Venture, with production increasing year by year. At first, there were only 68 IC design units nationwide, including design departments of companies, universities, research institutes and machine units. After two years, the proportion of domestic customers has risen to more than 70%.
Due to the emergence of OEM companies and the continuous increase in production, more and more design companies have been established. Design companies have sprung up all over the country like mushrooms after a rain, mainly concentrated in the three cities of Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen.
8. Typical enterprises with distinctive characteristics (Yandong, Shilan, Founder Microelectronics)
Yandong Company
Electronics Department regarding the "Seventh Five-Year Plan" Industry Plan (1986-1990) to build two microelectronics bases in the north and south, and focus on the development of integrated circuits in Shanghai and Beijing. It is further clarified that the south wants to build Beiling Company in Shanghai and the north wants to build Yandong Company in Beijing. Beiling is a Sino-foreign joint venture, which has built a new 4-inch factory; Yandong is using the unbuilt purification plant and part of the 4-inch process equipment introduced by Factory 878 in Beijing Devices 2 to technically transform and build a 4-inch line. As mentioned earlier, Beiling Company built China's first 4-inch line in 1988. Yandong Company went through the tortuous roads in and out of Shougang due to financial reasons, and it was not until June 1996 that it completed the acceptance. At this time, the five major domestic integrated circuit backbone enterprises: Wuxi Huajing, Shaoxing Huayue, Shanghai Beiling, Shanghai Philips, and Beijing Shougang R&D have all been completed and put into production. Yandong Company adopts the "return" strategy, using the favorable conditions of the 4-inch line, and focuses on semiconductor discrete devices, first of all, making the company stand firm in the fierce domestic and foreign competition. Then, after "taking a step back", "taking two steps forward", gradually increasing the proportion of integrated circuit chips, and building a 6-inch line in March 2007, with a monthly output of 30,000 pieces by the end of 2013. The 8-inch factory is now being built in Yizhuang Economic and Technological Development Zone, and will be completed and put into production in 2018.
Silan Company
In the 1980s, in the wave of reform and opening up, seven young people came out of the 871 branch of the state-owned enterprise Shaoxing, and joined a Taiwanese boss to establish Youwang Joint Venture, a product company that successively contracted the Liaoning Dandong Semiconductor General Factory and a newly built 4-inch factory in Fuzhou, Fujian, to operate semiconductor discrete devices and bipolar integrated circuits. A few years later, by September 1997, the team of these seven people established Hangzhou Shilan Electronics Co., Ltd., mainly engaged in the operation of MOS-type integrated circuit products. Just in time, Wuxi Huajing MOS business unit began to operate the OEM model by Hong Kong Shanghua Company in February 1998. In this way, the two support each other and grow rapidly together. By October 2000, it was restructured as Hangzhou Shilan Microelectronics Co., Ltd. and was listed in Shanghai in March 2003. Just one month before its listing, Shilan Company's 5-inch chip production line established by itself in Hangzhou Xiasha area began to be put into production, which marked the transformation from a product company to an integrated circuit manufacturer in the IDM model. And a 6-inch line was built shortly after Ningbo Zhongwei Company. Moreover, the product has also expanded to the field of LED semiconductor lighting light emitting diodes. A few years ago, I built a new 8-inch factory and bought 8-inch equipment to be put into operation. By the end of 2017, Shilan signed a cooperation agreement with the Haicang District People's Government of Xiamen 2. Shilan and Xiamen Semiconductor Investment Group Co., Ltd. jointly invested 17 billion yuan to build 2 90-65-nanometer special process 12-inch lines in Xiamen, and jointly invested 5 billion yuan to build a 4/6-inch compatible advanced compound semiconductor device production line.Not only is the first private integrated circuit manufacturing company in China, it is also a successful IDM company, from 5-inch wire, 6-inch wire to 8-inch wire, and will move towards the 12-inch wire.
Founder Microelectronics Company
Shenzhen Founder Microelectronics Co., Ltd. 6-inch integrated circuit chip processing factory is the first chip factory in my country built and put into production by a complete machine unit. This is a very rare, precise and fresh thing in my country's semiconductor chip industry. Why is Founder Group determined to join the chip processing ranks? As we all know, Founder Group started from the research and development and production of laser printing presses, and gradually developed into a multi-category and multi-field IT system complete machine enterprise. Its products include electronic publishing systems, computers, monitors, scanners, mobile phones, printed circuit boards, etc. Founder Group's leadership finally realized that IC chips are the core of various electronic machines, and IC chip manufacturing is the core technology of all IT as a whole. To this end, Founder Group has made up its mind to enter this supreme technical field. On December 7, 2003, Founder Group sent a female president of its company to Shenzhen for the first time to explore the project of building an integrated circuit chip factory in Shenzhen. The female president is a financial business operator. She has worked in several companies in the group and has experience in starting new companies. But this time I couldn't imagine that I would encounter so many new problems and so many difficulties. She didn't understand many issues such as what an integrated circuit is, what its chip manufacturer looks like, and how the chips were made, but she bravely accepted this arduous task. Founder Microelectronics Company was established on December 26, 2003. Shenzhen is a forefront of reform and opening up. At that time, reform and opening up had been 25 years, but no integrated circuit manufacturing factory had ever been built. In the mid-1980s, the Electronics Guizhou 083 Base Integrated Circuit Factory and the Aerospace Port Xi'an 691 Factory sent people to Shenzhen to establish a company to build a semiconductor factory, but after encountering difficulties, they switched to the electronics assembly. In the 1990s, many overseas companies came to Shenzhen to attempt to build an 8-inch chip factory, but failed one after another. The first was jointly proposed by Shenzhen Sage Group and STMicroelectronic ST Company, and finally built a large-scale integrated circuit packaging and testing factory. Shenzhen has always been a virgin land in my country's chip manufacturing industry. However, Peking University Founder Group came to Shenzhen to "the first to try it out". Under the conditions of no talent and no technology, it overcame unprecedented difficulties, built a purification factory, purchased, installed and debugged 6-inch line equipment, conducted process tests, and held a completion and commissioning ceremony on October 14, 2006. By December 2009, after more than three years of "climbing the hill", it reached the level of 20,000 pieces per month. Later, a 6-inch equipment with a monthly production capacity of 30,000 pieces was purchased, and the hill climbing was carried out again, and finally achieved the predetermined goal of producing 50,000 pieces per month on the two lines, and has been operating at full capacity in recent years. This is because the company leaders have been persisting in studying hard, advancing difficulties, recruiting talents, and sharing weal and woe, so that they have achieved remarkable results and become a new star in China's integrated circuit industry.
9, International Construction Foundry Factory ( SMIC and Hongli)
In order to accelerate the development of the integrated circuit and software industry, the country published Document No. 18 at the end of June 2000. With the encouragement of this document, SMIC and Hongli were established in Zhangjiang Development Zone, Pudong, Shanghai. First, SMIC built three 8-inch chip production lines, followed closely by Hongli. Both companies are registered overseas to attract overseas investment. They both adopt OEM model and recruit overseas Chinese management and technical teams with Taiwanese backgrounds to operate. Moreover, the leaders of both companies have worked in Shanghua Company in Wuxi and have experience in cooperating with mainland Chinese management and technical personnel.
is behind Shanghai in the construction of the 8-inch line. But Beijing attracted SMIC to Beijing, and in two years, it built China's first 12-inch chip production line in Yizhuang Economic and Technological Development Zone, which was put into production at the end of September 2004. At this time, the world was lagging behind only five years, and the history of building a new generation of chip production lines has narrowed the gap with the world.Since then, SMIC has become the leader in China's integrated circuit manufacturing industry.
10. Taiwanese companies came to the mainland to build factories (Hejian, Zhongwei, TSMC Songjiang , Lianxin , Jinghe, Jinhua, TSMC Nanjing)
. Taiwanese companies also went to the mainland to build chip factories one after another with the encouragement of the mainland government's release of Document No. 18 in the early 21st century.
The earliest Taiwanese team was registered and established in Jiangsu Suzhou Industrial Park in November 2001 to build an 8-inch chip production line, and officially put into production in May 2003.
Then, in February 2002, Zhongwei Instrumental Circuit (Ningbo) Co., Ltd. was registered and established in Ningbo Free Trade Zone, Zhejiang Province, to build a 6-inch chip production line, and purchased second-hand equipment from its factory from Taiwan TSMC, and officially put into production in June 2004.
Immediately afterwards, TSMC (China) Co., Ltd. was registered and established in Shanghai Songjiang Science and Technology Park to build an 8-inch chip production line, which was put into production in December 2004.
In recent years, Taiwanese companies have come to the mainland to build 12-inch chip manufacturers after years of communication and negotiation with local governments in mainland China.
First, UDian went to Fujian Xiamen to cooperate with Lianxin Company to do OEM.
Then, Lijing Company went to Hefei, Anhui to cooperate with Jianjing He Company in May 2015 to prepare for the production of LCD panel LCD driver circuits.
Then, TSMC went to Nanjing, Jiangsu Province to establish TSMC (Nanjing) Company in May 2016, and built a 12-inch factory with a technology of 16 nanometers. It started a civil engineering factory in July of that year, and completed and put into production in April 2018.
11. He wholly foreign-owned companies come to China to build factories (Hynix, Intel and Samsung )
South Korea Hynix first went to Wuxi, Jiangsu, China to build chip manufacturing plants, in order to compete with Samsung South Korea. Hynix signed a joint venture construction agreement with STMicroelectronics in China in November 2004, and in April 2005, Hynix-STMicroelectronics held a start-up ceremony in Wuxi. With the support of local bank loans, the 12-inch factory was quickly built and put into production. Soon its monthly output of 12-inch silicon wafers quickly reached the highest level in mainland China. Later, the second phase of expansion was carried out to produce DRAM and Flash memory (Flash) products. After
, the world's most famous American Intel announced in Beijing on March 26, 2007 that it will establish its first factory in Asia (Intel Fab No. 68) in Dalian. Previously, many cities in Israel, India, and the United States fought for the project, and Dalian finally stood out. The factory invested US$2.5 billion and built a 12-inch chip production line to produce some chips on the PC. In recent years, the demand for memory in the world market has increased significantly and prices have risen. Intel's Dalian factory has also turned to the production of NAND Flash products.
South Korea's Samsung Electronics Company saw that Hynix's production capacity increased significantly after setting up a factory in China. Later, it also came to China to select a site to build a factory. Finally, it selected Xi'an, Shaanxi. It established Samsung (China) Semiconductor Company in September 2012 with an investment of US$10 billion. It built a 12-inch chip production line in 5th in 2014, with a process technology level of 10 nanometers. Currently, its monthly film volume is the largest among all 12-inch factories in mainland China, focusing on NAND Flash flash memory products. The second phase of the project was started in March 2018, with an additional US$7 billion invested to expand production capacity.
In addition, the United States Bandai Semiconductor Company established Chongqing Bandai Semiconductor Company in Chongqing. It started construction of a 12-inch chip manufacturer in April 2016 and completed and put into production in 2018.
12. The National Fund injects into the national team of large enterprises (SMIC, Huahong-Hongli-Huali, Yangtze Memory)
In June 2014, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology issued the "National Integrated Circuit Industry Development Promotion Outline", elevating the development of the integrated circuit industry to a national strategy; in September, the National Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund was established, and the first phase raised 138.7 billion yuan was used to invest in the equity of integrated circuit industry enterprises and to support leading enterprises in the industrial chain. The focus is to increase investment in chip manufacturing, taking into account both the design industry and the packaging and testing industry.As of September 2017, the big fund has invested a total of 100.3 billion yuan, of which the chip manufacturing industry is mainly invested in chip manufacturing, accounting for 65%. In the chip manufacturing industry, it focuses on three major companies: SMIC, Huahong-Hongli-Huali, and Yangtze Memory to form a national team.
SMIC
was founded in 2000. It is now the largest and most technologically advanced integrated circuit chip manufacturer in China. It is a purely commercial integrated circuit chip foundry with process technology ranging from 0.35 micron to 28 nanometers. It has 5-seat 8-inch factories (3 seats in Shanghai, 1 seat in Tianjin, 1 seat in Shenzhen) and 3-seat 12-inch factories (2 seats in Beijing, 1 seat in Shanghai). In addition, it helped Wuhan Xinxin Company build a 12-inch factory and helped Chengdu build an 8-inch factory. Since the second half of 2016, its Beijing 12-inch factory expanded its second phase with an investment of US$1.5 billion, and its monthly production capacity has increased from 20,000 to 45,000. In April 2017, the 28-nanometer process grew in volume, and revenue began to begin at 14-nanometers. Recently, two new 12-inch lines will be added, increasing monthly output to 110,000 pieces. Recently, an 8-inch factory will be built in Ningbo and Shaoxing, Zhejiang.
Huahong-Hongli-Huali
Huahong Company was established in 1996. It was built by Project 909 in Jinqiao, Pudong, Shanghai. It was a joint venture of Huahong NEC. It was the early production of Japanese NEC products and later converted into an OEM factory. This was the first 8-inch line in China, and later the second 8-inch line was built. Huahong Group Co., Ltd. holds stakes in Shanghai Huahong NEC Electronics Co., Ltd. and Shanghai Beiling Co., Ltd. .
Hongli Company was established in 2000 and opened in September 2003. It has built two 12-inch factory buildings, one of which has completed and put into production Line A (8-inch line).
In January 2010, Huahong and Hongli jointly invested and established Shanghai Huali Microelectronics Company to build a 12-inch line in Hongli's 12-inch factory, which is called "Huali Phase I". The total investment scale is 21.9 billion yuan, and the process level can reach 55-40-28 nanometers.
On December 29, 2011, Huahong and Hongli jointly announced that the two parties had completed the merger transaction, and then established Shanghai Huahong Hongli Semiconductor Manufacturing Co., Ltd. on January 24, 2013.
In November 2016, the construction of the "Huali Phase II" will be started, and the construction and operation will be undertaken by Shanghai Huali Integrated Circuit Manufacturing Company. The total investment is 38.7 billion yuan, and another 12-inch line is built, with a monthly production capacity of 40,000 pieces, and the technical level will reach 28-14 nanometers.
On March 2, 2018, Huahong Wuxi Integrated Circuit R&D and Manufacturing Base Project started. The first phase invested US$2.5 billion to build a 12-inch line, with a monthly production capacity of 40,000 pieces, and a technical level of 90/65/55 nanometers. The total investment will reach US$10 billion, and several 12-inch lines will be built.
2. Review of the development of more than 50 years
Strictly speaking, the development of China's integrated circuit industry should have started in 1965, and it has been 54 years now. Looking back on the difficult journey over 50 years, we can better realize that the integrated circuit industry is a high-tech, high-investment and high-risk industry. Now it seems that this is an industry with ultra-high technology (now developed to 5 nanometers), ultra-high investment (now building a 12-inch factory up to billions of dollars), high risk (if you don’t do it well, you will lose money), fierce competition (if you can’t keep up, you will be out); however, if you do it well, get to the forefront, or even become the leader, there will be extremely high returns.
Look at the gap between China and the United States in terms of integration (scale):
From the above, from small to large scale, the gap between China and the United States was 6 to 8 years, but later, the gap became larger and larger, widening to 10 to 13 years.
Let’s look at the gap between China and the United States in the diameter of silicon wafers in the chip production line:
From the above, the gap is generally 10 to 13 years, as short as 8 years, and finally shortened to 5 years when it reaches 12 inches.
The bigger gap between China and the United States lies in the scale of the integrated circuit industry, that is, in terms of output.Please see the comparison of annual output:
From the above, it only took 8 years to grow from 1 million yuan to 600 million yuan, while China used it for 26 years. The gap widened from 6 years at the beginning, 18 years to 24 years! This is 20 years after the end of the "Cultural Revolution" in 1976! The output scale is getting bigger and bigger, while the gap is getting farther and farther!
Looking at the development history of more than 50 years, many research institutes developed integrated circuit samples in 1965. After initial industrial production in the 1970s, there were no factories 19 and 878 above the north and south as representatives. A number of integrated circuit factories were built in Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Jiangsu, Guizhou, Gansu and other provinces and cities, and in the planned economic era, a large number of small-scale integrated circuits were self-reliantly produced for use by domestic complete machine units. However, the scale is small and the output is not large. After the country entered the era of reform and opening up in 1978, it was impacted by imported circuits and smuggled circuits, and most companies left the stage of history one after another.
In order to break through the blockade and increase production, three companies, Aika, Xinghua and Huake, were established in Hong Kong. All three have established 4-inch chip production lines, which exceeded 10,000 pieces in the mainland. Huake also reached 20,000 pieces, mainly producing consumer electronic products, which played a leading role at that time. However, these three companies did not continue to move forward. Although Xinghua Company also built a small 5-inch line, it finally withdrew from the historical stage one by one in the fierce competition in the world.
Under the conditions of reform and opening up, Wuxi Factory 742 and Huajing Company after Huayue Company after Shaoxing 871 Branch were fortunate to embark on the road of technology introduction. This measure made the 742 factory (transformed into Huajing Company in 1989) that was left after the Ministry of Electronics Industry decentralized most of its directly affiliated enterprises in 1985, and later reclaimed the 871 branch of Shaoxing (later changed to Huayue Company) and became two state-owned enterprises among the five major enterprises during the "Seventh Five-Year Plan" and "Eighth Five-Year Plan" period. The former has introduced 3-inch, 4-inch, 5-inch and 6-inch lines, while the latter has introduced 5-inch lines. The 3-inch wire bipolar TV circuit introduced by the
742 factory has made great contributions to the development of my country's TV industry. As early as 1973, although Factory 878 had the opportunity to introduce a 3-inch line during the "Cultural Revolution", it was not possible. If there is "if", history will be written separately. However, when Huajing later introduced technology, the funds were no longer all investments of the state, and some funds required enterprises to lend to banks. In addition, the loan interest rate was very high at that time, which led to Huajing's debts owed to the bank after implementing the 6-inch line in the 908 project. At that time, it was in the state of "the acceptance date is the time when the line was shut down." This gives overseas Chinese teams the opportunity to form Hong Kong Shanghua Company to manage. However, after Shanghua took over the Huajing MOS line in February 1998, it only solved some of the losses. Unfortunately, Huajing did not take advantage of the debt-to-equity conversion policy implemented by the state that year, and was eventually insolvent. By 2002, it was acquired by Hong Kong Chinese-funded enterprise China Resources Group at a low price. Under the operation of China Resources, an 8-inch line was built in the 8-inch factory built by Shanghua Company in Wuxi New District, and the company has been operating smoothly as a whole. Huayue Company, which implements debt-to-equity conversion, has maintained its shares for a long time and has also transferred its shares, but recently, Huayue has officially stopped production. This shows that although technology introduction alone can be awesome, it will inevitably become a past history in the end.
Sino-foreign joint venture was once a relatively good choice. Two joint ventures established in Shanghai: Beiling and Philips (later changed to Advanced), which established the first 4-inch and 5-inch lines in China respectively. Beiling Company has made great contributions to supporting large-scale integrated circuits for special program-controlled switches. It is the only integrated circuit factory that Deng Xiaoping has inspected and is the first listed integrated circuit manufacturing company in China. A 6-inch small line was built after the 4-inch line, but the volume was not increased. Later, although he went to the Zhangjiang Development Zone in Pudong to build an 8-inch factory, he failed to move on. Finally, the 4-inch line equipment was sold, the purification factory was stopped, and it became a Fabless Design House without production lines. Philips later changed to an advanced company, and quickly built a 6-inch line after the 5-inch line. After it was listed when economic benefits were good, an 8-inch factory was built in the yard. Although the factory building is not big, the spirit of progress is commendable. Now we need to raise funds to cooperate with Lingang Building 12-inch factory.As for Beijing Shougang Nikkei, it jointly built China's first 6-inch line with Japan Electric Company, which once created gratifying turnover and became a leading company during the "Ninth Five-Year Plan" period. However, after the 20-year joint venture expired and another two years later, Japan Electric Company continued to decline after giving up its position to Intel Corporation in the United States, and its headquarters stopped placing an order for Beijing Shougang Nikkei and stopped production due to the failure to transfer to OEM. Only the rear packaging and testing are retained to become a packaging and testing enterprise. Later, even the packaging and testing could not continue, so the factory was closed and sold the equipment to Yandong Company. Such an outcome shows that in the joint venture, China cannot dominate the business direction of the enterprise and has not taken effective measures. In the face of the changing world integrated circuit market, joint ventures are not a "panacea".
The 908 and 909 projects formulated and implemented by the state. As mentioned earlier, the 908 project was very unsuccessful. Due to the delay in project approval and funding, it was not until the "8 years of the War of Resistance Against Japan" that it was completed. When the project was established in 1990, the 6-inch line abroad had only appeared for four years. If it could be completed in two years, it would be better. Originally, the 6-inch line that was first to be built in China, became the third one when it was completed. The worse result is that Huajing Company, which implemented the plan, has a high debt. Due to the introduction of technology, there is no market-owned products, the dilemma of "the acceptance date is the time for the suspension of the line." Finally, Shanghua Company turned to OEM. The situation of the
909 project has improved a lot. The lessons learned from the 908 project and the country attached great importance to it, becoming the largest investment in the electronics industry since the founding of the People's Republic of China. Hu Qili, Minister of the Ministry of Electronics Industry, was personally appointed as the chairman. But even so, after the project was completed, Minister Hu recounted in his book "The History of the Core": "Indeed, it was not that I didn't know the risks at that time, but that the risks and the depth of complexity were far beyond my expectations." The implementation results were from the groundbreaking ceremony of Huahong Company's super-large-scale integrated circuit chip production line held on November 27, 1996 to the official launch of the chip production line of Huahong NEC joint venture on February 23, 1999, and it took two years and three months to complete it. This was an unprecedented speed in the history of China's integrated circuit industry development. After production, it mainly produces 64 megabit DRAM memory products from the joint venture foreign NEC company. In 2000, it caught the recovery of the international semiconductor market. Huahong NEC company achieved good results in profitability in the year it was put into production. But the good times did not last long, and DRAM products were the most competitive. South Korea's Samsung came from behind, and larger-capacity products occupied the mainstream market. Even the NEC company itself could not withstand it, let alone Huahong NEC, which lacked the ability to independently develop. This forces companies to make decisions to consider changing to the direction of OEM. At a national user conference between Shougang NEC and Huahong NEC held in Beijing, even the NEC sent people to participate and announced that the direction of OEM would change. The final implementation result was that the Shanghai Huahong NEC 8-inch factory successfully transformed, while the Beijing Shougang Nikkei 6-inch factory did not change to OEM. When the NEC company no longer places orders, it had to stop production and close the line. Afterwards, Huahong and Hongli combined to go further and build a 12-inch line.
Chinese integrated circuit manufacturers switched from IDM to Foundry OEM, which started from Shanghai Philips to undertake international Philips orders. After Wuxi Huajing MOS business department handed over to Hong Kong Shanghua Company for entrusting management, it officially became a pure neutral OEM enterprise. Most of the newly built chip production lines later adopted the foundry model, whether it was 6-inch wire, 8-inch wire, or 12-inch wire, such as SMIC and Hongli Foundry Factory. Unless the original company still adopts the IDM model, such as Yandong, Shilan, or foreign IDM manufacturers.
Integrated Circuits in Taiwan, China started in the mainland, in the mid-1970s, the 7-micron aluminum gate CMOS process technology was introduced from the US RCA company, and a group of personnel were sent to the United States for training. At the same time, an integrated circuit demonstration plant was established, and integrated circuit manufacturing began in October 1977. The demonstration factory was operated until 1979, and the Electronics Industry Research and Development Center was reorganized into the Electronics Industry Research Institute. After discussion, it decided to organize a company, and the Electronics Institute carried out more cutting-edge research and development.So in September 1979, the preparation office of Lianhua Electronics Company (UNP) was established in the private sector, and in May 1980, it officially established Lianhua Electronics Company. Between 1979 and 1981, it gradually moved technology from electronics, established Taiwan's first 4-inch chip production line, put into production in April 1982, and established a development department in 1984 to develop products and processes themselves, thus entering a stage of healthy growth. Between 1985 and 1986, when the Electronics Institute implemented the "Super Large Integrated Circuit (Ultra Large Integrated Circuit) Plan", Zhang Zhongmou, director of the Institute of Technology Research, proposed to convert the experimental factory into a private professional OEM company. In this way, in February 1987, the first professional integrated circuit manufacturing plant, Taiwan Integrated Circuit Company (hereinafter referred to as "TSMC"), was formed. It cooperated with Philips to accept the transfer of Philips' 2-micron ultra-large integrated circuit technology. From then on, the world's integrated circuit industry has entered the foundry era and has always been led by TSMC. With development to this day, TSMC not only has a far-reaching lead in foundry turnover, but also has caught up with the United States in terms of technical level. Recently, TSMC announced that 5-nanometer technology will be put into trial production in 2019, and the world's first 5-nanometer chip factory will be built, and it is expected to be put into mass production in 2020. Following UMC and TSMC, Taiwan has established a number of integrated circuit manufacturing companies, including foundry models and IDM models, such as Huabang, Hualongwei, Wanghong, Deji, Maosilicon, Hetai, Huazhi, etc., and then there are World Advanced, South Asia, Lijing, Maosilicon, Huaya, etc. In more than 10 years since the establishment of UMC in 1980, Taiwan's integrated circuit industry has developed rapidly. When 29 mainlanders came to Taiwan to attend the "Second-Strait Semiconductor Academic Research and Industrial Development Semiconductors" at the end of May 1997, the turnover of integrated circuits in the entire mainland was only one-tenth of the turnover in Taiwan.
1997 The number of chip lines on both sides of the Taiwan Strait is as follows:
10, by 2007, the number of chip lines on both sides of the Taiwan Strait became:
From the above 10 years, there have been great changes in the mainland and Taiwan, but Taiwan has always been large-size lines, while the mainland is still mainly small-sized lines, which shows the gap between technical level and output scale. When the mainland's reform and opening-up policy brought huge changes to various industries, the mainland's preferential policies also began to attract Taiwanese businessmen to invest in and build integrated circuit chip factories. In the first 10 years of this century, Suzhou Hejiang 8-inch factory, Ningbo Zhongwei 6-inch factory, Shanghai Songjiang TSMC 8-inch factory, Zhuhai Nanke and Fuzhou Fushun 6-inch factory were successively built. However, even factories built by Taiwanese businessmen, such as Zhongwei and Nanke, have been unable to persist due to various reasons and have withdrawn from the historical stage. It is a foreign integrated circuit manufacturer, such as the once prominent American Motorola Company, which went to Tianjin to build an 8-inch factory long before Shanghai Huahong. The factory buildings were all built. When the international semiconductor market was at a low point, it missed the opportunity and finally had no choice but to transfer to SMIC. Encouraged by the 18th Document of the State Council in 2000, Taiwanese businessmen and overseas Chinese came to the mainland to build chip manufacturing plants everywhere. Some had built factory frames, while others had not even built factories, and many units disappeared one by one. It can be seen from this that the development process of semiconductor integrated circuit manufacturing, especially in mainland China, is extremely difficult and arduous. There have also been other private enterprises involved in experiments. For example, Guangdong Zhongshan Aotep Company's 6-inch factory died shortly after it was put into production. Hunan Changsha Chuangxin Company's 6-inch factory was successfully built and put into production. It was unable to climb up the hill and was suspended for several years.
However, in 2014, the country thoroughly realized the extreme importance of chips based on information security, so it published the "National Outline for Promoting the Development of Integrated Circuits" in June, and established the National Development Integrated Circuit Fund in September, and began to vigorously support the integrated circuit industry, focusing on the integrated circuit manufacturing industry. As of the end of 2017, the big fund has invested in a total of 67 projects, with a total of 118.8 billion yuan in project commitments.In the past 3 to 4 years, under the promotion and leadership of the National Fund, led by Beijing, local governments in various places have successively established integrated circuit funds, which has led to the construction of a series of 12-inch chip factories, including Xiamen Lianxin, Hefei Jinghe, Jinjiang Jinhua, TSMC Nanjing, as well as SMIC, Huahong-Hongli-Huali, Yangtze Memory, etc.
focuses on reviewing the progress history of the number of integrated circuit chip wires in mainland China.
* Once counted, it was 12-inch line, referring to Beijing SMIC (2 later), with a total of 40 (41 later).
You may ask: There are so many chip wires built, and it is now 2019, and there are more wires. Why do chips still need to be imported in large quantities? Let’s take a look at the number of chip cables in the world in 2000!
It can be seen that in 2000, the 25 lines in mainland China accounted for only 2.6% of the world, and the actual output was only 1%, which was tiny. The United States and Japan have more than 300 lines, each accounting for one-third of the world's total. Every prefecture in Japan has integrated circuit factories. Therefore, it is expected that the self-distribution rate of domestic circuits will be greatly improved, and a large number of integrated circuit production lines will be built. You should know that the long-term self-distribution rate of domestic circuits is only more than 10%. Some people reported that it had reached 27%. Is it so high? Even so, nearly three-quarters of them rely on imports. We have made five-year plans in the past five years and have raised the self-yield rate target several times to 30%, and once, we have even raised the 50%, but we have not achieved it. Of course, in the era of planned economy, my country only had domestically produced complete machines. Now China has become a world's largest electronic complete machine assembly country, including televisions, desktops and tablets, mobile phones, washing machines, refrigerators, air conditioners, rice cookers, etc. China's production is the best in the world, and the hearts in them are all "chips"! The production scale of the whole machine is developing too fast!
integrated circuits started in the United States and later moved to Japan. In recent years, they moved to South Korea and Taiwan. Some people predict that the next wave will be moved to mainland China. Can it be realized? When will it be realized? !
Our older generation of Chinese integrated circuit industry breakers all hope that the engineering and technical personnel, workers and enterprise managers who are now striving to the forefront of my country's integrated circuit industry will continue to bear this historical task as always, never forget their original aspirations, and continue to shoulder this historical task! I call on the junior juniors and junior sisters from famous universities such as Tsinghua and Peking University who are keen to study abroad to study abroad, and come back as soon as possible to serve their motherland after graduation. Like the college students in the 1950s and 1960s, they will bravely jump into the national integrated circuit manufacturing industry, not pursue fame and fortune, and work hard for 10 or 20 years, and even 30 years! We will strive for life to revitalize China's chip manufacturing industry! I hope you achieve brilliant results
