Spring is the best season of the year. Everything is revived and full of vitality. However, due to the changing weather, it is sometimes warm and sometimes cold, it is a season with high incidence of respiratory infectious diseases such as measles, mumps, chickenpox, etc. Vaccination is the most effective, safe and economical way to prevent infectious diseases. Let’s learn about common infectious diseases and their prevention vaccines in spring.
NO·1 Measles
Measles virus has weak in vitro resistance, is sensitive to heat, ultraviolet rays and general disinfectants, and is inactivated at 56℃ for 30 minutes. The incubation period is about 10 days (6 to 21 days).
patients have prodromal symptoms such as high fever, cough, rhinitis and conjunctivitis, and the fever can reach 39-40℃. A typical case produces grayish white dots on the oral and buccal mucosa after 2 to 3 days, called Koplik spots, which are a sign of early diagnosis of measles. After 2 to 5 days of fever, patients may develop typical maculopapular rash, first seen in the back of the ear, hairline, forehead, face, and neck, which will affect the torso, limbs, palms and soles from top to bottom, and there will be normal skin between the rashes. When the rash occurs, the body temperature reaches its peak and the systemic symptoms worsen. After the rash is fully released, the body temperature begins to drop, and the rash gradually fades away in the order of rash. When the rash is removed, there will be bran-like squashing. Brown pigmented spots may remain. Symptoms of infection in adults are serious. Measles patients, especially young, weak and malnourished children, are prone to complications, and common complications include pneumonia, otitis media, encephalitis, etc.
# Source of infection:
Patients are the only source of infection.
# transmission pathway:
spreads between people through respiratory droplets, and can also be suspended in the air to achieve air transmission in the form of droplet nuclear.
# susceptible population:
Humans are generally susceptible to measles virus. More than 90% of susceptible patients can develop the disease after they come into contact with patients. After measles is sick, they can gain long-lasting immunity. Infants under 6 months can obtain antibodies from their mothers and rarely get sick.
#Vaccination:
Measles mumps rubella combined with live attenuated vaccine
1. Vaccine function: used to prevent infectious diseases caused by measles, rubella, and mumps viruses.
2. Inoculation target: Suitable for those who are susceptible to measles, mumps, and rubella over 8 months old.
3. Immunization procedure: 2 doses are given.
NO·2 Mumps
Mumps (referred to as mellow) is a common acute respiratory infectious disease caused by mellow virus and is highly contagious. The incubation period is 14 to 25 days, with an average of 18 days.
The most infectious is 2 days before the onset to 4 days after the onset, and the hidden infection is contagious. Some cases have prodromal symptoms such as fever, headache, weakness, and lack of appetite. After 1 to 2 days of onset, the zygomatic arch or behind the ear pain occurs, and the salivary glands are swollen, and the body temperature can rise to 40℃. Most cases have obvious swelling and painful bilateral parotid glands, and the surface is burning, but most of them are not red. The parotid gland swells reach its peak for 2 to 3 days, and gradually subsides after 4 to 5 days. Sometimes the submandibular or sublingual glands can be involved at the same time. When the submandibular gland is swollen, the anterior mandibular area of the neck can be obviously swollen, which can pave the oval gland; when the sublingual gland is swollen, the sublingual and anterior mandibular can be swollen, and dysphagia can occur. Complications of the complications are common in meningitis and orchitis, and can also cause deafness, ovarian inflammation, mastitis, pancreatitis, miscarriage, etc., but they are all extremely rare.
# Source of infection:
Early patients and hindered infections are both sources of infection.
# transmission route:
airborne or droplet transmission, or it can also be transmitted through direct contact with the saliva of the infected person.
# susceptible population:
people are generally susceptible, with about 90% of the cases being 1-15-year-old children, but in recent years, there has been a trend of increasing adult cases.
# Vaccination:
(I) Measles mumps rubella combined with live attenuated vaccine
Same as above.
(II) Live attenuated mumps vaccine
1. Vaccine effect: prevent mumps virus infection.
2. Vaccination subject: Suitable for those who are susceptible to mumps over 8 months of age.
3. Immunization procedure: 1 dose.
NO·3 varicella
varicella is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) infection. The incubation period of chickenpox is 10-21 days, usually 14-16 days.
This disease is mainly characterized by the appearance of maculopapular rash, blisters and scabs in batches in the skin and mucosa, and may be accompanied by symptoms such as chills, fever, and headaches. The rash first appears on the trunk and head, and then spreads to the face and limbs. It initially has red rashes, but it turns into papules and herpes after a few hours. There is a blush around herpes and the skin is easily broken, accompanied by itching. Herpes fluid contains VZV. The herpes begin to scab after 1-2 days, and the scab falls off and heals after 5-7 days, and generally no scars remain. Infants and children and children have mild symptoms, and are more severe in adults, and are prone to varicella pneumonia. People with low immune function are prone to spreading chickenpox, and the rash fuses to form bulla. Infection with chickenpox during pregnancy can cause fetal malformation, premature birth or stillbirth. If you suffer from chickenpox within a few days before delivery, newborn chickenpox may occur, and the condition is often critical.
# Source of infection:
Venix pox and shingles are the only source of infection. VZV can be found in the patient's skin rash, blood, and respiratory secretions.
# transmission pathway:
The most common transmission pathway is through respiratory droplets and direct contact, and can also be transmitted through contaminated tools.
# susceptible population:
varicella is extremely contagious, and the population is generally susceptible to chickenpox and has an dominant disease, mainly among children and adolescents under 15 years old. Infants under 6 months have fewer diseases due to maternal antibodies. After illness, you can gain a strong immunity. Secondary illness is rare, and shingles can occur in the elderly and children and adults with low immunity.
# Vaccination:
live attenuated vaccine
1. Vaccine function: used to prevent chickenpox caused by varicella-zoster virus infection.
2. Inoculation subjects: 12 months of age and above are susceptible to chickenpox.
3. Immunization procedure: According to the "Anhui Province Non-Immunization Program Vaccination Program (2021 Edition)", routine vaccination is subject to the vaccination procedure of 2 doses.
12-month-year-olds: the first dose is vaccinated after 12 months of age; the second dose is vaccinated after 4 years of age. Those who have not received timely vaccination should be vaccinated as soon as possible, with the interval between 2 doses at least 3 months.
13 years old and above: Those who have no history of vaccination with chickenpox vaccine should receive 2 doses; those who have had a history of vaccination with chickenpox vaccine should receive 2 doses as soon as possible; the interval between the two doses should be at least 8 weeks. (Only applicable to vaccination procedures for over 13 years old).
Source: Anhui Disease Control
