The book "Xuanhualu" has a meaning of "using poetry to prove history" and "mutual evidence of poetry and history", and it seems to also embody many hidden things of the current sentiment. Just as Chen Yinke said in the two articles "The Manuscript of Liu Rushi" in " Liu Rushi's Biography ", "It's sometimes majestic and sometimes harmonious, both literature and history", "It's neither new nor old, children's cows and wildebeests", "deliberately hurt the spring, and shed tears." But unlike Chen Yinke who wrote a voluminous "big book" for Liu Rushi's long-lasting and ten years of hard work, Su Hongyue's "Xuanhua Lu" can only be said to be a "small book". However, this "small book" also made sufficient research efforts, and crawled out the almost invisible flower literacy palace from historical records and events, recreating many obscured historical events in the late Tang and Five Dynasties.
The late Tang and Five Dynasties were a particularly dark and chaotic era, and it was also a particularly special era. On the one hand, there were joy and indulgence, while on the other hand, there were white bones. Because of its chaos and complexity, many important details have been ignored, such as the rules and regulations of that era, the daily life of famous objects, the aesthetic concepts and psychological structures of that era, all played a secret and important role in the process of transitioning from Tang to Song Dynasty. Therefore, some scholars say that the Chinese aesthetic view was established in the late Tang Dynasty.
The 98 palace poems that Mrs. Huarui have been passed down to this day are mostly natural works of loneliness, and now they have a particularly straightforward impact when read. Unlike the previous palace poems, there is less resentment and more interesting experience. It records the various life situations of Xuanhuayuan, Shu Palace during Wang Jian and Wang Yan in , and often describes the lives of the characters in Xuanhuayuan from the perspective of bystanders. From this, you can see the deep shadow cast by fate on them. As the author said, Xuanhuayuan is a utopia and a real illusion.
"Xuanhualu", author: Su Hongyue, version: Bass|Beijing United Publishing Company, February 2019
1 Qianmo Traffic
Taixu High-altitude Lingbo Hall, with the back against the city wall and pillow pool.
each in the courtyard, and the sheep cart is not taught everywhere.
The late Ming and early Qing dynasties of "The Legend of the Emperor's Pictures" The Gathering Banquet of the Sheep Cart Collection The French National Library
The first sentence starts with the momentum of the sky and the wind and the sea are wide, unlike the world that is in the world. The palace is built against the water, with its back against the Xuanhuayuan Palace wall and facing the Xuanhua Pond. Xuanhua Pond is the original name of Maha Pond, "Maha", which means extremely vast in Sanskrit. "Lingbo" and "Taixu" are also invisible and boundless, vast and boundless, corresponding to each other, setting off the atmosphere of the illusion of the human world. The upper part of the palace poem is an empty shot with a distinct metaphysical spiritual color. The lower part takes a sharp turn, and the bright and rich characters and plots appear, turning into a metaphysical story.
全方方 In the third year of Qiande (921 AD), Xuanhua Garden was built, and the palace courtyard where the empress and the concubines lived were arranged one by one, just north of the ancient Maha Pond, near the Taixu Pavilion and Lingbo Hall. Wang Yan was so beautiful, but he didn't want to favor one person. In October of the year when he succeeded to the throne, he ordered twenty people from the people to enter the palace. This year, the daughter of Gao Zhiyan, the Minister of War, was made the queen, and the harem struggle began. In the first month of the year when Xuanhuayuan was built, Wang Yan's cousin was sent to the palace. Empress Gao fell out of favor and was sent home. Gao Zhiyan actually went on a hunger strike for this.
Mrs. Huarui, who moved to Xuanhuayuan with Zhu Mei of the harem, always looked at her son's romantic affairs as a spectator. She never interfered with it and only joked about it from time to time in the palace poems. For example, in order to calm the endless battle between concubines, Wang Yan followed the practice of Emperor Wu of Jin, Sima Yan, and handed over the decision to "flip the cards" to a sheep cart. The sheep cart pulled the emperor to the residence of any beauty, and the emperor favored that night. What about the result of
? Mrs. Huarui stopped her pen here. In "Dream of Red Mansions", Jia Baoyu sleeping in Taixu Illusion Realm, under the guidance of Fairy Jinghuan, he saw the foreshadowing of Qianhong's crying and Wanyan's sadness. Xuanhuayuan is a real illusion. When she was writing palace lyrics, she worked two-pronged approaches. On one side, there was the Lingkong Scenic Realm, the waves were quiet; on the other side, there was the lively and disorderly, and the absurd and unruly.
2 Good craftsmanship
The jade curtain has a slanted sun shadow in front of the jade ditch, and the spring water of the imperial ditch is soaked into clouds.
The servants followed the sky and watched the flowers on the top of the pond.
Middle Tang Dynasty The southern wall of Cave 25, Yulin Cave in Anxi, The side hall of Pure Land Temple
The beginning sentence "The jade curtain has a slanted shadow in front of the sun", this curtain may be from Renzheng Building. In the spring of the year when Xuanhuayuan was built, in order to revitalize the ancient Maha Pool water, the young master Wang Yan ordered craftsmen to divert water from the Qingyuan River in the north of the city into the Daneiyugou and flow into the Qianzheng Gate on the west side. After this river water was poured into the Maha Pool, the pool was renamed Xuanhua Pool. From then on, the Maha Pool was no longer an artificial lake, but a semi-natural Neijiang River. This is an important project to build Xuanhuayuan. The river water flows eastward in the Shu Palace, passes through the Renzheng Building.
This curtain may also be from Chongxian Mansion. The Eastern Palace during the reign of Prince Wang Yan, was renamed Chongxian Mansion after he succeeded to the throne. All literary and moral people were allowed to visit. Whether it is Renzheng Building or Chongxian Mansion, from where to Xuanhua Garden, the jade curtain is a barrier. This palace poem is very interesting. It creates a barrier at the beginning, as if it is blocked there, following the sun slanting in front of the curtain, and the eyes slowly move to the spring water in front of the building with the author's pen. The jade curtain suddenly separates the two lives of diligence and greed.
What is a jade curtain like? Let’s first verify it. If it is jade, the Eastern Jin Ge Hong records in " Miscellaneous Notes of Xijing " that "the pearls woven into the Zhaoyang Palace are curtains, and the wind blows when it comes, like the sound of a pendant." The shaped like the crown of the emperor, the wind blows by, like the pendant tied around the waist, jingling and jingling. However, the early bead curtains were more likely to be woven horizontally, like a pearl mat that could be rolled up horizontally. Wang Bo climbed to the Tengwang Pavilion and praised "the painted roof flew towards the south of the sacred clouds, and the pearl curtain rolled up the rain in the west mountains at night." The clouds flying towards the painted building and the rain rolling into the bead curtain are the artistic imaginations of writers. Qi Ji, a poet of the Five Dynasties, had seen jade curtains, and there was a poem to prove it: "In the morning light in the golden palace, in front of the purple jade curtain." The bead curtains are generally in the form of beads, and their popularity should be after the Yuan and Ming dynasties.
The jade curtain of Shu Royal Palace is not made of jade we see today. The concept of jade today was not popular until the middle of in the Qing Dynasty. The Burmese jade introduced to China in the Ming Dynasty was called "green jade", "jasper", "jasper", "green jade", "blue fill", "birth stone" and so on. In "Yuewei Caotang Notes", Ji Xiaolan mentioned that he had "Yunnan Jade Jade" when he was young. In the early Qing Dynasty, jadeite began to refer to Burmese jade. This jade cannot be produced from Yunnan, but was introduced from Myanmar through Yunnan Province, so it was named Yunnan jade to distinguish other green jade varieties such as Hetian jade. Ji Xiaolan also said that people do not regard jade, and they did not expect that their value would double in the future.
Southern Dynasties Liang Xu Ling "Yu Tai Xin Yong·Preface": "The glass inkstone box is always with you; the jade pen bed , and you will leave your hands at any time." This sentence became the name of later generations who judged that jade had been made into jade no later than the Southern Dynasties. Jade and glass are in opposition, and it is also a pen bed, so it must be a polishable ore. Wei Zhuang also has a poem "I don't hear the movements on the glass steps, but the shadows are seen in the jade curtain." The same jadeite is made of smooth and as pure as jade, with a bright and bright feeling between the lines. Later, in the Northern Song Dynasty, Ouyang Xiu, mentioned in " Guitianlu ", that his family had an ancient jade pendant (a bottle with a wide belly and a small mouth), and thought it was jade. Later, in Yingzhou, it was recognized as jade by an old minister named Deng Baoji in the dynasty of Emperor Zhenzong of Song Dynasty. The old man still remembered that there was a jade cup in the treasure house of Emperor Zhenzong of Song Dynasty.
The Qing Dynasty Tang Rongzuo verified that "Guitianlu" said this: "The jadeite in Ouyang Xiu's family can shatter gold, but today's jadeite has been polished smooth and delicate, but it cannot really scratch the hardware. However, the so-called jadeite is not what we call jadeite today." What kind of stone can shatter gold? We can directly think of lapis lazuli containing star-shaped gold dots. It appeared in China no later than the Western Han Dynasty, also known as blue glaze, and its "color is like the blue sky". However, during the Han and Tang Dynasties, people used pure parts of the material, and only after the Ming and Qing Dynasties did they use polymetal crystals on the material. The concept of shaved gold is whether it is a powdery or foil left after the surface is polished and carved, to reflect the toughness of the jade material.
Jade was a kind of bird in early documents. The pre-Qin classic "Yi Zhou Shu·Wang Huijie" records that "the jadeite is the reason why it takes feathers."The Han and Tang Dynasty classic " Foreign Things" says: "The kingfisher is like a swallow, red and male is jade on the sun, green and female is jade on the sun." The feathers of the jade bird are red, and the kingfisher feathers are green and as bright as gemstones. Jade feathers can be weaved curtains and made into various decorations. The earliest unearthed cultural relics are the inner coffin of the wife of Marquis of the Marquis of Marquis of Mawangdui No. 1 in the Western Han Dynasty. It is often used on phoenix crowns and hairpins. This craft is "dianqing", which is mostly blue, or to be precise, blue and blue. First there was a jade bird, then there was a jade name, which was just a jade feather color. The ancients' classification of jade was vague. There is no way to verify what it was.
3Feasting and having fun
Chengdu is cold and learning Popular pot , and the arrow leans against your waist to make a plan.
is a great move to the king, one person shoots and the other loses.
5th Dynasties Southern Tang Zhou Wenju Re-screen chess scroll (partial) Silk color collection
Since Mrs. Huarui talks about Chu Luo, let’s take a brief look. Although this ancient game is not popular, it has been popular in the Shu Palace, otherwise it would not be cold. At first, 花 and 花 are two types of plants. 花 are mountain trees and 花 are water plants. In the pre-Qin period, people used cherry and cherry to ask questions, which became a game in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Ma Rong's "Quan Fu" begins: "In the past, Mr. Xuantong traveled to Kyoto. After morality is ready, I like this. Boyang enters Rong to relieve worries." He said that in the past, Mr. Xuantong lived in Kyoto, and valued virtue. Both were prepared and loved Huan. Lao Tzu (whose courtesy name Boyang) used Huan to relieve worries by using Huan to relieve worries.
Han Fu always exaggerates the popular items at that time, elevate their style, and even deify them. "The Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the simple white or purple felt flag plate with beautiful embroidery patterns on the edges. This also caused speculation among later generations whether the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Roots. The Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Roots was made of rhinoceros horns and ivory. The Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Roots was usually five, called "five wood", also known as teeth. When the leaves of the Book of the Book of the leaves fell off, there were tooth-like patterns on the branches. During the Tang Dynasty, there was no chess way on the chessboard. Arrange 120 or 360 arrows (bargaining chips) in three pieces, leaving a gap in the middle, called "Guan", one arrow in front of Guan and behind Guan, and the sun is "pit". In one game, five participants each hold four to twenty horses (chess pieces), and then start throwing five woods. They are all flat spindles with pointed ends and round middle, one side is black and the other side is white. Two of them have the word "calf" written on the black side and the word "pheasant" written on the white side, which are different in the front and back characters on copper coins. If the result of throwing is that all five sons are black, it is the highest level of tooth, called "Lu". If two "calves" or two "pheasants" are thrown, then this tooth is also very good. Depending on the throwing of different teeth, each accidental combination has a different count, which is the number of steps of the chess piece. If the throwing of expensive pieces, you can reward and re-splitting, and the number of steps of the chess game will increase. When the chess piece passes the first level, you must roll out the precious piece before you can get out of the barrier. If the chess piece reaches the pit and does not throw the precious piece and falls into the pit, you will be punished.
So Ching is a kind of gambling game, which started in the Han Dynasty and was popular in the Jin and Tang Dynasties. According to the "Book of Jin: Biography of Liu Yi", Liu Yi and Liu Yu spent a lot of money on the gamble of the East Mansion (Prime Minister's Mansion), and the winner and lose were millions of dollars. " Old Tang Book " mentions the banquet of Wu Zetian , which often performs the show of hiding. The participants are male favorites Zhang Yizhi , Zhang Changzong and the Wu clan. The princes and nobles arranged chess pieces in the high hall and launched fierce battles, often "calling Lu and drinking pheasants", hoping to throw them out. When the gambler was gambling, the amount of winning or losing in a game was huge. Cen Shen has a poem saying: "The gambler costs 100 gold every time." This gambler was popular in the army, and the soldiers were drunk and noisy, fighting each other, disrupting military discipline. Therefore, the "The Art of War of Wei of the Tang Dynasty" has strict prohibitions: "There are gamblers in the army, and they sit with more than one yuan, and the things they bet on are not official."
gambler was played and shouted and was neglected in Xuanhuayuan. The fundamental reason may be that the young master Wang Yan did not like this kind of gambler.The enthusiasm of the concubines for something often depends on the king's likes and dislikes, so the dice and chess pieces are thrown aside. The beauties began to learn to throw pots, "the arrow leaned against the waist and made a plan to draw pictures." They had arrow pouches tied around their waists, and they were all radiant in their heroic postures, just like people in the picture. The scene of throwing a pot originates from the Yanzhe ceremony in the Western Zhou Dynasty. It is different from the large storm (she holds during sacrifice), guest storm (she holds during the emperor's congratulations and princes), and village storm (she holds during the local recommendation of sages and earth). Yanzhe is a banquet for guests who have Yanle music to entertain guests.
During banquets, people use throwing pots instead of archery. They do not need to draw bows or targets. They just throw arrows into the pot with bare hands. People who cannot shoot archery can also participate. There are many masters of throwing pots in history. According to legend, Shi Chong's family prostitute can throw arrows into pots through the screen. Xue Shenhuo, the son of Tang Dynasty general Xue Rengui, can throw arrows back to the pot, and never fail. Dong Meiren, the concubine of Yang Xiu, the king of Shu in the Sui Dynasty, loved to play this game, and her epitaph said, "The skill of throwing a pot is flying."
4 Four seasons of Jia Festival
The official family will be released on the Latin Day of the Ming Dynasty, and you must first click on the insider.
Uighur Uighur horse is called a small waist.
The end of the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, pictures of Uighur noble men who gave incense. Ancient Gaochang murals
During the Western Zhou Dynasty, the emperor performed "big wax" in December of winter. When the year was about to end, he would sacrifice to the gods and ancestors who were in charge of farmland, and pray for the rest of the harvest and prosperity of the coming year. Since the Han Dynasty, the word wax evolved into wax. It may be that there was no refrigeration equipment in ancient times. People hunted before heavy snow closed the mountains, and preserved meat by pickling, smoked, and air-drying. Therefore, the word "wa" contains the two meanings of dried meat and hunting. Liang Zongyan of the Southern Dynasty called " Jingchu Sui Shi Ji " "December 8th is La Day", which is the "La Ba" we celebrate today.
The palace poem about Lady Huarui can be seen as a proclamation issued by Wang Yan, the leader of the harem, on the eve of a certain La Day after Wang Yan, the leader of the harem. The imperial edict said that tomorrow morning is the Latin Day, and the official family, the emperor, is about to go out. From Tang poetry, we can see that hunting and worshiping ancestors was a popular activity at that time, such as Cen Shen, who "had a cavalry and general hunted to the south corner of the city, shot and killed a thousand-year-old fox on the Latin sun." Before the emperor traveled, he first selected the insiders among the personnel who accompanied him. This is the embodiment of the diligent empress dowager Shunsheng's diligence in charge of the harem. The emperor had a special requirement that everyone would dress up in the Uighurs that was popular at that time in order to seek novelty, the lineup looked neat and neat, which was convenient for action. Therefore, it must meet the standard of "being called a small waist" and it is not advisable for those who are procrastinated and complicated. Judging from his outfit, Wang Yan's trip this time may not be a hunting trip, but may be a worship of Buddha.
5th generation, the governor of Guiyi Army, Cao Yijin The portrait of a family girl offering a portrait. The east wall of Cave 61, Yulin Cave, Anxi,
Behind the brief edict, there is a long history hidden. From the prosperous Tang Dynasty to the Five Dynasties, the Uighurs' influence on the trend of clothing and clothing in the Central Plains can be explained in just a few words. We can only imagine the charm of Wang Yan, the former Shu and the latter kings, and the inner people, who were dressed in a gorgeous and charming manner from that time based on the ancient murals that have not yet faded. Wang Yan has been idiotic in his life, and is keen on role-playing, playing the role of Taoist in the immortal family and the Guankou Zodiac God. On this La Day of unknown year, he imitated the Uighurs' incense lover, but he did not expect that one day in the future, this would become the last grand dress in his life.
In November of the first year of Xiankang in the Shu period (925 AD), Wang Yan returned to Chengdu after finishing his two-month tour. All officials and the harem welcomed the sage at Qili Pavilion. The young king had a sudden idea and dressed in Uighur costumes with his concubines, forming a beautiful Uighur team into the palace. When he entered the city gate, he knew that the army of Zhuangzong of Later Tang Li Cunxu had been forced to the city. He covered his sleeves and cried unsteadily, but he was still dressed up. He compiled the " Drunken Song" by Emperor Xuan of Northern Zhou into a new song, and the song says: "I know that my life is fast, so I can walk around at night." Like Emperor Xuan of Northern Zhou, I ordered the palace maids to sing with my arms and feet, as if a triumphant team - "The teacher is in a state of despair, singing in front and dancing in the back", and returned to his palace with loneliness and arrogance.
In order to save his life and seek honor, Wang Zongbi, a close minister who had defected to the Later Tang Dynasty, returned to Chengdu at the same time, quickly kidnapped Wang Yan, his mother, Mrs. Huarui, and the relatives in the harem, forcibly moved them west from Xuanhuayuan to Tianqi Palace, and collected their seal, ribbon, and gold treasures. Since then, the energy of Former Shu has been exhausted.
5 Flowers, birds, insects, fishes,
Arrange the bamboo fence and fence to raise new pigeons.
Xuan is specially fed by internal families, and everyone knows that the flowers are idle.
Fifth DynastiesBeiping Kingdom, Wang Chuzhi's tomb, screen mural on the east side of the north wall of the back room of the tomb of Wang Chuzhi. Rose quail picture (partial)
The birds in Xuanhua Garden are closely related to the thoughts of the palace concubine in Mrs. Huarui's narration. However, this song is only from the perspective of the viewer, and the matter of raising pigeons in the garden is not mixed with any human entanglements. It is also a minimalist "Pigeon" in the Five Dynasties period.
Pigeon, that is, pigeons. The history of pigeon raising in my country can be traced back to the Shang and Zhou dynasties. There is a jade pigeon with round lines and exquisite sizes in the tomb of Fu Hao in Yinxu. The trend of raising pigeons has always been very prosperous, but there are few mentions about their colors and breeding methods. A systematic writing was not published until the Qing Dynasty, and it was Zhang Wanzhong's "Pigeon" by Zhang Wanzhong in the late Ming Dynasty. Today I read the poems of Mrs. Huarui, and the paintings of the same period, and compared with Zhang's "Pigeon" to explain each other.
Zhang Wanzhong divided the pigeon into three types: colors, flying, and jumping. If you are in the curved sill carved railings, the green tung tree is built under the bamboo, adding a sense of seclusion, it is nothing more than to appreciate the colors of the flowers; and if you are at the corners of the building and the bridge, under the setting sun and the moon, you are talking about the thoughts of wanderers, it is better to send a letter to the flying sound, listen to the whistle in the air, and watch its majestic posture soaring into the sky; as for the jumping that makes people laugh, it is a trick of carving and insects, which is below the two. Mrs. Huarui said from the beginning that "arrange the bamboo fence and fence" means that the garden is surrounded by the collar and the ornamental pigeons in the curved sill carvings. They are not good at flying high, but are just small pictures in the garden pond.
Mrs. Huarui's first sentence first encloses the land and sets the scenery, just like building a garden first and then living in someone else. The second sentence is "raising new pigeons", and selecting good newborn chicks to enter the garden. Zhang Wanzhong Yun and the pigeons like to join together, and they are paired with two eggs each time, and they hatch into chicks in eighteen days. During the year, only the young pigeons in spring are born from the yin and yang energy of heaven and earth. After entering the garden, a special person must feed them with special food, so "Xuansu's internal family feeds them." "Xuanshou" is the tone of the bird attendant. The inner family does not refer to the emperor, but generally refers to the people in the palace, which may be the concubine or the Xuanming of Mrs. Huarui.
If we carefully read the Northern Song Dynasty painting theory "Xuanhe Painting Book", it is not difficult to find that with the prosperity of gardening and the prosperity of flower and bird paintings, the flowers and pigeons have become an aesthetic taste that cannot be lost in the upper class life. Most of the pigeon pictures in "Xuanhe Painting Book" are lost, and the descriptions of pigeon fur at that time are also lacking in the literature. We have no way of knowing what beautiful charms the pigeons in Mrs. Huarui’s palace are. Fortunately, the court painter Jiang Tingxi, who has experienced the Kangxi and Yongzheng dynasties of the Qing Dynasty, painted a set of "Porcelain Pigeons", which contains twenty-six kinds of pigeons with different fur. Shen Zhenlin and Jiao Hegui during the Daoguang period of the Qing Dynasty were the last batch of court painters in the Qing Dynasty. They painted the "Pigal Score" of forty colors, plus two sets of "Pigal Scores" of anonymous "Pigal Scores" of the Qing Dynasty, and nearly two hundred fine-brushed pigeon pictures that borrowed Western perspective techniques. Although they were pigeon breeds from the Qing Dynasty and could not prove the Five Dynasties, they truly interpreted Mrs. Huarui's "Flowers are always known to you."
Nowadays, our world is full of gray pigeons and white pigeons. It seems that I have forgotten that there were such a brilliant flower pigeon, and they gradually disappeared. In 1997, Mr. Wang Shixiang, who was over 80 years old, compiled Zhang Wanzhong's "Pige Classic" and "Pige Poultry Score" by the Qing Palace. In the preface, the old man lamented that "the ornamental pigeons in our country are being overruled by Western edible pigeons, which is deeply unfair and hurt my self-esteem." I am afraid that the number of ornamental pigeons is getting fewer and more monotonous.
Zhang Wanzhong also mentioned that there were once green pigeons in Shu, which looked like spring flowers. They are like the past events of Xuanhua, and they are never seen again in the world.
This article is integrated from the book "Xuanhualu" with joint bass authorization. The pictures are also provided by bass, and the content has been adjusted and changed.
Introduction and Integration
: Feng Xiaoyang
Edit
: Qin Dansi;
Proofreading
: Xue Jingning
