" Sun Tzu's Art of War " Chapter 1: The first plan
1. Sun Tzu said: War is a major event of the country, a place of life and death, and a way of survival and death. We must observe it.
[Translation] Sun Tzu said: War is a major event of the country. It is related to the life and death of the people and the survival of the country. It must be carefully examined and understood.
2. Therefore, the scriptures use five things, and proofread them by making plans, and find out their feelings: one is Tao, two is heaven, three is earth, four is general, and five is law. Tao means to make the people agree with the emperor, so you can die with him and live with him without fear of danger. The sky is the control of yin and yang, cold and heat, and the time. The earth is far, near, dangerous, wide, narrow, and life and death. A general is wisdom, trustworthiness, benevolence, courage and strictness. Dharma means concise, official, and main use. All of these five will be heard of. Those who know it will win, and those who do not know will not win.
[Translation] Therefore, based on the following five fundamental factors, we must compare and analyze and evaluate the situation of the enemy and us, so as to explore the situation of the outcome of the war. These five fundamental aspects are: one is "Tao", two is "Heaven", three is "Earth", four is "General", and five is "Dharma". The so-called "Tao" means to make the people have the same heart and virtue as the monarch, and to share life and death with the monarch without any doubt. The so-called "Heaven" refers to the changes in day and night, cold and heat and seasons. The so-called "land" refers to geographical conditions such as the distance of the road, the dangers and difficulties of the terrain, the openness and narrowness, the height and the direction of the road. The so-called "general" means that the generals must have five qualities: wisdom, faithfulness, benevolence, courage and strictness. The so-called "law" refers to the organization and organization of the army, the management of the duties of the generals and officials, and the management and use of military supplies. As a general, you must not just ask about any of the above five aspects. If you understand these situations, you can win a battle; if you don’t understand these situations, you can’t win a battle.
3. Therefore, he used a plan to find out his feelings, saying: Who has the master? Who is capable? Who is the general? Who is able to do it? Who is the law? Who is the strongest? Who is the soldiers? Who is the soldiers? Who is the reward and punishment? I know the victory or defeat with this.
[Translation] Therefore, we must conduct a comparative analysis of the situation of the enemy and us, so as to explore the situation of the outcome of the war: which monarch is enlightened? Which general is virtuous? Which side is virtuous? Which side has the right time and place? Which side has excellent weapons and equipment? Which side has good training? Which side has fair and strict rewards and punishments? Based on the above situation, we can predict who wins and who loses.
4. If you are about to listen to my plan, you will win if you use it, and keep it if you keep it. If you are about to not listen to my plan, you will lose if you use it.
[Translation] If a general can follow my plans and use his command to fight, he will surely win, so he will leave him; if he does not follow my plans and use his command to fight, he will inevitably fail, so he will resign.
5. Make a plan to listen to it, and then make it happen to help it. Power means controlling power based on profit.
[Translation] The planning is beneficial and adopted, so it creates an objective situation, which is considered an external auxiliary condition. The so-called situation means taking response measures based on the principle of profit to maintain strategic initiative.
6. War is a strange way. Therefore, if you can, you cannot, you can use it and show it not, you can show it far away when you are close, and you can show it near when you are far away. Use profit to lure it, take it when it is chaotic, prepare it when it is solid, avoid it when it is strong, stumble when it is angry, be arrogant when it is humble, work hard when it is leisure, and leave it when it is close. Attack him without preparation, and be surprised. This victory of military strategists cannot be passed on first.
[Translation] War is based on the use of tricks and tricks to defeat the enemy and win as the highest principle. Therefore, if you can actually fight, it shows that the enemy cannot fight; if you are ready to fight, it shows that the enemy will not fight; if you intend to take the shortcut, it shows that the enemy will walk on a long road; if you intend to walk on a long road, it shows that the enemy will take the shortcut. If the enemy is greedy for profit, use profit to tempt it; if the enemy is chaotic and uneven, take the opportunity to attack it; if the enemy is full of strength, beware of it; if the enemy is strong and strong, avoid it temporarily; if the enemy is aggressive and comes in anger, try to make it tamper; if the enemy is humble and restrained, try to make it arrogant; if the enemy rests well, try to make it tired; if the enemy is friendly and united, try to get rid of it. To attack the enemy without any defense, attack when the hostile is unexpected. This is the secret of the military commander and cannot be revealed in advance.
7. Those who have won the temple before the battle will have to count as much; those who have not won the temple before the battle will have to count as little.If you have more calculations, you will not win, let alone if you have no calculations! From this perspective, you will see the victory or defeat.
[Translation] Before the war, any "miao calculation" wins because of more earnings; if the "miao calculation" fails, it is because of less earnings. If you get more money, you will win, and if you get less money, you will not win, let alone if you don’t get more money. We examine based on this situation, and it will be obvious who wins and loses.
"The Art of War" Chapter 2: Battle
This chapter is titled, Sun Xue's book "Volume 2 Battle Chapter", each version of "Martial Classic" is called "But Second", and Sakurada's book "But Second". Li's notes also only mention the word "Zhan". The simple book is only used for "fighting". Although there are some differences in the books, the order is second. However, Deng Tingluo, the "Collected Notes" of the Qing Dynasty, listed it as the third chapter of the "Standard Attack" as the second. Li’s note said: “First make a plan and then prepare the battle tools. This is the chapter of “War” and “Statement”.” So it is still there.
1. Sun Tzu said: The method of using troops is to run a thousand horses, a thousand chariots, a hundred thousand armors, and a thousand miles of grain. Then the cost of internal and external expenses, the use of guests, the material of rubber paint, and the service of chariots and armors will cost a thousand gold a day, and then the training of 100,000 troops will be promoted.
[Translation] Sun Tzu said: In general, the general rule is: to mobilize thousands of light and heavy chariots and a fully armed army of 100,000, and to travel thousands of miles to deliver food and grass. In this way, the expenses inside and outside, including the expenses required to receive the princes and envoys, the maintenance of rubber paint and other equipment required for various combat equipment, and the cost of supplying vehicle armor and equipment will be huge every day. Then, a hundred thousand troops can be dispatched.
2. It is used to fight. If you win for a long time, your troops will be dull and your sharp. If you attack the city, your strength will be defeated. If you fight for a long time, your country will be insufficient. If a person is dull and weakened his strength and exhausted his money, then the princes will take advantage of their disadvantages. Even if there are wise people, they will not be able to do their best. Therefore, when the army heard about the clumsy and fast, it was not easy to see the cleverness for a long time. There is no such thing as long-term military service and the country's profit. Therefore, if you do not fully understand the harm of using troops, you cannot fully understand the benefits of using troops.
[Translation] If you use troops to fight wars, if you rely on prolonged long-term victory, it will make the army exhausted and your spirits burn. A strong attack on cities will inevitably lead to a large loss of troops. If the army fights abroad for a long time, it will cause the country's financial resources to be scarce. The army is exhausted, its spirit is damaged, its military strength is damaged, and its wealth is exhausted. The princes of all countries will take advantage of this crisis to launch an attack. By then, even if there are resourceful people, they will not be able to recover the crisis. Therefore, if you can win quickly in a military struggle, even if you are clumsy and smart, I will take it; but if you make the war last for a long time, even if you are clever and commanding, I would rather give it up. There has never been a situation where wars are delayed for a long time and are beneficial to the country. Therefore, those who do not fully understand the harm of using troops cannot fully understand the benefits of using troops.
3. Those who are good at using military force will no longer be registered and their food will last for less than three years. It is used for use in the country, because the food is from the enemy, the army can eat enough.
[Translation] People who are good at using troops to fight will not collect soldiers from the Chinese people again, and they will not transfer food and fodder many times. After collecting them from the country once, they will have to seek supplies from the enemy. Therefore, the army's food and fodder supply is sufficient.
4. The country is poorer than the teacher: [Distant teacher] loses far away, and the people lose far away; if the teacher is close to the teacher, it is expensive to sell, and if the people sell, it is exhausted, and if the money is exhausted, it is urgent to be in war. (Strength) [Quli] (Financial dedication) Central Plains, internal weakness is in the family. The cost of the people is seven out of ten; the cost of the public is broken, the horse is broken, the armor, arrows, crossbows, halberds, spears, oars, and big oxen carts are six out of ten.
[Translation] There are two reasons why the country is poor due to its military use: First, the army goes to the country for an expedition. If it goes to the country for an expedition, it requires long-distance transportation, and long-distance transportation will make the people more impoverished by the road and become increasingly poor. Second, getting close to the garrison will cause the price of the military market to soar, and the soaring price will cause the military to exhaust the financial resources. If the military's financial resources are exhausted, the country will be eager to increase the issuance of taxes and service. The troops were lost, and the family economy was also lost due to damage. The people's financial expenses will be more than half of the money; the public's financial expenses will be more than half of the money due to the fatigue of cars and horses, the consumption of weapons and equipment such as armor, arrows, crossbows, halberds, shields, spears and oars, and the requisition of large chariots.
5. Therefore, wise generals should eat the enemy. If one bell of the enemy, they should be twenty bells; if one stone is the one stone, they should be twenty bells.
[Translation] Therefore, wise generals strive to gain food from the enemy.Eating the enemy's food for one bench is equivalent to transporting twenty minutes from the country; consuming the enemy's one stone of forage is equivalent to transporting twenty minutes from the country.
6. Therefore, killing the enemy is anger; taking advantage of the enemy is a good thing. Therefore, when a chariot is fighting, you will get ten chariots and get them. If you reward them first, you will change their flags and ride them. If you are good at it, you will be able to support them. This is to defeat the enemy and become stronger.
[Translation] The troops fought bravely to fight the enemy because they had the same desire to unite against the enemy; the courage to seize the enemy's profit was because they had the reward of wealth. Therefore, in chariot war, anyone who seizes more than ten chariots will be rewarded with the person who first seizes the chariots, and then the chariots they have obtained will be mixed into our army's ranks. The captured enemy must be adopted properly and not killed. This is what is called defeating the enemy and strengthening one's own strength.
7. Therefore, victory is important for soldiers, not for long.
[Translation] Therefore, the key to using troops to fight is to fight quickly, not to last for a long time.
8. Therefore, we know that the generals of soldiers are the commander of the people and the ruler of national safety.
[Translation] Therefore, a general who is well versed in the way of using troops is the master of life and death of the people and the master of national security.
"The Art of War" Chapter 3: Attack
This article Deng Tingluo's "Collected Notes" is listed as second, and Sakurada Moon's "Attack 3". Zhang's note said: "The plan has been decided and the combat equipment has been collected, and then you can attack wisely, so the next "Fighting" is. All schools also interpret the word "户", and there is also a clear text in the text "this method of attacking", so it should be continued. The so-called "strike attack" means "wisdom lead". Note: Those who are wise are to win by wisdom rather than courage and strength. This is what Sun Tzu values, so there is "the best army to attack the plan" at the beginning of this article. However, the meaning of "planning attack" is broader than this, which generally refers to planning attacks and battles - mainly to attack cities. "Scheme" is here to teach "discussion". "The Book of Zhou·Chunguan·Dabu" "Four is planning", Zheng's note: "Scheme is discussion." Cao's note: "If you want to attack the city, you must first plan." That's it. This article first puts forward the basic policy of "beating the enemy without fighting", thinking that its highest ideal goal is and is widely valued by the academic community. Based on this principle, Sun Tzu proposed strategic principles such as "the superior army attacked the plan" and "the subordinate attacked the city". He strives to "beat the enemy without fighting", but in order to defeat the enemy, he also bases on "attacking the enemy" and even "attacking the enemy". In order to win the victory of "attacking the troops", he adopted tactical measures such as "ten sieges", "five attacks" and "multiple battles", and "enemy divisions" based on the strength comparison between the enemy and us, and emphasized the importance of "knowing the enemy and knowing oneself". These also have practical reference value.
1. Sun Tzu said: All methods of using troops: the whole country is the best, and the country is the next best; the entire army is the best, and the army is the next best; the entire brigade is the best, and the brigade is the next best; the entire soldiers are the best, and the soldiers are the next best; the entire army is the next best, and the defeated army is the next best. Therefore, if you win every battle, you are not good at good; if you defeat others without fighting, you are good at good at good.
[Translation] Sun Tzu said: In general, the guiding principle should be: forcing the enemy to surrender the whole country is the best strategy; forcing the enemy to surrender the enemy through military service, the second strategy is to defeat the enemy's country; forcing the enemy to surrender the enemy's army is the best strategy; forcing the enemy to surrender the enemy's army is the best strategy; forcing the enemy to subdue the enemy's soldiers is the best strategy, and the second strategy is to defeat the enemy's army. Therefore, winning every battle is not a clever one. The most clever one among the clever ones is to make the enemy surrender without fighting.
2. Therefore, the upper army attacked the plan, followed by the enemy, followed by the enemy, and attacked the city. The method of siege is a last resort. Repair oars and equipment, and then set a distance after three months, and then three months later. If the general cannot defeat his anger and the ants are attached to him, killing one-third of the soldiers, but the city does not pull out, this is a disaster of attack.
[Translation] Therefore, when using troops to fight, the best strategy is to defeat the enemy's strategy before the battle; secondly, to defeat it diplomatically and make it isolated and helpless; secondly, to defeat it between battle formations, the worst strategy is to attack the enemy's city. The method of siege is a last resort. It takes several months to build siege siege equipment such as flying towers and cloud ladders to complete; it takes several months to build a siege mountain to complete. The general could not control his anger and ordered the ladder to go up, and the ants were chaotic. As a result, one-third of the soldiers were injured and killed, but the cities and towns were not yet broken. This is the disaster caused by the forced attack on the city.
3. Therefore, those who are good at using troops will be to defeat others' soldiers instead of fighting, to pull out others' cities instead of attacking, and to destroy others' countries without long-term use. We must fight for the whole world with all our strength, so the army will not stop and profit will be fully realized. This is the method of attacking.
[Translation] Therefore, those who are good at using troops to fight can make the enemy surrender without relying on confrontation, capture the enemy's cities without relying on strong attacks, and destroy the enemy's country without having to last for a long time. We must use the strategy of complete victory to compete with the princes of the countries and win the world. Only in this way can the troops be free from stuttering and victory be achieved successfully. This is the rule of attacking the enemy with strategy.
4. Therefore, the method of using troops: if ten times, surround them, attack them in five times, and fight them in multiple times, and fight them in multiple times. If the enemy is able to fight them in different ways, and if the enemy is able to escape them in small ways, and if the less, they can avoid them. Therefore, the strongness of a small enemy is the capture of a big enemy.
[Translation] Therefore, the general rule of using troops to fight is: if I am ten times more than the enemy, I will surround and annihilate it; if I am five times more than the enemy, I will attack and take it; if I am twice as strong as the enemy, I can also fight and defeat it; if I am evenly matched with the opponent, I will divide it and weaken it to put it at a disadvantage; if my troops are less than the enemy, I will firmly defend it; if my strength is weaker than the enemy, I will avoid a decisive battle with it. Therefore, if a weak army fights against the enemy with no ability, it will inevitably become a prisoner of a powerful enemy.
5. A general is the auxiliary of the country. If you assist Zhou, the country will be strong, and if you assist with gaps, the country will be weak.
[Translation] Generals are the assistant of the country. If the assistance is meticulous, the country will inevitably become strong; if the assistance is flawed, the country will inevitably become weak.
6. Therefore, the three reasons why the king is worried about the army: it is called advancing if he does not know that the army cannot advance; it is called retreat if he does not know that the army cannot retreat, which is called a retreat if he does not know that the army cannot retreat. If you do not know the affairs of the three armies and are in the politics of the three armies, the soldiers will be confused. If you do not know the power of the three armies and do the same as the responsibility of the three armies, the soldiers will be suspicious. If the three armies are confused and doubtful, it will be difficult for the princes to reach, which is called the chaos of the army leading to victory.
[Translation] There are generally three situations in which a monarch harms the army: if you don’t understand the army, you should not advance and force it to advance; if you don’t understand the army, you should not retreat and force it to retreat, this is the so-called "army" that restrains the army's actions. If the soldiers do not understand the military affairs and interfere in the management of the army, they will feel confused and at a loss; if the soldiers do not understand the military's conservative methods and interfere with the command of the army, they will have doubts. If the soldiers of the three armies are confused and suspicious, the disaster that the princes of other countries take the opportunity to inflict on the disaster. This is called self-disrupting one's army and self-defeating one's defeat.
7. Therefore, there are five things to know that victory: those who know that they can fight and cannot fight will win; those who know that the use of the people will win; those who are the same desire will win; those who are willing to be unaware of the fear will win; those who are capable but the king will not control it will win. These five are the way to know victory.
[Translation] There are five things to know about victory: knowing that you can fight and cannot fight; knowing how to properly equip and use victory according to the number of troops; winning by the whole army with one heart and one virtue; winning by a prepared army against a slacking enemy; winning by a general with command ability but the monarch without intervention. These five are the ways to predict victory.
8. Therefore, it is said: If you know your opponent and know yourself, you will never be defeated in a hundred battles; if you don’t know your opponent and know yourself, you will win and lose; if you don’t know your opponent and don’t know yourself, you will never be defeated in a battle.
[Translation] Therefore, if you understand the enemy and yourself, you will always win and be invincible; if you don’t understand the enemy and only understand yourself, you will win and lose half of the winner and lose, and you will not have the confidence to win and win; if you don’t understand the enemy and yourself, you will be in danger in every battle.
"The Art of War" Chapter 4: Military shape
This chapter title is the title of each chapter. The word "army" in each version of the "Martial Classic" has the word "army" on the "Shape", and the "Ten Family Notes" does not exist. The simple version also only uses "合 (合)". Cao's notes "合合" also reveal the meaning of "合" in interpretation, which means that the word "合" is not "合". If the ones based on it have already written "合" in the form, why should Cao Gong add the notes "合" in the form of the army? Therefore, according to the simple version and "合合" there is no "合" in the form of "合" in the form of "合" in the form of "合". "合" and military shape, in general, refers to the appearance of the deployment of troops on the outside, and this appearance is often false for the enemy, but his true form is often covered up, which is the so-called "合合" of "合" in the so-called "合" of "合" in the form of "合". However, this article does not talk about how to "合" and how to make me "合" in the form of "合". Sun Tzu clearly pointed out in the next article: "合合": "合合 is form."
" Sun Tzu's Art of War " Chapter 1: The first plan
1. Sun Tzu said: War is a major event of the country, a place of life and death, and a way of survival and death. We must observe it.
[Translation] Sun Tzu said: War is a major event of the country. It is related to the life and death of the people and the survival of the country. It must be carefully examined and understood.
2. Therefore, the scriptures use five things, and proofread them by making plans, and find out their feelings: one is Tao, two is heaven, three is earth, four is general, and five is law. Tao means to make the people agree with the emperor, so you can die with him and live with him without fear of danger. The sky is the control of yin and yang, cold and heat, and the time. The earth is far, near, dangerous, wide, narrow, and life and death. A general is wisdom, trustworthiness, benevolence, courage and strictness. Dharma means concise, official, and main use. All of these five will be heard of. Those who know it will win, and those who do not know will not win.
[Translation] Therefore, based on the following five fundamental factors, we must compare and analyze and evaluate the situation of the enemy and us, so as to explore the situation of the outcome of the war. These five fundamental aspects are: one is "Tao", two is "Heaven", three is "Earth", four is "General", and five is "Dharma". The so-called "Tao" means to make the people have the same heart and virtue as the monarch, and to share life and death with the monarch without any doubt. The so-called "Heaven" refers to the changes in day and night, cold and heat and seasons. The so-called "land" refers to geographical conditions such as the distance of the road, the dangers and difficulties of the terrain, the openness and narrowness, the height and the direction of the road. The so-called "general" means that the generals must have five qualities: wisdom, faithfulness, benevolence, courage and strictness. The so-called "law" refers to the organization and organization of the army, the management of the duties of the generals and officials, and the management and use of military supplies. As a general, you must not just ask about any of the above five aspects. If you understand these situations, you can win a battle; if you don’t understand these situations, you can’t win a battle.
3. Therefore, he used a plan to find out his feelings, saying: Who has the master? Who is capable? Who is the general? Who is able to do it? Who is the law? Who is the strongest? Who is the soldiers? Who is the soldiers? Who is the reward and punishment? I know the victory or defeat with this.
[Translation] Therefore, we must conduct a comparative analysis of the situation of the enemy and us, so as to explore the situation of the outcome of the war: which monarch is enlightened? Which general is virtuous? Which side is virtuous? Which side has the right time and place? Which side has excellent weapons and equipment? Which side has good training? Which side has fair and strict rewards and punishments? Based on the above situation, we can predict who wins and who loses.
4. If you are about to listen to my plan, you will win if you use it, and keep it if you keep it. If you are about to not listen to my plan, you will lose if you use it.
[Translation] If a general can follow my plans and use his command to fight, he will surely win, so he will leave him; if he does not follow my plans and use his command to fight, he will inevitably fail, so he will resign.
5. Make a plan to listen to it, and then make it happen to help it. Power means controlling power based on profit.
[Translation] The planning is beneficial and adopted, so it creates an objective situation, which is considered an external auxiliary condition. The so-called situation means taking response measures based on the principle of profit to maintain strategic initiative.
6. War is a strange way. Therefore, if you can, you cannot, you can use it and show it not, you can show it far away when you are close, and you can show it near when you are far away. Use profit to lure it, take it when it is chaotic, prepare it when it is solid, avoid it when it is strong, stumble when it is angry, be arrogant when it is humble, work hard when it is leisure, and leave it when it is close. Attack him without preparation, and be surprised. This victory of military strategists cannot be passed on first.
[Translation] War is based on the use of tricks and tricks to defeat the enemy and win as the highest principle. Therefore, if you can actually fight, it shows that the enemy cannot fight; if you are ready to fight, it shows that the enemy will not fight; if you intend to take the shortcut, it shows that the enemy will walk on a long road; if you intend to walk on a long road, it shows that the enemy will take the shortcut. If the enemy is greedy for profit, use profit to tempt it; if the enemy is chaotic and uneven, take the opportunity to attack it; if the enemy is full of strength, beware of it; if the enemy is strong and strong, avoid it temporarily; if the enemy is aggressive and comes in anger, try to make it tamper; if the enemy is humble and restrained, try to make it arrogant; if the enemy rests well, try to make it tired; if the enemy is friendly and united, try to get rid of it. To attack the enemy without any defense, attack when the hostile is unexpected. This is the secret of the military commander and cannot be revealed in advance.
7. Those who have won the temple before the battle will have to count as much; those who have not won the temple before the battle will have to count as little.If you have more calculations, you will not win, let alone if you have no calculations! From this perspective, you will see the victory or defeat.
[Translation] Before the war, any "miao calculation" wins because of more earnings; if the "miao calculation" fails, it is because of less earnings. If you get more money, you will win, and if you get less money, you will not win, let alone if you don’t get more money. We examine based on this situation, and it will be obvious who wins and loses.
"The Art of War" Chapter 2: Battle
This chapter is titled, Sun Xue's book "Volume 2 Battle Chapter", each version of "Martial Classic" is called "But Second", and Sakurada's book "But Second". Li's notes also only mention the word "Zhan". The simple book is only used for "fighting". Although there are some differences in the books, the order is second. However, Deng Tingluo, the "Collected Notes" of the Qing Dynasty, listed it as the third chapter of the "Standard Attack" as the second. Li’s note said: “First make a plan and then prepare the battle tools. This is the chapter of “War” and “Statement”.” So it is still there.
1. Sun Tzu said: The method of using troops is to run a thousand horses, a thousand chariots, a hundred thousand armors, and a thousand miles of grain. Then the cost of internal and external expenses, the use of guests, the material of rubber paint, and the service of chariots and armors will cost a thousand gold a day, and then the training of 100,000 troops will be promoted.
[Translation] Sun Tzu said: In general, the general rule is: to mobilize thousands of light and heavy chariots and a fully armed army of 100,000, and to travel thousands of miles to deliver food and grass. In this way, the expenses inside and outside, including the expenses required to receive the princes and envoys, the maintenance of rubber paint and other equipment required for various combat equipment, and the cost of supplying vehicle armor and equipment will be huge every day. Then, a hundred thousand troops can be dispatched.
2. It is used to fight. If you win for a long time, your troops will be dull and your sharp. If you attack the city, your strength will be defeated. If you fight for a long time, your country will be insufficient. If a person is dull and weakened his strength and exhausted his money, then the princes will take advantage of their disadvantages. Even if there are wise people, they will not be able to do their best. Therefore, when the army heard about the clumsy and fast, it was not easy to see the cleverness for a long time. There is no such thing as long-term military service and the country's profit. Therefore, if you do not fully understand the harm of using troops, you cannot fully understand the benefits of using troops.
[Translation] If you use troops to fight wars, if you rely on prolonged long-term victory, it will make the army exhausted and your spirits burn. A strong attack on cities will inevitably lead to a large loss of troops. If the army fights abroad for a long time, it will cause the country's financial resources to be scarce. The army is exhausted, its spirit is damaged, its military strength is damaged, and its wealth is exhausted. The princes of all countries will take advantage of this crisis to launch an attack. By then, even if there are resourceful people, they will not be able to recover the crisis. Therefore, if you can win quickly in a military struggle, even if you are clumsy and smart, I will take it; but if you make the war last for a long time, even if you are clever and commanding, I would rather give it up. There has never been a situation where wars are delayed for a long time and are beneficial to the country. Therefore, those who do not fully understand the harm of using troops cannot fully understand the benefits of using troops.
3. Those who are good at using military force will no longer be registered and their food will last for less than three years. It is used for use in the country, because the food is from the enemy, the army can eat enough.
[Translation] People who are good at using troops to fight will not collect soldiers from the Chinese people again, and they will not transfer food and fodder many times. After collecting them from the country once, they will have to seek supplies from the enemy. Therefore, the army's food and fodder supply is sufficient.
4. The country is poorer than the teacher: [Distant teacher] loses far away, and the people lose far away; if the teacher is close to the teacher, it is expensive to sell, and if the people sell, it is exhausted, and if the money is exhausted, it is urgent to be in war. (Strength) [Quli] (Financial dedication) Central Plains, internal weakness is in the family. The cost of the people is seven out of ten; the cost of the public is broken, the horse is broken, the armor, arrows, crossbows, halberds, spears, oars, and big oxen carts are six out of ten.
[Translation] There are two reasons why the country is poor due to its military use: First, the army goes to the country for an expedition. If it goes to the country for an expedition, it requires long-distance transportation, and long-distance transportation will make the people more impoverished by the road and become increasingly poor. Second, getting close to the garrison will cause the price of the military market to soar, and the soaring price will cause the military to exhaust the financial resources. If the military's financial resources are exhausted, the country will be eager to increase the issuance of taxes and service. The troops were lost, and the family economy was also lost due to damage. The people's financial expenses will be more than half of the money; the public's financial expenses will be more than half of the money due to the fatigue of cars and horses, the consumption of weapons and equipment such as armor, arrows, crossbows, halberds, shields, spears and oars, and the requisition of large chariots.
5. Therefore, wise generals should eat the enemy. If one bell of the enemy, they should be twenty bells; if one stone is the one stone, they should be twenty bells.
[Translation] Therefore, wise generals strive to gain food from the enemy.Eating the enemy's food for one bench is equivalent to transporting twenty minutes from the country; consuming the enemy's one stone of forage is equivalent to transporting twenty minutes from the country.
6. Therefore, killing the enemy is anger; taking advantage of the enemy is a good thing. Therefore, when a chariot is fighting, you will get ten chariots and get them. If you reward them first, you will change their flags and ride them. If you are good at it, you will be able to support them. This is to defeat the enemy and become stronger.
[Translation] The troops fought bravely to fight the enemy because they had the same desire to unite against the enemy; the courage to seize the enemy's profit was because they had the reward of wealth. Therefore, in chariot war, anyone who seizes more than ten chariots will be rewarded with the person who first seizes the chariots, and then the chariots they have obtained will be mixed into our army's ranks. The captured enemy must be adopted properly and not killed. This is what is called defeating the enemy and strengthening one's own strength.
7. Therefore, victory is important for soldiers, not for long.
[Translation] Therefore, the key to using troops to fight is to fight quickly, not to last for a long time.
8. Therefore, we know that the generals of soldiers are the commander of the people and the ruler of national safety.
[Translation] Therefore, a general who is well versed in the way of using troops is the master of life and death of the people and the master of national security.
"The Art of War" Chapter 3: Attack
This article Deng Tingluo's "Collected Notes" is listed as second, and Sakurada Moon's "Attack 3". Zhang's note said: "The plan has been decided and the combat equipment has been collected, and then you can attack wisely, so the next "Fighting" is. All schools also interpret the word "户", and there is also a clear text in the text "this method of attacking", so it should be continued. The so-called "strike attack" means "wisdom lead". Note: Those who are wise are to win by wisdom rather than courage and strength. This is what Sun Tzu values, so there is "the best army to attack the plan" at the beginning of this article. However, the meaning of "planning attack" is broader than this, which generally refers to planning attacks and battles - mainly to attack cities. "Scheme" is here to teach "discussion". "The Book of Zhou·Chunguan·Dabu" "Four is planning", Zheng's note: "Scheme is discussion." Cao's note: "If you want to attack the city, you must first plan." That's it. This article first puts forward the basic policy of "beating the enemy without fighting", thinking that its highest ideal goal is and is widely valued by the academic community. Based on this principle, Sun Tzu proposed strategic principles such as "the superior army attacked the plan" and "the subordinate attacked the city". He strives to "beat the enemy without fighting", but in order to defeat the enemy, he also bases on "attacking the enemy" and even "attacking the enemy". In order to win the victory of "attacking the troops", he adopted tactical measures such as "ten sieges", "five attacks" and "multiple battles", and "enemy divisions" based on the strength comparison between the enemy and us, and emphasized the importance of "knowing the enemy and knowing oneself". These also have practical reference value.
1. Sun Tzu said: All methods of using troops: the whole country is the best, and the country is the next best; the entire army is the best, and the army is the next best; the entire brigade is the best, and the brigade is the next best; the entire soldiers are the best, and the soldiers are the next best; the entire army is the next best, and the defeated army is the next best. Therefore, if you win every battle, you are not good at good; if you defeat others without fighting, you are good at good at good.
[Translation] Sun Tzu said: In general, the guiding principle should be: forcing the enemy to surrender the whole country is the best strategy; forcing the enemy to surrender the enemy through military service, the second strategy is to defeat the enemy's country; forcing the enemy to surrender the enemy's army is the best strategy; forcing the enemy to surrender the enemy's army is the best strategy; forcing the enemy to subdue the enemy's soldiers is the best strategy, and the second strategy is to defeat the enemy's army. Therefore, winning every battle is not a clever one. The most clever one among the clever ones is to make the enemy surrender without fighting.
2. Therefore, the upper army attacked the plan, followed by the enemy, followed by the enemy, and attacked the city. The method of siege is a last resort. Repair oars and equipment, and then set a distance after three months, and then three months later. If the general cannot defeat his anger and the ants are attached to him, killing one-third of the soldiers, but the city does not pull out, this is a disaster of attack.
[Translation] Therefore, when using troops to fight, the best strategy is to defeat the enemy's strategy before the battle; secondly, to defeat it diplomatically and make it isolated and helpless; secondly, to defeat it between battle formations, the worst strategy is to attack the enemy's city. The method of siege is a last resort. It takes several months to build siege siege equipment such as flying towers and cloud ladders to complete; it takes several months to build a siege mountain to complete. The general could not control his anger and ordered the ladder to go up, and the ants were chaotic. As a result, one-third of the soldiers were injured and killed, but the cities and towns were not yet broken. This is the disaster caused by the forced attack on the city.
3. Therefore, those who are good at using troops will be to defeat others' soldiers instead of fighting, to pull out others' cities instead of attacking, and to destroy others' countries without long-term use. We must fight for the whole world with all our strength, so the army will not stop and profit will be fully realized. This is the method of attacking.
[Translation] Therefore, those who are good at using troops to fight can make the enemy surrender without relying on confrontation, capture the enemy's cities without relying on strong attacks, and destroy the enemy's country without having to last for a long time. We must use the strategy of complete victory to compete with the princes of the countries and win the world. Only in this way can the troops be free from stuttering and victory be achieved successfully. This is the rule of attacking the enemy with strategy.
4. Therefore, the method of using troops: if ten times, surround them, attack them in five times, and fight them in multiple times, and fight them in multiple times. If the enemy is able to fight them in different ways, and if the enemy is able to escape them in small ways, and if the less, they can avoid them. Therefore, the strongness of a small enemy is the capture of a big enemy.
[Translation] Therefore, the general rule of using troops to fight is: if I am ten times more than the enemy, I will surround and annihilate it; if I am five times more than the enemy, I will attack and take it; if I am twice as strong as the enemy, I can also fight and defeat it; if I am evenly matched with the opponent, I will divide it and weaken it to put it at a disadvantage; if my troops are less than the enemy, I will firmly defend it; if my strength is weaker than the enemy, I will avoid a decisive battle with it. Therefore, if a weak army fights against the enemy with no ability, it will inevitably become a prisoner of a powerful enemy.
5. A general is the auxiliary of the country. If you assist Zhou, the country will be strong, and if you assist with gaps, the country will be weak.
[Translation] Generals are the assistant of the country. If the assistance is meticulous, the country will inevitably become strong; if the assistance is flawed, the country will inevitably become weak.
6. Therefore, the three reasons why the king is worried about the army: it is called advancing if he does not know that the army cannot advance; it is called retreat if he does not know that the army cannot retreat, which is called a retreat if he does not know that the army cannot retreat. If you do not know the affairs of the three armies and are in the politics of the three armies, the soldiers will be confused. If you do not know the power of the three armies and do the same as the responsibility of the three armies, the soldiers will be suspicious. If the three armies are confused and doubtful, it will be difficult for the princes to reach, which is called the chaos of the army leading to victory.
[Translation] There are generally three situations in which a monarch harms the army: if you don’t understand the army, you should not advance and force it to advance; if you don’t understand the army, you should not retreat and force it to retreat, this is the so-called "army" that restrains the army's actions. If the soldiers do not understand the military affairs and interfere in the management of the army, they will feel confused and at a loss; if the soldiers do not understand the military's conservative methods and interfere with the command of the army, they will have doubts. If the soldiers of the three armies are confused and suspicious, the disaster that the princes of other countries take the opportunity to inflict on the disaster. This is called self-disrupting one's army and self-defeating one's defeat.
7. Therefore, there are five things to know that victory: those who know that they can fight and cannot fight will win; those who know that the use of the people will win; those who are the same desire will win; those who are willing to be unaware of the fear will win; those who are capable but the king will not control it will win. These five are the way to know victory.
[Translation] There are five things to know about victory: knowing that you can fight and cannot fight; knowing how to properly equip and use victory according to the number of troops; winning by the whole army with one heart and one virtue; winning by a prepared army against a slacking enemy; winning by a general with command ability but the monarch without intervention. These five are the ways to predict victory.
8. Therefore, it is said: If you know your opponent and know yourself, you will never be defeated in a hundred battles; if you don’t know your opponent and know yourself, you will win and lose; if you don’t know your opponent and don’t know yourself, you will never be defeated in a battle.
[Translation] Therefore, if you understand the enemy and yourself, you will always win and be invincible; if you don’t understand the enemy and only understand yourself, you will win and lose half of the winner and lose, and you will not have the confidence to win and win; if you don’t understand the enemy and yourself, you will be in danger in every battle.
"The Art of War" Chapter 4: Military shape
This chapter title is the title of each chapter. The word "army" in each version of the "Martial Classic" has the word "army" on the "Shape", and the "Ten Family Notes" does not exist. The simple version also only uses "合 (合)". Cao's notes "合合" also reveal the meaning of "合" in interpretation, which means that the word "合" is not "合". If the ones based on it have already written "合" in the form, why should Cao Gong add the notes "合" in the form of the army? Therefore, according to the simple version and "合合" there is no "合" in the form of "合" in the form of "合" in the form of "合". "合" and military shape, in general, refers to the appearance of the deployment of troops on the outside, and this appearance is often false for the enemy, but his true form is often covered up, which is the so-called "合合" of "合" in the so-called "合" of "合" in the form of "合". However, this article does not talk about how to "合" and how to make me "合" in the form of "合". Sun Tzu clearly pointed out in the next article: "合合": "合合 is form.""This article does not focus on "strength and weakness", but focuses on the formation of soldiers with "strong" shape, that is, the so-called "winning soldiers", that is, the formation of advantages. The "winning soldiers" in an advantageous position are like "breaking water within a thousand feet of water," which always "winning soldiers" and can "protect themselves and win completely." How can such a "victorious soldier" be formed? Sun Tzu pointed out: 1. "Practice the Tao and protect the law" to ensure it politically; 2. Be in the dominant position of "sharing a qi with a zhu" in terms of strength; 3. Be good at mastering and using offensive and defensive strategies, and be able to "hide under the nine earths" and "moving above the nine heavens." In short, we must "first be invincible" politically, economically and militaryally, first "establish an invincible place" strategically, then "seek war" and then "to wait for the enemy to win.
1. Sun Tzu said: Those who were good at fighting in the past were first invincible, to wait for the enemy to win; those who were invincible are invincible, and they could win in the enemy. Therefore, those who were good at fighting could be invincible, and could not make the enemy (it must be) win. Therefore, it is said: Victory can be known, but not. Those who are invincible are to defend; The one who can win is attack. The one who can defend is (deficient) [with excess], and the one who can attack is (with excess) [with deficiency]. Those who are good at defending are hidden under the nine earths; those who are good at attacking are moving above the nine heavens, so they can protect themselves and win completely.
[Translation] Sun Tzu said: In the past, those who were good at using troops to fight wars always first created conditions that cannot be defeated, and then wait for the conditions that the enemy can be defeated by me. The conditions that cannot be defeated are created by ourselves; and can be for me Whether the conditions for victory or the obstacles that can be taken advantage of will occur is in the enemy's aspect. People who are good at using troops to fight can create conditions that cannot be defeated by the enemy, and cannot force the enemy to be defeated by us. Therefore, victory can be predicted, but it cannot be achieved by one's own subjective efforts alone. Creating conditions that cannot be defeated is the problem that we need to solve in the process of defense; once the enemy appears, the conditions that can be defeated, then we need to take offensive action I did it. Taking defense is because the enemy's strength is stronger than me; taking offense is because the enemy's strength is weaker than me. A person who is good at defending can hide his troops deeply and secretly, just like hiding in a deep underground, and the enemy cannot know where he is. A person who is good at attack can attack the enemy with high maneuver and flexibly, just like moving beyond the sky, and the enemy cannot know what to do. Therefore, this can not only save himself but also achieve complete victory.
2. Victory is not what everyone can do Knowing is not good; victories and the world is called good, not good. Therefore, the Autumn Annals do not have much strength, the Sun and the Moon do not have bright eyes, and hearing thunder do not have cleverness. In ancient times, those who are good at fighting are better than those who are easy to win. Therefore, those who are good at fighting are victorious, [no strange victory], without wisdom and reputation, and without courage and achievements. Therefore, those who are not wrong and incorrect will win, and those who are defeated will win. Therefore, those who are good at fighting are invincible and will not lose the defeat of the enemy. Therefore, those who are good at fighting will win first and then seek victory. . Those who are good at using military forces practice Taoism and protect the law, so they can be the policy of victory or defeat.
[Translation] Foreseeing victory does not exceed the knowledge of ordinary people, even if it is not the most wisest; winning after fierce battles and winning praise from the people of the world cannot be considered the most wisest. This is like being able to hold a lot of strength, being able to see the light of the sun and the moon is not considered eye-catching, and being able to hear the sound of thunder is not considered eye-catching. It is said that in ancient times, those who are good at using military forces to fight People are all victorious when the enemy is already in a situation where it is possible for me to defeat. Therefore, those who are good at using troops to fight have won the battle, and they have no surprises, nor have they expected the reputation of winning or their brave and powerful military achievements. They have won the war without making any mistakes; the reason why they do not make any mistakes is that the winning measures they take are based on the basis of winning, and they are defeating the enemy who has long been in a failed position. Therefore, they are good at using troops to fight People who fight always put themselves invincible and do not miss the chances of the enemy being defeated. Therefore, a victorious army always creates the conditions for victory before seeking to fight against the enemy; a failed army often first fights rashly with the enemy, and then strives for luck in the process of fighting. People who are good at using troops to fight must cultivate politics and be invincible, and at the same time ensure that the legal system is passed without obstacles. Only in this way can they become the master of the fate of war.
3. (Weapon) method: one is measure, two is measure, three is count, four is praise, and five is victory. The earth produces the measure, the measure produces the quantity, the quantity produces the number, the number produces the title, and the name is the victory. Therefore, the winning army is like weighing a liang with a liang; the defeated army is like weighing a liang with a liang. [Author] The victorious one is to fight against the people. If the water accumulates thousands of feet high, it is the shape.
[Translation] There are five steps to calculate the land and make a trial: one is the "degree" of the land size; two is the "quantity" of the estimated property resources; three is the "number" of the number of soldiers; four is the "degree" of the comparison of the military strength of both sides; five is the "win" of the "win" of the victory or defeat of both sides. Due to the different sizes of land possessed by the enemy and us, the difference in the "quantity" of estimating the amount of property resources between the two sides; and due to the different "quantity", the difference in the "number" of calculating the number of soldiers on both sides; due to the different "number", the difference in the "number" of comparing the strength of the military strength between the two sides; due to the different "number", the difference in the "victory" of determining who is sure to win is. A victorious army is at an absolute advantage over a failed army, just like a "Yi" is called "Zhu", while a failed army is at an absolute disadvantage over a victory. By weighing and comparing the victories, it commands troops to fight, just like breaking up the water accumulated in mountain streams from a cliff, which is the so-called "shape" in military affairs.
"The Art of War" Chapter 5: Military Power
"The Martial Classic" has the word "army" on the "State", and the simple version and "State Notes" in the text do not have the word "army". Therefore, the word "斗" is probably added by later generations. In addition, Sun Xiao changed "日" to "日", and the simple version is the same. According to "日" is the ancient word "日", which is now called "日", and the same is the same in the article. In addition, before "日", the title of "日" in the simple version is still based on the various versions.
"日", the military force is also an objective combat situation caused by deploying troops according to certain combat intentions and mastering the use of combat methods. The previous article talks about strength and weakness, and how to become a "victorious soldier" and make it possible to defeat the enemy; and in order to make this possibility become a realistic, it must also have a strong situation. Therefore, after Sun Tzu talks about "日", he immediately talks about "日". "日" and "日" are two concepts that are both different and related. "日" talks about strength and weakness - Sun Tzu clearly said: "Strength and weakness are shape. "And "momentum" talks about the issue of courage and cowardice--Sun Tzu also said clearly: "Motivation and cowardice are momentum. "The army is strong and brave, how can we not win? The key to solving the problem of courage and cowardice lies in the use of "strange" and "right". Therefore, the grandson said: "The battle is not strange and right." "As long as you can master the techniques of "strange" and "righteousness", and "select people and take the opportunity", and give full play to the subjective and active role of people, it can create a steep and powerful combat situation like "turning a round stone into a mountain with a thousand feet high". With this situation, you can be able to stand out with a high position and become unstoppable, destroying those who encounter it, and breaking those who contain it, and even making the coward brave and the weak strong. However, to create this situation, the following relationship issues need to be solved: 1. The relationship between 'strange" and "righteousness". In general, it is "to match the right and win with strange things", but it is also necessary to understand "the changes of strange and positive things cannot be overcome". 2. The relationship between "power" and "fragrant". "Power" must have "discretion" in order to fully play its role. "The momentum is like a crossbow, and the momentum is like a starting machine", "Those who are good at fighting have a dangerous momentum, but their momentum is short." 3. The relationship between "momentum" and "people". "Trend" is objective. When fighting a war, one should "seek the momentum, not blame others", and even "choose (disclosure) people and take the momentum"; but at the same time, one should give full play to the subjective and active role of people, because "Trend" is caused by people after all, so he emphasized the need to "be good at making surprises" and "be good at mobilizing enemies." When discussing these issues, Sun Tzu showed a very vivid and lively simple dialectical idea. However, his use of "like the ring is unwarranted" to describe the dialectical relationship between "strange" and "right" mutual generation and mutual restraint seems to be a bit simplified, and this also reflects the limitations of his understanding.
1. Sun Tzu said: In terms of governing the masses, it is like governing the few, it is the fraction; fighting the masses, it is like fighting the few, it is the form and name; among the three armies, it can be caused by the enemy without defeat, it is the strange and correct; when the soldiers are added, it is the false and the real.
[Translation] Sun Tzu said: Governing thousands of troops is as simple as governing small troops, because of strict organization and organization; commanding large troops is as easy as commanding small troops, because of effective command; leading the three armies can make them be attacked from all sides without losing, because of clever use of the magical and righteous method; adding troops is like hitting an egg with stones, and invincible in battle, because of good at attacking the virtual with reality.
2. Anyone who fights is in harmony and wins with a strange victory. Therefore, those who are good at being strange are infinite as heaven and earth, and endless as rivers. The end and the beginning are the sun and the moon. Resurrection from the dead is the four seasons. The sound is only five, and the change of the five sounds is beyond recognition. Colors are only five, and the changes of the five colors are invincible. The taste is only five, and the change of the five flavors is invincible. The battle is just a strange and right moment, and the changes of strange and right are invincible. Strange and righteousness are born together, like the endless cycle, who can exhaust it?
[Translation] In general, when fighting with troops, the right soldiers are always used as the enemy and the surprise soldiers are used to win. Therefore, the tactical changes of those who are good at winning by surprise are like the world and all things, and are endless like the water of rivers. The sun and the moon move, day and night; the four seasons change, winter goes, spring comes. The sound is not as good as Gong, Shang, Jiao, Zheng and Yu, but the changes of the five tones are inexhaustible; the colors are not as good as blue, yellow, red, white and black, but the changes of the five tones are inexhaustible; the taste is not as good as sour, sweet, bitter, spicy and salty, but the changes of the five tones are inexhaustible. The battle is just a very positive, but the changes in the strange and positive are endless. The strange and righteous transform each other, like a ring without beginning or end, who can find its terminal?
3. The speed of water that stimulates water is as powerful as drifting stones; the speed of birds of prey [strike], and the broken ones are the secret. Therefore, those who are good at fighting have a dangerous momentum and short momentum; their momentum is like a crossbow and their momentum is like a firearm.
[Translation] The turbulent water flows rapidly, and can even wash away the huge rocks. This is the objective situation where huge energy is stored inside and it cannot be stopped; the eagle swiftly swiftly can even kill birds, which is the rhythm of a sudden attack based on the distance and distance. Therefore, a person who is good at using troops to fight wars has a steep objective force, and the rhythm of his behavior is short. The steep force is like Zhang Man's crossbow, and the short rhythm is like a burst crossbow machine.
4. There are many chaotic things, and there must be no chaos; there must be chaos, and there must be a round shape.
[Translation] There are many flags and people, and we must command the battle in a messy situation to keep the army orderly. The car suddenly moves around, and is confused, making all parties able to cope with it easily and impeccably.
5. Chaos are born from governance, timidity is born from courage, and weak is born from strength. Regulating chaos means number; courage and cowardice means momentum; strength and weakness means form.
[Translation] The surface chaos arises from real integrity; the surface cowardice arises from real courage; the surface weakness arises from real strength. Strictness and chaos are issues in organizational organization; courage and cowardice are issues in military power; strength and weakness are issues in military shape.
6. Therefore, those who are good at moving the enemy will follow it, and the enemy will follow it; if you give it, the enemy will take it. Move it with benefits and wait for the soldiers.
[Translation] Therefore, no matter what kind of military shape a person is shown to the enemy, the enemy will always obey; if he gives the enemy a little profit, the enemy will inevitably come to seize it. Use small profits to lure the enemy, and then use strong soldiers to deal with it.
7. Therefore, those who are good at fighting seek the momentum and do not blame others, so they can choose others and take the momentum. Those who take power are fighting against others, such as turning wood and stone. The nature of wood and stone is quiet when it is safe, moving when it is dangerous, stop when it is square, and move when it is round. Therefore, it is good at fighting against people's momentum, just like turning a round stone into a mountain thousands of feet high, which is its momentum.
[Translation] People who are good at commanding operations always expect to win by creating favorable situations, rather than demanding from their subordinates. Therefore, he can ignore the subjective factors of people and rely on the full play of the role of military force. To control the troops and command the troops to fight, it is like turning wood and stone. The characteristics of wood and stone are: if placed in a stable and flat place, it will stop, and if placed in a high and steep place, it will roll; if placed in a square place, it will stop, and if placed in a round place, it will roll. Therefore, being good at commanding the situation caused by military operations is like rolling a rock down from a mountain, which is the so-called "power".
"The Art of War" Chapter 6: Virtual and Real
This chapter is titled, each of which is "Virtual and Real", but the simple version is "Real and Virtual". Note: It has become a habit to call "fiction and real", and the previous article "is that the egg throwing is the deficiency and real", that is, it is said that "fiction and real" but not "fiction and virtual", so it is still there.
This article discusses the use of "virtual" and "real" and the acquisition and maintenance of initiative. Military 'empt' refers to weak, scattered and unprepared troops, while 'real' refers to strong, concentrated and well-prepared troops. Handling the relationship between the two is very related to the seizure and maintenance of the initiative in the war, and the seizure and maintenance of the initiative is the basic guarantee for victory in the war. Sun Tzu pointed out: If you have this initiative, you can "attack and take action, defend and firmly", "upward and not defend, and not retreat and not pursue", and you can "be the enemy's life." As for how to seize and maintain this initiative, he also proposed universal guiding strategic principles such as "avoiding the real and attacking the virtual", "winning due to the form", "attacking one with ten attacks", and "winning due to changes in the enemy". To do all this, we need to fully and accurately understand the enemy situation. We must not only know the place of war and the day of war, but also take positive measures such as "strategy", "making", "shape", and "corners" to master the "profits and losses", "the principles of movement and stillness", "the place of life and death" and "there are excess and shortcomings". In short, we must give full play to the subjective and active role of people to achieve the above points, so that "win" can not only be known, but also can be done. The argument that Sun Tzu put forward in "The Legend of Shape" is "knowable but not possible" is also important here, thus making his simple military dialectical thoughts extremely lively and vivid.
1. Sun Tzu said: Those who are in the battlefield first and wait for the enemy will be idle, and those who are in the battlefield later and seek to fight will be hard. Therefore, those who are good at fighting will lead to others but not to others.
[Translation] Sun Tzu said: Anyone who first arrives at the battle site and waits for the enemy to arrive will take the initiative to be at ease; those who arrive at the battlefield and respond hastily will be passively exhausted. Therefore, people who are good at commanding war always mobilize the enemy without being mobilized by the enemy.
2. Those who can make the enemy come from their own will benefit; those who can make the enemy fail to reach their own will harm them. Therefore, if the enemy is free and can work hard, and if he is full and hungry, how can he move? If he goes out of his place, he will definitely go to. (Try to what you don’t expect).
[Translation] What can make the enemy automatically come to my preset location is the result of me luring it with small profits; what can make the enemy not get my preset location is the result of me making it feel harmful. Therefore, if the enemy is well rested and relaxed, I will try to bother and disturb him and make him tired; if the enemy is rich in food and grass, I will try to make him hungry and trap him; if the enemy is stable and stable, I will pick and disturb him and make him unable to be at peace. The reason why I can do this is because the place where I attack is where the enemy will inevitably go to rescue.
3. Those who travel thousands of miles without working hard will walk in a land where no one is. If you attack and must take it, you will attack what you do not defend. If you defend and must be firm, you should protect your position (not) and attack. Therefore, if a good attacker is not aware of what the enemy is defending; if a good defender is not aware of what the enemy is attacking. It is as small as invisible as invisible as it is magical as it is silent as it is silent, so it can be the enemy's life.
[Translation] The army travels thousands of miles without being beaten, because it is marching in a place where the enemy has no defenses. Attacking will inevitably win because attacking the enemy is negligent in defense. The defense must be firm, because the defense is where the enemy must attack. Therefore, a person who is good at attack can make the enemy not know how to defend; a person who is good at defense can make the enemy not know how to attack. It's so subtle, so subtle that it can't see the traces; it's so mysterious that it can't hear the sound. Because of this, we can become the master of the enemy's destiny.
4. Those who go further and cannot control are rushing to their empty situations; those who go back and cannot pursue are fast and cannot reach. Therefore, if I want to fight, even if the enemy is high and deep, if I have to fight with me, I will rescue you when I attack you. If I don’t want to fight, I will guard you when I draw the ground. If the enemy is not able to fight with me, I will ignore the situation.
[Translation] The attack that prevents the enemy from resisting is due to the impact of its sluggish and unpreparedness; the initiative to evacuate makes the enemy unable to pursue it is due to the rapid action that prevents it from catching up. Therefore, if I want to fight to the decisive battle, even if the enemy is high and deep, he will have to come out to fight to the decisive battle with me, because the attack must go to the rescue place; I don’t want to fight, and even if I defend myself, the enemy will not be able to fight to the enemy, because my actions are exactly the opposite of the enemy’s intentions.
5. Therefore, when I am invisible, I will be loyal and the enemy will be divided. I am dedicated to one, and the enemy is divided into ten. Therefore, if ten attack one, we will have many enemies and few enemies; if we can use many to attack the few, then what we are fighting with will be agreed upon. If the place where I fight is unknown, if I don’t know, then there are many people who have prepared; if the enemy has prepared many people, then there are few people who have fought with me. Therefore, if you prepare for the front, you will have fewer behind, if you prepare for the back, if you prepare for the left, you will have fewer on the right, if you prepare for the right, you will have fewer on the left, you will have fewer on everything, and you will have fewer on everything. A few people are to prepare others; a lot of people are to prepare others for themselves.
[Translation] Therefore, the false form is shown in the enemy, and the true form of ours is hidden and not exposed. In this way, our troops can be concentrated together, and the enemy's troops are scattered everywhere. In this way, ten times the troops can attack the enemy, thus forming a favorable situation where our enemies are few. Since I have tried to fight against the weak, it will be difficult for the enemies fighting against me to make a difference. Where I fight with the enemy, the enemy should not know in advance; if the enemy does not know, there will be more places to be prepared; if there are more places to be prepared, there will be fewer enemies to fight with me. Therefore, beware of the front, the back is weak; beware of the back, the front is weak; beware of the left, the right is weak; beware of the right, the left is weak; beware of the right, the left is weak; beware of the right, the left is weak; beware of the right, the left is weak; beware of the right, the left is weak. The reason why I am weak is that I disperse my troops due to guarding against the enemy; the reason why I appear to be numerous is that I force the enemy to divide my troops and prepare for me.
6. Therefore, if you know the place of battle and the day of battle, you can fight thousands of miles; if you don’t know the battlefield and the day of battle, you can’t save the right, the right cannot save the left, the front cannot save the back, and the back cannot save the front, and the back cannot save the front, and even if you are far away, you can fight thousands of miles?
[Translation] Therefore, if you know the place of battle and the date of battle, you can fight thousands of miles away from the enemy; but if you don’t know the place of battle and the date of battle in advance, then the left wing cannot rescue the right wing, and the right wing cannot rescue the left wing; the vanguard cannot rescue the defender, and the defender cannot rescue the vanguard, and the closer wing is still like this, let alone the distance dozens of miles!
7. If you use me to save it, even if there are many soldiers from Yue, why is it beneficial to victory (defeat)? Therefore, it is said: Victory can be done, even if the enemy is numerous, you can make no fight.
[Translation] According to my analysis, although there are many soldiers in Yue, how can we make up for the victory or defeat of the war? Therefore, victory can be won. Although the enemy has a large number of troops, it can also make it dispersed and unable to fight with me.
8. Therefore, we can know the plan of gains and losses, (make) [日] to know the principle of movement and stillness, we can understand the place of life and death, and we can know the place of excess and shortcomings.
[Translation] Therefore, through planning and planning, we can understand the gains and losses of the enemy's combat plan; through spies, we can grasp the enemy's activities; by showing the military shape, we can observe the enemy's virtuality, reality and precautions; by making tentative contact with the enemy, we can understand the strength of the enemy's military strength.
9. Therefore, the extreme of the form of war is invisible. Invisible, it cannot be seen from deep, and the wise cannot plan. Because of the physical condition, the public will be better than the public, and they will not know it. Everyone knows the form of victory that I win, but no one knows the form of victory that I win. Therefore, its victory will never be restored, but it should be reflected in infinite.
[Translation] Therefore, when it comes to the extreme of the enemy, the true form of our army can be completely hidden without revealing any trace; since it is hidden but not revealed, then even the spy lurking deeply cannot see the depth of our army, and even the most talented person is helpless. Since the principle of illustration is flexibly used to win according to specific circumstances, even if this victory is placed in front of everyone, everyone does not know the mystery. People can see the fact that our army defeated the enemy, but they don’t know what the reason why our army defeated the enemy is. Therefore, don’t repeat the old tactics after winning a battle. You should adopt different tactics according to different situations and respond endlessly.
10. The soldier looks like water. The water is (form) [moving] avoids high and goes downward. The soldier is (form) [winning] and avoids solid and attacks the void. Water is controlled by the land. The soldier is won by the enemy. Therefore, if a soldier has no constant force and no constant shape, and if he can win due to the changes of the enemy, he is called a god. Therefore, the "five elements" have no permanent victory, the "four seasons" have no permanent position, the sun has short and long, and the moon has life and death.
[Translation] The mastery and application of military shape is like the flow of water. The flow of water is to avoid high places and flow to low places; the victory of war is to avoid the enemy's firm fortifications and attack its weak points.Water determines its flow direction based on the height of the terrain, and using troops to fight is to determine different winning strategies based on different enemy situations. Therefore, when using troops to fight, there is neither a constant battlefield situation nor a certain combat method. Only those who can win according to changes in the enemy situation can be called using troops as gods. The 'Five Elements' are mutually generated and restrained, and no fixed one is the winner; the 'Four Seasons' are metabolic, and no fixed one is unchanged. The day is long and short, while the moon is round and short.
"The Art of War" Chapter 7: Military Battle
This chapter is no different from the titles, but Sakurada Moon's "military battle" only makes a "fight". Li Quan and Wang also only mentioned the word "competition", which is the old book "Sun Tzu". The Chinese simplified Chinese slogans have the word "jun□", which should be the title of this chapter (but before "Shixu"). Zhang Yu's note also clearly stated: 'Those who make a name for military struggle mean that the two armies compete for profit. 'It is said: 'You know the truth and reality of me, and then you can compete with others for victory, so the next "Virtuality" is "Virtuality".' Therefore, you still write "Military War" based on the original, and follow the original order after "Virtuality".
This article mainly discusses the general rules of fighting against the enemy for the conditions of winning or the advantages of the preemptive opportunity to grasp the initiative in the war, namely the so-called "constant law".1. The grandson first requires a comprehensive understanding of the "profit" and "danger" of military struggle from an ideological perspective, and be good at "taking danger as profit" and "taking roundaboutness as directness", rather than one-sided pursuit of "profit"; otherwise, it may go to the opposite side, either "sweeping the three generals" or "sweeping the generals".2. You must observe the relevant situation, such as the plans of the princes, mountains, forests, dangers, and the shape of the siege. 3. We must adhere to the principle of "soldiers are established by deceit", "move in profit, and change in division and combination", and "move in power". 4. There must be clear requirements for offense, defense, advance and retreat. 5. We must unify commands and commands so that the brave will not advance alone, and the timid will not retreat alone. 6. We must do a good job in the four treatments, namely, 'curing the qi', 'curing the heart', 'curing strength' and 'curing changes'. The above points contain different degrees of simple dialectical ideological factors, thus putting forward some valuable combat principles, such as "avoiding their spirits and attacking their laziness", etc.; but some of them seem to be absolute, such as "Don't stop returning to the army", "The encirclement of the army must be missing" and "Don't force the enemy to be forced", etc.
1. Sun Tzu said: All methods of using troops: generals receive orders from the king, gather troops together, and share peace and abandonment. Nothing is difficult to fight against the army. For military struggles, the difficulty of military struggle is to take the circumspect as direct, and the risk is to benefit. Therefore, if you walk around the path and lure them to benefit, later generations will come and your ancestors will arrive. This is the one who knows the plan of straightforwardness.
[Translation] Sun Tzu said: Generally speaking, the general rule of using troops to fight is: from the general that the general accepts the orders of the king, and by soliciting the people to organize the army to confront the enemy, there is nothing more difficult than fighting for the advantage of the enemy and taking the initiative in the war. The reason why it is difficult to compete for the advantage of the opportunity is to change the distance to the near and the directness and turn the disadvantage into the advantage. Therefore, we must adopt a seemingly circumsential march route to confuse the enemy and use small profits to lure the enemy. In this way, even if you set out after the enemy, you can reach the battlefield earlier than the enemy. This is how to master the strategic principles of turning circumcision into directness.
2. Therefore, the struggle between the army is profitable, and the struggle between the army is dangerous. If you raise an army and compete for profit, you will not be able to do it; if you entrust the army and compete for profit, you will donate supplies. Therefore, if you roll your armor and go, you will not be together day and night, and you will walk twice the way and compete for profit for a hundred miles, you will capture the three generals. The strong ones will first, and the tired ones will come later. The method will arrive eleven; if you compete for profit for a fifty miles, you will fall down the general, and the method will arrive halfway; if you compete for profit for a hundred miles, you will arrive two-thirds. Therefore, if the army has no baggage, it will be destroyed, if there is no food, it will be destroyed, and if there is no accumulation, it will be destroyed.
[Translation] Therefore, the favorable side of military struggle is also a harmful side. If the entire army is driven and all the materials and equipment are brought to fight against the enemy for profit, then they will inevitably be burdened with the baggage, slow to move, and unable to get it. However, if you abandon your own, advance alone, and compete with the enemy for profit, your baggage will be plundered and suffer losses. Therefore, if you collect armor and sticks, and quickly promote the army, and double the journey day and night, run a hundred miles, and compete for profit with the enemy, it will cause the commanders of the three armies to be captured at the same time, and the strong will lead the weak and fall behind. Generally, only one-tenth of the people will arrive; if the army is driven fifty miles to compete for profit with the enemy, the former army will suffer setbacks, and usually only half of the people can arrive; even if the enemy is fought for profit with the enemy for profit with the enemy for profit with the enemy for profit with the enemy for profit with the enemy for profit with the enemy for profit with the enemy for profit by thirty miles, only two-thirds of the people will arrive. Therefore, the army cannot survive without supplies and equipment, and cannot survive without food and fodder supply, and cannot survive without material reserves.
3. Therefore, those who do not know the plans of the princes cannot be in a relationship; those who do not know the shape of mountains, forests, dangerous obstacles, or depressed zodiac signs cannot be marched; those who do not need guidance cannot be gained advantage in the territory.
[Translation] Therefore, if you do not understand the strategic intentions of the princes of the various countries, you cannot make friends with them; if you are not familiar with the geographical conditions of mountains, forests, obstacles, and swamps, you cannot march; if you do not need a guide, you cannot gain the benefits of the terrain.
4. Therefore, soldiers are established by deceit, to make moves, and to divide and combine into changes. Therefore, it is as fast as the wind, as it is as slow as the forest, as it invades like fire, as it does not move as the mountain, as it is difficult to know as the yin, as it moves like thunder. The countryside is divided into the public, the land is divided into profits, and the power is suspended. The prophet who is in a straightforward plan wins is the method of military struggle.
[Translation] Therefore, the use of military forces is based on deceiving power as its strategic basis, whether it is beneficial is the principle of action, and flexibly grasping the principle of dispersed or concentrated force based on changes in specific situations. Therefore, its movements are as fast as the wind; and its movements are as smooth as the wind, and its stern procession is as strong as the forest; its invasion and robbery are as fierce as the fire, which cannot be stopped; and its garrison is as solid as the mountains, which cannot be shaken. Its deep and dense shape is like a haze and confusing appearance, and it is impossible to distinguish the image of the sky; while driving troops to join forces is like the power of thunder, and those who touch it will break. To plunder the countryside, we must divide the tribes; and to open up the land and expand the territory, we must divide the troops to guard it. In short, you must weigh the pros and cons and then take corresponding actions. Those who know in advance how to correctly use strategies that turn far-reaching into straightforwardness can win. This is the principle that military struggle should follow.
5. "Military and Political Affairs" says: "If you don't hear each other, you are a golden drum; if you don't see each other, you are a flag." [Therefore, there are many (fire) and gold drums at night, and many flags at day.] The golden drums, flags and flags are the ears and eyes of the people. (People) [People] Since they are single-minded, the brave will not advance alone, and the timid will not retreat alone. This is the method of using the masses. (Therefore, there are many fire drums at night, and many flags at day, so it becomes the ears and eyes of people).
[Translation] "Military and Political" says: In combat, the command is inaudible, so the golden drum is set; when the command is inaudible, the command is inaudible, so the flag is set. Gold drums are used more when fighting at night, and flags are used more when fighting at day. The setting of golden drums and flags is to unify the command of the entire army and facilitate command. All the troops can obey orders and commands in a unified manner. Then, brave people cannot advance alone, and cowardly people cannot retreat alone. This is the general principle of the command center's combat.
6. Therefore, the three armies can take away their spirits, and the general can take away their hearts. Therefore, the vigor is sharp, the day is lazy, and the evening is returned. Therefore, those who are good at using troops should avoid their sharp energy and attack their lazy return. This is the one who treats qi. To treat chaos with governance and to wait for uproar with peace of mind, this is to treat the mind. Wait for the near and far, wait for the effort with leisure, and wait for the hunger with fullness. This is the way to cure strength. If you don’t invite the upright flag, do not attack the dignified Chen. This is the reason for the change.
[Translation] The aura of the army can make it weak, and the will and determination of the general can also make it shaken. The army first fought, its morale was strong, and then it was slack, and finally it was exhausted. Therefore, those who are good at using troops to fight always avoid the enemy's aura when they first arrive and wait for their morale to be lazy and exhausted before attacking. This is a general rule for mastering changes in military morale. Using our rectification to treat the chaos of the enemy and using our calmness and calmness to treat the noise of the enemy is the general rule of mastering the psychological changes of the army. Treat the enemy's distantness with my closeness, treat the enemy's running and hard work with my leisure and comfort, and treat the enemy's hunger with my full food. This is the general rule of mastering the combat effectiveness of the army. Don’t intercept enemies with a well-equipped and deployed Zhou Yan, and don’t attack enemies with grand formations and strong strength. This is the general rule for mastering adaptive strategies.
7. Therefore, the method of using troops: do not face the high tomb, do not rebel against the hill, do not follow the north, do not attack the fierce soldiers, do not eat the bait soldiers, do not stop the return troops, must be surrounded by troops, do not force the enemy, do not force the enemy to be defeated, do not force the enemy to be defeated. This is the method of using troops.
[Translation] Therefore, the general rules for using troops to fight are: if the enemy is on the mountain, be careful not to attack; if the enemy is leaning against the hills, do not fight; if the enemy pretends to retreat, do not pursue; if the enemy is strong, do not attack; if the enemy uses profit, do not be greedy; if the enemy returns to the country, do not block and intercept; if the enemy surrounds the enemy, you need to leave a gap; if the enemy falls into a desperate situation, do not force it too much. These are the general rules for using troops.
"The Art of War" Chapter 8: Nine Changes
This chapter title, each of the "Ten Family Notes" and "Martial Classics" has "Nine Changes", and the following text is "Do not know the art of nine changes in military governance" under Cao's note: "Nine Changes, one clouds, five changes. 'The quotation of "Yu Lan" Volume 272 is also written as "Five Changes". The King of Qing Dynasty said that the "Jiu Notes" is the mistake of "Nine Changes" and the "Five Changes". Deng Tingluo's "Collected Notes" changed again to "Nine Changes". Note: The five changes in Cao's note are related to the five "differences", that is, the five sentences of "way", "army", "city", "district", and "jun", so as Jia's note says: "The five changes are also among the nine changes. 'It is the nine changes and the five changes' that are not two things, and each school calls it the nine changes, but there is no such thing as the five changes or the military changes. Therefore, there should be no doubt about this claim, and it is still there today. As for explanations, there have been many. Zhang's note uses "nine changes" to refer to "nine changes", while Zhao Benxue "Xiaoxue" says: "Nine changes are in the back, nine changes are in the first place. If you see the former, you may give it a general summary to the latter. How can you see the latter and give it a general summary to the first place? And there is something that cannot be done with the way, and there is something that is not connected to the "nine changes", and it is not all based on the local words. Therefore, it seems that the "nine changes" refer only to the changes of the nine earths, which seems to be doubtful. Li Ling's "Faiwei" states that this article was separated from the "Nine Earths", so the "Nine Changes" refer to the changes in the "Nine Earths" of the article, such as "scatter", "light", "competition", "interaction", "travel", "heavy", "destruction", "invasion", "death", etc. Looking at "Book of the Later Han Dynasty, Wenyuanxia·Biography of Gao Biao", "There are nine changes in the land" Li Xian's note: "The Nine Changes" of Sun Tzu says: There are scattered lands, and there are light lands..., "scattered" and "light" are the texts of the "Nine Changes", and the title of the article is "Nine Changes", which is the "Nine Changes" that seems to be the "Nine Changes". However, it is difficult to make a conclusion if there is no confirmation. Save it. Cao's note says: "Change the right one and get the nine used," and use "nine" as the real number that refers to nine. However, the article lists ten items, not nine items, not nine items, so Jia Lin, He and Zhang Yu, and other families say that the king's order is obviously different from this, so it should be gone without counting, and so it is true that the number of nine is exactly the same. Note: This statement is also absent. The king's note said: 'Nine is the ultimate number. The method of using troops should be extremely changeable. 'Note: The king's note is good. This "nine" immediately mentioned above, "nine" of "nine heavens" and "nine earth", which is a metaphor for the extreme, and does not refer to the number of nine; since it does not refer to the actual number, the changes of the "nine earth" and the "five changes" are also included. In this way, the 'Nine Changes' means that the so-called mastery and application of combat methods and strategic principles should be highly flexible and maneuverable according to the specific situation.
This article first emphasizes the importance of understanding the "nine changes", pointing out that only understanding the "nine changes" can one be considered "knowing to use troops". To achieve this, the most important thing is to consider the problem from the relationship between the positive and negative sides of things, that is, the so-called "the wise man's concerns must be mixed with interests", and use the principle of "profit" as the criterion and flexibly apply the principle of combat. Here, the five "will be unruly" mentioned by the grandson (i.e., "there is something that cannot be controlled by the way, the army does not attack, the city does not attack, the land does not fight, and the king's orders do not bear it) and the five "dangers" (i.e., "death," "resistance", "integrity" and "love the people") all contain vivid and lively simple and dialectical ideological factors. As for the argument that grandson put forward, "I can't rely on my own to come, I can't rely on my own to wait; I can't rely on my own to attack, I can't rely on my own to attack," even today, it still has reference value.
1. Sun Tzu said: All methods of using troops: generals are ordered to join the army and gather people, and there is no place to destroy the land, and there is no place to join the land. There is no place to stay. If there is no plan to surround the land, and if there is a death land, there is a battle.
[Translation] Sun Tzu said: Generally speaking, the general rule of using troops to fight is: the general accepts the mission from the monarch, collects people and forms an army, (in marching and fighting) If there is a destruction and difficult land, be careful not to station; if there is a well-connected road, pay attention to making friends with neighboring countries; if there is a dangerous environment and difficult survival, do not stay; if there is a surround where there is a difficult situation, you need to design and avoid difficulties; if there is a desperate land, you need to fight hard to survive in death.
2. [The way] There is something uncontrollable, the army does not attack, the city does not attack, the land does not fight, and the king does not accept the orders.
[Translation] Some roads can be ignored, some enemy troops can be ignored, some cities can be blocked, and some land can be fought against, and the orders of the king do not have to be followed in every order.
3. Therefore, those who are in the nine changes know how to use troops; those who are in the nine changes know how to use the troops; those who are in the nine changes know how to use the terrain cannot obtain the benefits of the land.If you don’t know the skills of nine changes in military affairs, even if you know the five benefits, you will not be able to use them.
[Translation] Therefore, if a general can master the use of the above various adaptive strategies and the disadvantages it arises, he will know how to use troops. If the generals are not proficient in the use of these strategies and the adverse consequences, even if they understand the terrain, they will not be able to fully play the favorable role of geographical conditions. When using troops to fight, if you do not know how to use the above various response strategies, even though you also know the benefits of these five "what is wrong", you cannot fully exert your subjective and active role.
4. Therefore, the wise must be mixed with benefits and disadvantages. It is mixed with benefits, and it is trustworthy; it is mixed with harm, and it is difficult to resolve troubles.
[Translation] Therefore, when wise people think about problems, they must take into account both profit and harm. Only by fully considering the profit side can the career you are engaged in will be successfully completed, and only by fully considering the harm can the disaster be eliminated in advance.
5. Therefore, those who betray the princes are harmed, those who are responsible for their careers, and those who seek the princes are profits.
[Translation] Therefore, we must use things that are unfavorable to the enemy to hurt it and make it difficult; use some small things to drive and mobilize it so that it can be dealt with frequently; use small profits to lure it and make it tired of running around.
6. Therefore, the method of using troops: if you don’t rely on your own, you will not come, you will rely on your own, you will need to wait; if you don’t rely on your own, you will need to rely on your own, you will need to attack.
[Translation] Therefore, the general rule of using troops to fight is: don’t be lucky to expect the enemy not to attack me, but rely on your full preparation to deal with the enemy at any time; don’t be lucky to expect the enemy not to attack me, but rely on your strong strength to prevent the enemy from attacking me.
7. Therefore, there are five dangers: death is a way to kill; life is a way to be captured; anger is a way to be insulted; honest is a way to be humiliated; love the people is a way to be disturbed. All these five are the fault of generals and the disaster of using troops. When an army is overthrown and killing a general, you must be in danger of five dangers and must be observed.
[Translation] Generals have five fatal weaknesses: if you only know how to fight hard, you will be at risk of being killed; if you are greedy for life and fear of death, you will be at risk of being captured; if you are angry and impatient, you will be at risk of being insulted; if you are honest and self-righteous, you will be at risk of being insulted; if you are benevolent and loving the people, you will be at risk of being disturbed. The above five points are the general's fault and the disaster of using troops. The defeat of the army and the killing of the generals are caused by the above-mentioned "five dangers" and must be fully paid attention to.
"The Art of War" Chapter 9: March
This chapter is no different from the titles of the article, but according to the simple chapter, the title of "Walking□" is before "Military Contend" and "State and Void". It is still in the order of the books today. Zhang's note: 'If you know the changes in the nine places, you can choose profits and march, so the next step is "Nine Changes". "March", "Xiaoshi" read "Zhang" as "Hang", referring to the ranks and formations, and interpreting the "army" as a garrison, which is slightly different from other families. Wang’s note said: “Marching should be based on the ground and observe the enemy’s situation.” '
This article mainly discusses the problems of marching camps ('hands in the army') and observing and judging the enemy situation ('either enemy') during the battle process. The more than thirty methods listed for "evil enemy" can all be regarded as a summary of practical experience. Although these are of little practical value to us, some principles such as "the army is not beneficial, but there is no martial progress", "those who are easy to be enemies without worries will be captured by others", and the simple dialectical idea of not being confused by superficial phenomena, but looking at the essence through phenomena, are still of reference. In addition, Sun Tzu also talked about the issue of "searching people", proposed the principle of "combining them with literature and using martial arts" to use both literature and martial arts, and advocated "get along with others". This idea was also rare at that time.
1. Sun Tzu said: In any place, the enemy is: the mountain is separated by the valley, the place of birth is high, and the battle is high, and there is no climbing. This is the army of the mountain. If you stop water, you must stay away from water. When a guest comes, do not welcome it in the water. If you ask half of it to attack it, it will be beneficial. If you want to fight, you will not be attached to the water and welcome the guests. If you see that the place of birth is high, there will be no water flow. This is the army on the water here. If you stop siege, you can go there and leave without leaving. If you join the army in the siege, you must follow the water and plants and carry all the trees. Here is the army that siege. Pinglu is easy to place and the right back is high, and the front is dead and the next life is alive. This is the army of Pinglu. All the benefits of these four armies are Huangdi . The reason why the four emperors defeated them.
[Translation] Sun Tzu said: "In general, the settlement of the army and the observation and judgment of the enemy situation have the following principles: through the mountains, you must rely on the valley, face the south and face the sun, and live in a high place, and do not attack the enemy with a high place. This is the general principle of the army in the mountains. When crossing rivers, you must stay far away from the water; if the enemy wades in the water, do not fight in the water, but wait until they cross about halfway before attacking, which is more advantageous; if you want to fight with the enemy, do not stand by the water to avoid being passive; be in a high position and face the sun; do not sit downstream and face the water flow. This is the general method and principle of staying in the military in rivers, lakes and lakes. Through the saline-alkali pond swamp, you must leave quickly and not stay; if you encounter an enemy here, you must live by aquatic plants and backing trees. This is the general principle of using troops in the saline-alkali pond swamp. In open plains, you must also choose a place without any hindrance and sinking, and rely on the main flanks to the high ground, with the low front and high back. This is the general principle of military service in the plains. Mastering the above four principles of military control and giving full play to their role is the reason why Huangdi defeated the surrounding tribal chiefs.
2. Any army likes high and hates lower, Guiyang and despise yin, and maintains health and maintains practical life. The army does not have all diseases, which is called victory. When you are on a hilly dike, you must be on the yang and back on it with your right side. This is the advantage of the army and the assistance of the land.
[Translation] Generally speaking, garrison always likes dry highlands, rather than wet depressions; attach importance to sunny places, and avoid dark places; live beside water plants to rest in order to rest in people, and stay in a high position to ensure the supply of military supplies. In this way, if the epidemic occurs in the military, there will be guaranteed to win. If you encounter a hilly embankment, you must rely on the sunny side of the south and lean on it. The reason why the military is beneficial to the army according to the above principles is that it can give full play to the auxiliary role of geographical conditions.
3. When the rain comes, water foam comes. If you want to walk, wait for it to settle.
[Translation] It rains upstream and water foam flows. If you want to wading, you need to wait until the water level stabilizes.
4. (All earths have) The streams, the temples, the heavenly prisons, the heavenly lurks, the heavenly traps, and the heavenly gaps must be removed quickly and do not approach them. I stay away from him and the enemy approaches him; I welcome him and the enemy is behind him.
[Translation] Generally, you must leave as soon as possible and do not approach the six gaps of the lands of "Tianjian", "Taijing", "Tianzhu", "Tianluo", "Tiansan", and "Tianjie". Our army must stay away from it and let the enemy approach it; our army must face it and let the enemy back on it.
5. If there are dangerous obstacles, wells, reeds, mountains and forests, and hiding, you must carefully check them out. This is where the traitor is located.
[Translation] If there are dangerous mountains and waters, swaying pits, swamps, reeds, dense forests, and cages of grass and trees near the garrison, you must conduct a serious and comprehensive search, because these are all places where enemy spies are hidden.
6. Those who are close and quiet are relying on their dangers; those who are far and challenging are wanting to advance; those who are living in (the Easy) [the Easy] are profitable.
[Translation] The enemy is approaching and quiet, because it has dangers to rely on; what is challenged far away from our army is trying to lure me forward; if it does not take risks but camps on flat ground, there must be some advantages.
7. Those who move trees come; those who are many grasses are obstructed are doubtful; those who rise birds are hidden; those who are frightened are overturned.
[Translation] The shaking of trees is the enemy who cuts the way and attacks in secret; there are many obstacles in the grass, which is the enemy's suspicion of soldiers; the birds are frightened, which is the ambush below; the wild beasts are fleeing, which is the enemy who is coming to raid on a large scale.
8. Those who are high and sharp dust come, the car comes; those who are humble and broad come, the only ones come; those who are scattered and well-organized are (the woodcutter) [the firewood comes]; those who are small and come and go, the camp and army are.
[Translation] The dust is high and sharp and straight, and it is the enemy's chariot running; it is low and vast, and it is the enemy's infantry coming; it is evacuated and streaked, and it is the enemy's walking in a firewood, pretending to be cheating; it is rare and moving back and forth, and it is the enemy's camp with light troops.
9. Those who speak humbly and become more prepared are advancing; those who speak strongly and advance and drive away are retreating.
[Translation] The wording is humble, but strengthening combat readiness is the enemy preparing for an attack; the wording is tough and has an offensive posture is to prepare for a retreat.
10. A light chariot comes out first, and the person who is on the side is a custody; those who ask for peace without any agreement are a plan; those who run and hold military chariots are a custody; those who are half advancing and half retreating are a temptation.
[Translation] The light chariots are first, and those deployed on both wings are placing their formations; the enemy has not yet been frustrated, but they come to ask for peace, and the enemy is placing their conspiracy; the enemy is running quickly and the chariots are looking forward to a decisive battle with me; those who want to advance but not advance and do not retreat are tempting me to take the bait.
11. Those who stand with a stick are hungry; those who draw (and) [work] drink first are thirsty; those who see profit but do not advance are tired.
[Translation] The enemy's soldiers stand on their arms and stand on their staff, which is a manifestation of hunger; the soldiers who draw water and drink first are a manifestation of thirst; the enemy fails to seize it when they see benefits, which is a manifestation of fatigue.
12. Birds gather, which is empty; those who call at night are afraid; those who disturb the army are not heavy; those who move flags are chaos; those who are angry are tired; those who kill horses and eat meat are not food; those who do not hang back to their house are in poverty.
[Translation] The magpies gather in groups, and there will be no enemies below; the screams at night are manifestations of fear and anxiety; the disturbance of soldiers themselves is manifestations of generals and commanders; the uneven flags are shaken, which is manifestations of the confusion of military discipline; the anger of military officials is manifestations of the exhaustion of the army; killing horses and eating is manifestations of the lack of food in the army; drinking utensils are suspended, and the army does not return to the curtain and exposes the wild stay. This is the desperate enemy who is planning to fight to the death.
13. Those who are earnest and quick to say "enter" are losing the crowd; those who are rewarded are embarrassed; those who are punished are trapped; those who are violent first and then afraid of the crowd are the ultimate in their innocence.
[Translation] It is unpopular to talk in a nagging and whispering manner. Frequent rewards are in a difficult situation. It is impossible to punish every time. If you first start to be violent and then be afraid of your subordinates, that is the least shrewd.
14. Those who come to express their gratitude want to rest. The soldiers are angry and greet each other, but they are not in harmony for a long time and are not separated. You must observe them carefully.
[Translation] The enemy sent an envoy to come and say goodbye, because he wanted to quit the army and stop the war. If the enemy comes in anger and doesn't fight with me for a long time, and does not retreat, you must carefully observe its behavior.
15. The army is not (it is too much) [it is too much], but there is no martial advancement, which is enough to work together, predict the enemy, and capture people; those who are vulnerable to the enemy will be captured by others.
[Translation] The more soldiers there are, the better. As long as you are not strong and advance lightly, you can concentrate your troops, determine the enemy's situation and gain the trust and support of your subordinates; only those who are mindless and underestimate the enemy must be captured by the enemy.
16. If the soldiers are not personally punished, they will not accept it. If they are not personally punished, they will be difficult to use it; if the soldiers are not personally punished, they will not be used. Therefore, (order) [combined] it with literature and martial arts, which is called a must-have. If you order to teach the people, the people will obey; if you order to teach the people, the people will not obey. If you order to teach the people, the people will not obey. Let the simple mover get along with others.
[Translation] Before the soldiers were close to each other, they were punished and punished severely. Then, they will not be convinced; if they are not convinced, it will be difficult to use for combat. The soldiers have already been close to each other, but if they still do not practice military laws and regulations, they cannot be used to fight. Therefore, we should strengthen ideological and political work with kindness and benevolence to make them please, and at the same time, we should use punishment and power to rectify the behavior of the ministries and make them unite. In this way, you will surely gain the love and awe of the disciples. If the decree can be implemented in normal circumstances, in this case, the command center will obey; if the decree cannot be implemented in normal circumstances, in this case, the command center will not obey. Only by implementing military discipline and laws well can we live in harmony with the ministries and gain their support and support.
"The Art of War" Chapter 10: Topography
The titles of this chapter are no different. The simplified version of the simplified version is written in the wooden slip before the next chapter "Nine Di", and the title of this article is immediately seen, but there is no clone text, and there is another lost article in "Di Zhen II". In addition, Huang Bangyan's "Collected Notes" made "terrain" "terrain", which was wrong. Zhang's note says: "The army crosses the border, and examines the terrain and becomes victorious, so the next "March". "Only, the terrain mentioned in this article refers to the geographical situation where the enemy and us are located, so it is different from the purely natural geographical conditions such as "Taojing" and "Tiansan Sill" mentioned in the previous "March".
The first list of the name of the "Six Places" and its method of handling it, pointing out: 'Terrain is the help of soldiers. ''It is the way of the general to predict that the enemy will win, and the plan will be dangerous and easy to get far and near. 'The grandson also warned: This is, the most important task of the general must be observed.'However, the failure of the war is not all due to unfavorable objective geographical conditions, but may also be due to the general's fault in subjective guidance. Therefore, grandson proposed the saying of "six defeats". He not only demands that he "know the enemy and know himself", but also that he also requires that he knows the earth and the sky". In his opinion, he can ignore the monarchs who do not know the situation of the war, but do not know the way of the war, but order "must fight" or "no war". At the same time, he also asked the generals to "advance without seeking fame, and retreat without avoiding crime", "only the people are the protection", and to "respecting soldiers as babies" and "respecting soldiers as beloved sons". These ideas and views are valuable. Of course, under the rule of the exploiting class, officers and soldiers are in an opposing position, and the so-called love such as "like babies" and "like beloved son" actually does not exist. These things are just to make the soldiers go deep into the interests of the exploiting class and die with them.
1. Sun Tzu said: There are those with straight terrain, those with hangs, those with branches, those with narrow terrain, those with dangerous terrain, and those with far away. I can go, and he can come, it is said to be Tong. Those who are in a state of mind should first live in Gaoyang to benefit the food road, and fight will benefit. It can go but it is difficult to go back, so it is called hang. If the enemy is not prepared, the enemy will be defeated by the enemy; if the enemy is prepared, it will be difficult to win without victory, which will be unfavorable. If I come out, it is not good, and if I come out, it is not good, it is called the branch. The shape of the branch is that even if the enemy is beneficial to me, I will not be able to go out. If you lead it away, you will let the enemy attack halfway and attack it, it will be beneficial. If you have narrow shapes, I will live in it first and must be full to wait for the enemy. If the enemy lives in it first, do not follow it, and do not follow it if it is not full. If you have a dangerous situation, I will live in the first place and must live in the high sun to wait for the enemy. If the enemy lives in the first place, lead it away, and do not follow it. Those with distant shapes have equal momentum, which is difficult to challenge and are unfavorable to fight. All these six are the way of the earth. When you are in charge of your responsibilities, you must observe it.
[Translation] Sun Tzu said: There are six types of terrain: traverse, hanging shape, branch shape, narrow shape, dangerous shape, and distant shape. I can go, and the enemy can come, it is called Tongxing. In Tongxing area, we must take the lead in occupying the Chaoyang area of Longgao and ensure the smooth flow of food. This will be more beneficial to fight against the enemy again. If you can go but it is difficult to return, it is called hanging shape. In the area where the enemy is not prepared, it will attack quickly and defeat it; if the enemy is prepared, it will attack but cannot win and it will be difficult to return, which will be unfavorable. If our attack is not good, and the enemy attack is not good, it is called the branch shape. In the branch-shaped area, even if the enemy tempts me with benefits, I will not attack, but lead the crowd to evacuate and attack the enemy when half of it comes out. This is beneficial. In a pass-by area, if I occupy it first, I must block the pass to wait for the enemy to arrive; if the enemy occupies it first and has blocked the pass, don't attack it, if I haven't blocked the pass, I can attack it. In dangerous areas, if I occupy first, I must station in the high and sunny place to wait for the enemy to arrive; if the enemy occupy first, I will lead my troops to leave and don’t attack it. In distant areas, both sides have equal terrain, which is difficult to challenge and is not favorable to fight. The above six points are general principles of using terrain and are the important responsibility of generals and must be carefully examined and studied.
2. Therefore, there are some soldiers who have gone, some are relaxed, some are trapped, some are collapsed, some are chaotic, and some are north. All these six are not disasters of (heaven) [earth], but are the faults of the predicament. If the power is equal, one strike is ten, and it is said to be a walk. The strong and the officials are weak, and they are called relaxed. The strong officials and the soldiers are weak, and they are called trap. The official was angry but dissatisfied. When he encountered the enemy, he fought on his own. The general did not know his ability and said that he had collapsed. The generals are weak and not strict, the teachings are unclear, the officials and soldiers are inconsistent, and the soldiers are indomitable, and the soldiers are scattered, which is called chaos. The general cannot predict the enemy, and the people are united with the weak, and the strong are attacked with the weak, and the soldiers have no choice of the front line, so it is called North. All these six are the way to defeat. When you are in charge of your responsibilities, you must observe it.
[Translation] There are six military phenomena: so-called "travel", "relaxation", "fall", "collapse", "disruption" and "north". These six phenomena are not caused by geographical conditions, but by the general's fault. Any enemy and us have equal geographical situations, but they have to use one blow to ten, which will inevitably abandon their armor and rush their troops to escape. This is called "leave". The soldiers are strong and the generals are cowardly, the military and political affairs are weak, they cannot control the rule, and their commands are loose and powerless. This is called "relaxation". The generals and the soldiers are strong and cowardly. Once they fight with the enemy, the only generals and subordinates will work hard, they will inevitably be burdened by their subordinates and fall into defeat. This is called "scumming". The general manager was resentful and angry but refused to obey the orders of the chief general. When he encountered the enemy's anger, he went to fight without authorization. The chief general did not know his talent, and it was like a mountain collapsed from the inside. This was called "collapse".The generals are cowardly and lack majesty, the management and education are out of order, the relationship between officers and soldiers is tense and abnormal, and the formation of soldiers is messy, which is called "chaos". If a general cannot correctly judge the enemy situation, but attack the crowd with fewer attacks and weaker attacks the strong, defeat the siege and decisive victory, and there is no elite to select, then he will inevitably lose to the north, which is called "Bei". The above six situations are all the reasons for the failure of the war. The general's major responsibility lies in it, and it must be carefully examined and studied.
3. The terrain is the help of soldiers. It is the way of the general to predict that the enemy will win, and to plan for danger, distance and distance. Those who know this and use the battle will win, and those who do not know this and use the battle will lose.
[Translation] Terrain is an auxiliary condition for using troops to fight. Correctly judge the enemy situation to defeat the enemy, examine the dangers and ease of the terrain and the distance and distance of the road, these are the principles that a skilled general should understand and the rules that should be mastered. If you understand this and use it to command operations, you will definitely win; if you don’t understand this and command operations, you will definitely fail.
4. Therefore, the way of fighting must be victorious. The master said that there is no war, and it is possible to fight. The way of fighting cannot be victorious. The master said that there is no war, and it is possible to fight. Therefore, if you advance without seeking fame, and if you retreat without avoiding sins, only the (people) [people] are the protection, and the benefits are in line with the master, which is the treasure of the country.
[Translation] According to the general combat laws, if you have the confidence to win, even if the king does not allow the fight, you will fight resolutely without obeying the king's orders; but according to the general combat laws, you have no confidence in victory. Even if the king wants to fight, you can refuse to fight regardless of the king's orders. Therefore, as a general, you need to advance without seeking the reputation of victory, retreat without evading the crime of violating your destiny, and just seek to protect the lives and property of the people and conform to the fundamental interests of the king. Such a general is the most precious wealth of the country.
5. Treat your soldiers as babies, so you can go to the deepest place with them. Treat your soldiers as beloved sons, so you can die with them. A strong person cannot be used, a loving person cannot be used, and a disorder cannot be used, a chaotic person cannot be used.
[Translation] Treating soldiers is like treating babies, then you can share hardships with them; treating soldiers is like treating their beloved son, then you can share life and death with them. But if you just keep it strong but cannot use it, just love it but cannot make them obey orders, and violate the law and discipline but cannot rectify it, it will be like a spoiled child that cannot be used to fight.
6. Knowing that my soldiers can attack, but not knowing that the enemy cannot attack, is half of victory; knowing that the enemy can attack, but not knowing that my soldiers cannot attack, is half of victory; knowing that the enemy can attack, but not knowing that the terrain cannot fight, is half of victory. Therefore, those who know that the war move but do not get confused, and those who raise but do not get exhausted. Therefore, it is said: If you know your opponent and know yourself, you will not be in danger; if you know (heaven) [earth], you will not be in danger; if you know (heaven) [earth], you will not be incomplete.
[Translation] You only know that your troops can fight, but you don’t know that the enemy cannot fight, and you don’t know that your troops can fight, and you don’t know that your troops can fight, and you don’t know that your troops can fight, and you don’t know that the terrain is not conducive to combat, and you don’t know that your troops can fight, and you don’t know that your terrain is also unsure of victory. Therefore, a person who knows how to use troops to fight will not be confused when he acts, and his strategies and measures can be varied without being exhausted. Therefore, if you understand the other party and understand yourself, you will not have any problems if you defeat the enemy; if you understand the right time and place, you will be absolutely sure of winning.
"The Art of War" Chapter 11: Nine Earths
This chapter title and number of chapters are no different. Zhang's note said: 'There are nine places where troops are used. In this regard, the terrain is the difference between the terrain in this article and the terrain in "Terrain". The terrain in "Terrain" refers to the geographical situation in which we are in, while the terrain in this article is purely a strategic situation of human beings. Regarding this point, Zhao Benxue's "School Interpretation" says: "The land in the previous article "Terrain" is a place where troops are arranged, and it is easy to describe it as wide, narrow and dangerous. The land of "Nine Lands" is the place where it invades the land, and it is said to be shallow, deep, light and heavy. Wherever the army arrives, there are nine levels of land. The methods are different, and the main points are based on human feelings. Those who are good at using military forces should understand the principles of human feelings. If they control them with skills and use them with opportunities, they will be able to use people but will not be trapped. 'Zhao said that it can be obtained.
This article mainly discusses how to adopt the principles of proper combat and disposal methods based on the different objective strategic environmental conditions.However, this article is longer, the content is more chaotic and repetitive. Li Ling's "Fawei" said that it is probably composed of fragmentary sentences compiled by each article. Deng Tingro of the Qing Dynasty and Chiharu Hattori, a well-known Japanese grandson scholar, also conducted fruitful research on this article and reorganized the text order, which is worthy of attention. Now, in order to maintain its original appearance, its basic structure will not change, but only make some necessary explanations on the specific text. In addition, in this article, Sun Tzu proposed the "Soldier of Kings and Domineering" and "For Guests". We should look at this historically and dialectically, because they have all become historical records. However, some of the combat principles he proposed, such as "the love of a soldier is the right speed, taking advantage of the situation of people, and taking advantage of the unexpected way, attacking what he does not dare, "beginning like a virgin... Later, like a rabbit, "becoming the enemy forever, killing generals for thousands of miles", etc., but they are still valuable. As for 'the land of destruction is then survives, and the land of destruction is then born', it also contains the simple dialectical factor of turning suffering into benefits. But on the other hand, we should also see that he advocated "poaching the wilderness" and "stopping the people of the three armies to danger", forcing them to fight to the death, regarding the soldiers as "flocks of sheep" that can be driven away and driven to the death, and advocates "eye and ears of foolish soldiers" and make them "ignorant" and "unconscious". This policy of foolish soldiers is naturally an exposure of his exploitative class nature and a reflection of his idealistic heroic historical view.
1. Sun Tzu said: The method of using troops: there are scattered land, light land, conflicting land, intersecting land, crossroads, heavy land, ruined land, surrounded land, and dead land. The princes fought on their own, which was a scattered land. Those who enter the land of a person without being deep are light land. If I get it, it will be profitable, and Peter will also be profitable, to fight for land. I can go, and he can come, and he can get the land of exchange. The three parts of the princes belong to them. Those who arrive first to win the world are crossroads. If the land where people enters deep and many cities and towns are behind, it is the important land. (Travel) Mountains, forests, dangerous obstacles, and depressed waters. Any difficult way to do is to destroy the land. The ones who come from the entrance are narrow, and the ones who come from the entrance are roundabout. Those who can attack our people will be surrounded by the land. If you fight quickly, you will survive; if you don’t fight quickly, you will die.
[Translation] Sun Tzu said: According to the general rules of using troops, the situation of the battle territories can be divided into the following nine types, namely: 'scattered land', 'light land', 'fighting land', 'intersecting land', 'traversing land', 'main land', 'dead land'. Those who fight against the enemy within their own territory are called Sandi. Those who enter a place not far from the enemy's territory are called light land. Our army's occupation is beneficial to us, and the enemy's occupation is also beneficial to the enemy, which is called fighting for land. Our army can go, and the enemy can come, which is called Jiedi. The one who has multiple countries’ borders and can get the sympathy and support of most princes by first arrival is called Qudi. When you go deep into the enemy's territory, there are already many cities behind you, called important places. The mountains are high and the water is dangerous, the forest is dense, and the water net is crisscrossing. Anything that is difficult to pass is called a ruin. The road to march is narrow, and the road to return is long. If the enemy can attack fewer people, it is called the siege. If you advance quickly, you can survive. If you don’t advance quickly, you can be defeated. It is called death.
2. Therefore, there is no war in scattered areas, no end in light areas, no attack in fighting areas, no end in intercourse, no end in crossroads, no intercourse in heavy areas, plunder in heavy areas, move in underworld, plan in siege in siege, and fight in siege in siege in encirclement areas, and fight in dead areas.
[Translation] Therefore, in scattered areas, it is not advisable to fight against the enemy; in light areas, it is not advisable to stay; in fighting in places, do not attack at all; in places where the enemy is vying, be careful not to break the enemy's passage rashly; when encountering crossroads, pay attention to making friends with princes; when going deep into important areas, you need to plunder and continue to eat; when encountering a ruined area, you must pass quickly; when falling into a shortlisted area, you must plan to get out of trouble; if you put it to death, you must fight bravely to survive in death.
3. The so-called good use of troops in ancient times could prevent the enemy from being in contact with each other, the number of people was not relied on each other, the high and the low were not saved, the top and the bottom were not reunited, the soldiers were not united, the soldiers were not united. It moves with profit, but it does not stop with profit.
[Translation] The so-called people who were good at using troops to fight in ancient times could prevent the enemy from supporting each other from the beginning and the end of the enemy. The main force and the non-main force did not support each other. The officers and soldiers could not rescue each other, the upper and lower levels could not gather together, and the soldiers were separated and could not concentrate. Even if they were together, they would be messy. In short, fight if it is beneficial, and don’t fight if it is disadvantageous.
4. Dare to ask: "The enemy (supporting) [and supposes], what should we do in the future? " said: "First take away what we love, and you will listen." '
[Translation] May I ask: If there are many enemies and the troops are strict and tidy, what method can I use to deal with it? The answer is: first destroy the favorable conditions it attaches most importance to, then it will obediently obediently.
5. The military is about speed, taking advantage of the situation of people, and taking advantage of the unexpected way to attack what they do not warn.
[Translation] The principle of using troops to fight is mainly to rely on rapid action, catch the enemy off guard, and attack its weak and unprepared areas from unexpected paths.
6. Any way to be a guest: go deeper and specialize, the master will not be able to defeat; plunder in the wilderness, the three armies will have enough food; be careful to raise but not work hard, and accumulate strength; the strategy of transporting troops is unpredictable.
[Translation] Generally speaking, the general principle of entering the enemy's territory is: the deeper the soldiers' minds are, the more determined the enemy will be, and the more unable the enemy will defeat our army; at the same time, plundering should be carried out in the rich villages of the enemy to ensure the supplementary support of our army; pay attention to the maintenance of the troops without fatigue, strengthen morale, accumulate strength, deploy troops, and cleverly design and plan, so that the enemy will not be able to predict the virtual and real of our army and the intentions.
7. If you go to the point, you will not go anywhere. If you die, you will not be able to do your best. If you die, you will not be afraid. If you don’t go anywhere, you will be solid. If you go deep, you will be restrained. If you don’t have to go, you will be restrained. If you don’t have to, you will fight. Therefore, if the soldiers are not cultivated, they are warned, they are not seeking, they are close to each other, they are not ordered, they are trusted, they are forbidden to avoid doubts, and they have nothing to do until death.
[Translation] If the troops are thrown into a desperate situation with no way out, they will develop a mentality of not defeating even if they die in battle. Since they have the determination to die, how can they not get the hard work of the soldiers? The soldiers are in a dangerous situation and are not afraid; if they are desperate, they are determined and will not waver; if they go deep into the important places, they will be firm and determined but will not disperse, and they will fight to the death if they have no choice. Therefore, such an army will be on guard without regulation; they will actively complete tasks without request; they will be friendly and united without restraint; they will obey without orders; they will be prohibited from superstition and eliminate confusing words, and they will not retreat until death.
8. If our scholar has no extra wealth, it is not evil goods; if we have no extra life, it is not evil life. On the day of the order, the soldiers (soldiers) sat and tear their collars, and those who were lying down and tear their chins. Those who throw themselves into nothing are the courage of Zhu and Gui.
[Translation] Our soldiers have no extra money, not because they don’t love money; they fight desperately, not because they don’t want to live a long life. On the day the combat order was issued, the soldiers sat in tears shed their clothes and their faces were lying on their backs. If you throw them into a desperate situation where you have no way out, you will be as brave as Zhuang Zhu and Cao Gui .
9. Therefore, those who are good at using troops are like being the one who is absurd. The one who is a snake in the mountain is (chang)〔heng]. If you hit the head, the tail will come. If you hit the tail, the head will come. If you hit the inside, the head and the tail will come. Dare you ask: "Is it possible for the soldiers to be sent to do whatever they want?" said: "Yes." 'When the people of Wu and Yue are evil, they should help each other and (when they meet the wind), they will save each other like their left and right hands. Therefore, the square horse burys the wheel, but it is not enough to rely on it; being brave and brave is the way of politics; being hard and soft is the principle of the earth. Therefore, those who are good at using troops will join hands if they send one person together, they will have no choice.
[Translation] A person who is good at commanding operations can make the troops look as if they are straightforward. Shiran is a snake in Hengshan. If this snake hits its head, the tail will come to rescue it; if it hits its tail, the head will come to rescue it; if it hits its abdomen, the head and the tail will come to rescue it. May I ask: Can the army be like Ruran? The answer is: Yes. Although the people of Wu and Yue hated each other, when they worked together, they rescued each other like the left and right hands of human beings. Therefore, it is unreliable to use parallel war horses and buried wheels to indicate the strictness and stability of the formation; being able to make all the people of the three armies work together is the principle requirement that the army should adhere to in ideological and political work. It can make different terrain such as high and low, dangerous and easy to use, which is a principle requirement for mastering geographical conditions. Therefore, those who are good at using troops to fight can make the troops of the three armies unite as one person, because objective environmental conditions force them to do so.
10. The general’s affairs are quiet and quiet, and the righteous are governed. It can fool the soldiers and soldiers, make the people ignorant; change their affairs, change their plans, make the people unknowable; change their residence, make the people unknowable, and make the people unknowable. The general went with him, as if he climbed a high place and left the ladder, and the general went deep into the land of the princes and set off his own opportunity. (burned a boat and broke a cauldron) was like driving a flock of sheep, driving him, driving him, and driving him, no one knew where to go. Gathering the people of the three armies and throwing them into danger is what the general does. The changes in the nine lands, the benefits of bends and extensions, and the principles of human feelings must be observed.
[Translation] As the commander, the most important thing he needs to do is to calmly and foresight consider the decision to win, and at the same time, to carry out military management education fairly and strictly. You must be able to deceive the soldiers and not let them know about military and political affairs; temporarily change the things that have been arranged and change the original plan in the middle, making people confused; often change the defense area and deliberately detours to make people confused. Assigning combat missions to the troops was like climbing a high and pulling out a ladder to retreat without a way back. The general led the troops deep into the enemy country and issued combat orders, just like driving away the flock of sheep, driving over, and rushing over. They all knew only by obeying the command, but not where they were going. Gathering the troops of the three armies and throwing them into danger is the commander's priority. The handling of various geographical and environmental conditions, the correct application of different strategic principles such as offense and defense, advance and retreat, and the understanding and mastering of the psychological changes of the members under different environmental conditions are all necessary for generals to carefully examine and study.
11. The way to be a guest is deep, and the way to be a guest is shallow. Those who go to the country and cross the border and teach are the dead. The four (Da) [Cheng] means the crossroads. If you go deeper, you will be the important place. If you go to the shallow, you will be lighter. The one who is firm on the back and narrow on the front is to surround the ground. Those who have nowhere to go are dead.
[Translation] Generally speaking, the general rule of fighting in an enemy country is: the deeper the enemy's territory, the more focused the troops will be; the shallower the enemy's territory, the more likely the army's morale will be to be dispersed. Those who leave their own country and enter the enemy's territory to fight are Jedi. The road is connected to all places. The enemy's territory is the important place. Those who enter the enemy's territory without being deep are light land. The back is dangerous and the road is blocked in the front. Those who are desperate are dead.
12. Therefore, I will scatter the land, and I will make it ambition; I will make it ambition; I will fight for it, and I will go behind it; I will be careful to guard it; I will strengthen its bonds; I will continue its food; I will destroy it, and I will enter its path; I will encircle the land, and I will block its veins; I will show it to be dead. Therefore, when the army is surrounded, the enemy will be deterred; if you have no choice, you will fight; if you miss it, you will follow.
[Translation] Therefore, in scattered areas, the troops must be focused; when entering light areas, the troops must move quickly; when fighting in scattered areas, the latter must keep up quickly; when facing intercourse, the latter must be careful to defend; when facing crossroads, the relationship must be strengthened to consolidate the friendship with the princes of neighboring countries; when going deep into important areas, the enemy must continue to eat; when encountering subsidence, the troops must pass quickly; when trapped in siege areas, the gap must be blocked, and there must be nowhere to go; when putting them to death, the determination to die must be shown to survive. The law of changes in the army's psychology is like this: once you are besieged, you want to resist; if you have no choice, you will fight to the death; if you are in danger, you will obey your will.
13. Therefore, those who do not know the plans of the princes cannot make a pre-transaction; those who do not know the shape of mountains, forests, dangerous obstacles, or depressed marches cannot march; those who do not use the guide of the countryside cannot gain the advantage of the territory. Four or five, [1] I don’t know 1. It is not a soldier of (the king) [the king and the king]. If a soldier of a king or king attacks a great country, his people will not be able to gather; if the power is overwhelming to the enemy, his friends will not be able to join forces. Therefore, we do not compete for friendship between the world, do not support the power of the world, believe in our own selfishness, and overpower the enemy, so our city can be deposed and our country can be detained.
[Translation] If you do not understand the strategic intentions of the princes of all countries, you cannot make friends with them; if you are not familiar with the geographical conditions of mountains, forests, obstacles, swamps, etc., you cannot march; if you do not need a guide, you cannot gain the right territorial position. If you don’t know one of the above aspects, it cannot be considered a 'soldier'. The so-called "a army of kings and overlords" can attack a great country, which can make them afraid of us and gather troops; adding troops to the enemy can make them unable to get the cooperation and support of the princes of the allied countries. Therefore, even if you do not fight to make friends with the princes of the world, you will not accumulate your own power among the princes of the world. In order to expand your ambitions, as long as you impose the power of your troops on the enemy, you can take away its cities and destroy its country.
14. Give rewards that cannot be given, hang out orders of no government, and violate the masses of the three armies, if one person is sent. If you violate it, do not tell it to others; if you violate it, do not tell it to others for harm; if you violate it, do not tell it to others for harm. If you throw yourself into the dead, you will survive; if you fall into the dead, you will live. If the crowd is trapped in harm, then they can win or lose.
[Translation] Implement rewards beyond the convention and issue orders that break the rules. Commanding the entire army is like instructing a person.Just let them do specific things without explaining their strategic intentions; just let them take risks without telling them how to get rid of them. If they are thrown into the dead, they will try their best to survive; if they are put into the dead, they will seek to survive. If the army is in danger, it can give full play to its subjective initiative in extremely unfavorable situations, thereby seizing the initiative in the war, turning harm into profit, and turning defeat into victory.
15. Therefore, the matter of military affairs is to follow the enemy's intentions, and to fight against the enemy forever, killing generals thousands of miles away. This is what is meant by skillfulness.
[Translation] Therefore, the key to using troops to fight is to be able to carefully consider the enemy's intentions, concentrate troops in the main attack direction, and even if you attack thousands of miles, you must capture and kill the enemy generals. This is what is called being able to achieve great things with wonderful strategies.
16. Therefore, on the day of political promotion, the talismans were broken by the Yiguan Pass, and there was no way to communicate with the envoy. They were forced to the corridors and temples to punish the matter. When the enemy opens and closes, you must enter it quickly. First, you must follow the enemy in a short time, and then follow the enemy to decisively fight. Therefore, it is like a virgin at the beginning, and the enemy opens an account, and the enemy is like a rabbit breaking away. The enemy cannot resist.
[Translation] Therefore, when the combat operation begins, it is necessary to block the passes, destroy the passes, and not allow the enemy to communicate. At the same time, the oath to fight in the temple to encourage the three armies. Once the enemy has a chance to take advantage of it, it must take quick action, take the opportunity to enter, and seize the favorable conditions it relies on without having to make an appointment with it. Break the rules and flexibly decide your own combat actions due to changes in the enemy. At the beginning, be calm like a virgin and wait for the opportunity; once the enemy's weakness is exposed, he must act quickly like a rabbit to prevent it from resisting.
"The Art of War" Chapter 12: Fire Attack
The title and the number of chapters of this article are no different from the popular books. The simple version is the same, but the title of the article is "Huo" under the wooden note, which seems to be a different name for this article. Sakurada Moon only wrote the "fire chapter" and did not have the word "attack". It is still based on the books today.
This article mainly discusses the issues of winning with fire assists. There are two basic contents: First, discuss the types, conditions, methods of fire attack, and different situations that may occur after fire and their response strategies. It can be said that this is a summary of experience about ancient fire attack. The second is to emphasize that "a wise ruler and wise general" should carefully consider the possible consequences of war, and should not act emotionally, because "annocent monarchs can be restored to joy, anger can be restored to joy, a deceased country cannot survive, and the dead cannot be resurrected." Sun Tzu earnestly warned: "A wise ruler is careful and good generals are warned. This is the way to safe the country and the army is safe. 'Although the 'fire attack' that grandson mentioned has become a historical record, the idea of caution in war he expressed here is still valuable. As for his connection between the running position of the month and the "day of the wind", it is due to the limitations of understanding.
1. Sun Tzu said: There are five types of fire attacks: one is fire man, two is fire accumulation, three is fire baggage, four is fire trough, and five is fire troop.
[Translation] Sun Tzu said: In general, fire attacks are nothing more than the following five forms: one is to burn the camp and houses, burn their men and horses; the second is to burn their accumulation so that their food and fodder will not be maintained; the third is to burn their baggage so that their equipment will not be used; the fourth is to burn their warehouses, so that their wealth and goods will not be sufficient; the fifth is to burn their dangerous channels, so that their transportation will not be effective.
2. There must be a cause for fire running, and (fireworks) [causes] must be equipped with them. Sometimes when you get angry, you will catch fire. Time is the dryness of the sky; sun is the moon in Ji, Bi, Yi and Zhen. All these four constellations are the day when the wind rises.
[Translation] In order to implement fire attack, there must be something that leads to fire, and these things that lead to fire must be prepared in normal times. It takes a certain time to get an fire, and a certain date to get an fire. The so-called certain time refers to the dry climate; the so-called certain date refers to the time when the moon passes through the four constellations of Ji, Bi, Yi and Zhen. When the moon passes through these four signs, it is the day when the wind blows.
3. Any fire attack must be responded to by the changes of the five fires. If the fire comes from the inside, it will respond to it from the outside. If the fire is launched, the army is quiet, wait and do not attack; if the firepower is extremely strong, it can be followed, but it cannot be stopped. Fire can be emitted from the outside, but it does not need to be emitted from the inside, so it can be emitted from the hour. Fire is at the upper hand, no one can defeat the lower hand. The wind is long during the day and the wind stops at night. All army must know that there are changes in the five fires and guard them with numbers.
[Translation] Generally speaking, fire attacks must be implemented, and troops must be sent to cooperate with each other according to the flexible use of the above five different fire attack methods.If you set fire inside the enemy, you must send troops to support you as soon as possible; if the fire has burned and the enemy remains quiet, wait and wait a moment, and do not attack rashly; if the fire is over, you can attack if you can attack, and if you can stop if you can't attack. However, you can also set fire from outside without waiting for internal response, as long as the time is right. Setting fire should be at the upper hand, and not to fight the enemy from the lower hand. The wind blows for a long time during the day and stops at night. Generally speaking, when commanding the army to fight, you must understand the flexible use of the above five forms of fire attack. Once the time for fire comes, fire attack will be carried out.
4. Therefore, those who use fire to attack are bright, while those who use water to attack are strong; water can be eliminated, but cannot be taken away.
[Translation] Therefore, using fire to assist the attack will have significant results; using water to assist the attack will have greater strength. But water can only block the enemy, but not destroy it.
5. Those who defeat the attack but do not cultivate their merits are inauspicious, and their destiny is called "Full Remain". Therefore, it is said: A wise ruler is concerned about it and a good general practices it. It is not profitable, it is necessary to use it, and it is not dangerous. The master should not be angry and prosper (in army) and generals should not be angry and cause war; move with profit, and stop with profit. Anger can bring joy back, anger can bring joy back, a deceased country cannot survive, and the dead cannot be resurrected. Therefore, a wise ruler is cautious when he is careful and a good general is wary of him. This is the way to safe the country and the army.
[Translation] It is very bad to engage in military struggles without carefully considering and treating them correctly in all aspects of society, politics and economy, and this is what the ancient saying says is the so-called "fee-living". Therefore, a wise monarch must consider this matter carefully, and a virtuous general must take it seriously. If things are not profitable, don’t act; if you don’t gain something, don’t use troops; if you don’t have danger, don’t start a war. The king cannot start a war with temporary resentment, and the general cannot fight rashly with temporary anger. If you are in line with national interests, act and stop if you are not in line. Resentment can also turn into joy, and anger can also turn into joy again, but once the country is destroyed, it cannot survive, and when a person dies, it cannot be reborn. Therefore, a wise monarch must be cautious and a virtuous general must be vigilant. This is an important principle for stabilizing the country and protecting the army.
"The Art of War" Chapter 13: U-ji
This chapter is no different from the titles of this chapter, but Sakurada Moon has no word "U-ji", only "Jian". 'Jian', the main version of the book is mostly written as '生', and the same is, the general version is "Jian" and the original meaning is to peek at the moon in the door, which refers to spies here. "Er Ya·Shi Yan" is also noted: "Zuo Zhuan" is called spy, which is a detailed work now. '"Records of the Grand Historian·Biography of Li Mu":'Be careful of the fire of war, many spies. 'That's the place'.
This article mainly discusses the importance of using the internet and some principles of using the internet. Sun Tzu first emphasized: Those who build a army of 100,000, go to battle thousands of miles, stay together for several years, and fight for victory in one day, but do not know the enemy's situation, are the ultimate unkindness, are not the general of human beings, are not the assistant of the master, and are not the master of victory. If we need to observe the enemy's situation and be "moving without being confused, and raising without being infinite", then it cannot be taken from ghosts and gods, cannot be reflected in things, and cannot be verified by measurement, but must depend on the "knowing the enemy's feelings", especially the "counter-bian" and "counter-bian" cannot be underestimated. However, it is also a mistake to use Tang and Wu to take Xia Yin and replace it, and to return to Yi Lu to act as counter-bian.
1. Sun Tzu said: If you build a 100,000 army and go to a thousand miles, the people's expenses and the public's service will cost you a thousand gold a day. There are 700,000 families who are irresponsible for internal and external disturbances, who are sluggish on the road and cannot handle things. Those who stay together for several years to compete for victory in one day, but love titles, wealth, and gold, and do not know the feelings of the enemy, are the ultimate unkindness, not the general of the people, not the assistant of the master, nor the master of the victor. Therefore, a wise ruler and wise general will move and defeat others. Those who succeed from the crowd are prophets. The prophet cannot be taken from ghosts and gods, from things, from things, from measurements, from others to understand the feelings of the enemy.
[Translation] Sun Tzu said: Generally speaking, sending 100,000 troops and fighting thousands of miles is spent on the expenses of the people and the expenses of the public. There was a turmoil all over the country, and people were exhausted by the rushing trips. As many as 700,000 households were unable to engage in normal farming. He defended for several years and fought for a temporary victory with the enemy. In this case, if you still fail because you cherish your title and money, refuse to use spies, and fail to understand the enemy situation, you will be the most unkind. He is not worthy of being the commander of the three armies, is not worthy of being the assistant of the king, nor is he the master of victory.The reason why a wise monarch and a virtuous general can defeat the enemy as soon as he sends troops and surpasses others is that he can understand the enemy's situation in advance. If you predict the enemy situation, you cannot obtain it from the prayers of ghosts and gods, nor from inferences from the request for signatures, nor from simple verification of logarithms, but from people - from spies who understand the enemy situation.
2. Therefore, there are five uses: there are (foreign) [country], there are internal, reverse, death, and life. When all five rooms arise, no one knows the way. This is called the divine law, the treasure of the king. (Because) [Farmer], it is used by the villagers. Those who are in the inner world use it for their officials. Those who counterattack the enemy will use it because of their enemy. The dead spy is a false thing outside, so that my spy knows it and passes it on to the enemy spy. The birth of the world is the opposite.
[Translation] Use spies to fight military struggles. According to their different functions, there can be as follows: country, inner, counter-interference, death and life. If all five types of spies can be used, it will make the enemy confused and at a loss. This is mysterious and magical weapon for the monarch to defeat the enemy. The so-called countryside is to use the people of the enemy country as spies; internal affairs are to use the officials of the enemy country as spies; counter-spionage is to use the people of the enemy as spies; dead affairs are to create false information to publicize outside, and deliberately let our spies lurking inside the enemy know about it, and pass it to the people of the enemy; living affairs are to use the people who can return to report the enemy's situation after sneaking into the enemy country for reconnaissance.
3. Therefore, the three armies (the matters) [close] are not close to the family, no reward is greater than the family, and nothing is more important than the family, and nothing is more important than the family. No sage can be used without sage wisdom, no benevolence and righteousness can be used without subtlety, no reality of the intercourse. How faint! How faint! It is useless.
[Translation] Therefore, there is nothing closer to the army than the spy; there is nothing more favorable to the rewards in the army than the spy; there is nothing more confidential to the affairs in the army than the spy. People who do not possess extraordinary talents cannot use spies; people who do not regard benevolence as their own principles and do not follow the principles of justice cannot use spies; people who lack subtle and profound conspiracy cannot correctly judge the authenticity of the enemy's situation. Subtle! Subtle! You can't use spies anywhere.
4. Those who hear things before they are released will die. Whenever the army attacks, attacks the city, and kills the people, we must first know the names of the guards, left and right, messengers, doormen, and sects, and let us find out. If you must seek the enemy to interfere with me, you will benefit them and guide them and abandon them. Therefore, you can obtain and use them instead. Because of this, the countryside and internal spies can be obtained and made; because of this, the death spies are a false thing, and the enemy can be told; because of this, the life spies can be done as scheduled. The master must know the things of the five branches, and the knowledge must be based on counter-speech, so counter-speech must not be thick.
[Translation] What the spy wants to accomplish is leaked before it can be fulfilled, and the spy himself and the person he told must be executed. Any enemy I want to attack, the cities I want to capture, the enemies I want to kill, must be aware of the names of their guards, officers, trustees, receptionists, guards, servants, and other relevant personnel, so that our spies must reconnaissance clearly. The spies sent by the enemy to spy on our intelligence must also be searched, and they must be bribed with a lot of money, serve them with gifts, lure them, and then let them go back. In this way, counter-essence can be used for me. Since the counter-essay can be used by me, then the countryside and inner rooms can be used by me; since the counter-essay can be used by me, then the dead can transmit false information to the enemy; when the counter-essay can be used by me, then the life can also repay the enemy's situation at the prescribed time. The king must personally inquire about the above-mentioned "five rooms" matters and understand the use of the "five rooms". The key to understanding and mastering the "five rooms" is counter-essence. Therefore, the counter-espionage must be given preferential treatment.
5. In the past, the rise of Yin was Yizhi in Xia; in the rise of Zhou, the rise of Lu Ya was in Yin. Therefore, only those who are wise and wise generals who can be more wise will achieve great success. This is the key to the army, which is what the three armies rely on and move.
[Translation] In the past, the rise of the Shang Dynasty was because Yi Zhi was in Xia Zhu Tang; the rise of the Western Zhou Dynasty was because Lu Ya was in Yin Zhu Wang Wen. Therefore, a wise monarch and a virtuous general, who can appoint noble and wise people as spies, will surely succeed.This is an important part of military operations. The three armies rely on the intelligence they provide to decide on military operations.
3. (Weapon) method: one is measure, two is measure, three is count, four is praise, and five is victory. The earth produces the measure, the measure produces the quantity, the quantity produces the number, the number produces the title, and the name is the victory. Therefore, the winning army is like weighing a liang with a liang; the defeated army is like weighing a liang with a liang. [Author] The victorious one is to fight against the people. If the water accumulates thousands of feet high, it is the shape.
[Translation] There are five steps to calculate the land and make a trial: one is the "degree" of the land size; two is the "quantity" of the estimated property resources; three is the "number" of the number of soldiers; four is the "degree" of the comparison of the military strength of both sides; five is the "win" of the "win" of the victory or defeat of both sides. Due to the different sizes of land possessed by the enemy and us, the difference in the "quantity" of estimating the amount of property resources between the two sides; and due to the different "quantity", the difference in the "number" of calculating the number of soldiers on both sides; due to the different "number", the difference in the "number" of comparing the strength of the military strength between the two sides; due to the different "number", the difference in the "victory" of determining who is sure to win is. A victorious army is at an absolute advantage over a failed army, just like a "Yi" is called "Zhu", while a failed army is at an absolute disadvantage over a victory. By weighing and comparing the victories, it commands troops to fight, just like breaking up the water accumulated in mountain streams from a cliff, which is the so-called "shape" in military affairs.
"The Art of War" Chapter 5: Military Power
"The Martial Classic" has the word "army" on the "State", and the simple version and "State Notes" in the text do not have the word "army". Therefore, the word "斗" is probably added by later generations. In addition, Sun Xiao changed "日" to "日", and the simple version is the same. According to "日" is the ancient word "日", which is now called "日", and the same is the same in the article. In addition, before "日", the title of "日" in the simple version is still based on the various versions.
"日", the military force is also an objective combat situation caused by deploying troops according to certain combat intentions and mastering the use of combat methods. The previous article talks about strength and weakness, and how to become a "victorious soldier" and make it possible to defeat the enemy; and in order to make this possibility become a realistic, it must also have a strong situation. Therefore, after Sun Tzu talks about "日", he immediately talks about "日". "日" and "日" are two concepts that are both different and related. "日" talks about strength and weakness - Sun Tzu clearly said: "Strength and weakness are shape. "And "momentum" talks about the issue of courage and cowardice--Sun Tzu also said clearly: "Motivation and cowardice are momentum. "The army is strong and brave, how can we not win? The key to solving the problem of courage and cowardice lies in the use of "strange" and "right". Therefore, the grandson said: "The battle is not strange and right." "As long as you can master the techniques of "strange" and "righteousness", and "select people and take the opportunity", and give full play to the subjective and active role of people, it can create a steep and powerful combat situation like "turning a round stone into a mountain with a thousand feet high". With this situation, you can be able to stand out with a high position and become unstoppable, destroying those who encounter it, and breaking those who contain it, and even making the coward brave and the weak strong. However, to create this situation, the following relationship issues need to be solved: 1. The relationship between 'strange" and "righteousness". In general, it is "to match the right and win with strange things", but it is also necessary to understand "the changes of strange and positive things cannot be overcome". 2. The relationship between "power" and "fragrant". "Power" must have "discretion" in order to fully play its role. "The momentum is like a crossbow, and the momentum is like a starting machine", "Those who are good at fighting have a dangerous momentum, but their momentum is short." 3. The relationship between "momentum" and "people". "Trend" is objective. When fighting a war, one should "seek the momentum, not blame others", and even "choose (disclosure) people and take the momentum"; but at the same time, one should give full play to the subjective and active role of people, because "Trend" is caused by people after all, so he emphasized the need to "be good at making surprises" and "be good at mobilizing enemies." When discussing these issues, Sun Tzu showed a very vivid and lively simple dialectical idea. However, his use of "like the ring is unwarranted" to describe the dialectical relationship between "strange" and "right" mutual generation and mutual restraint seems to be a bit simplified, and this also reflects the limitations of his understanding.
1. Sun Tzu said: In terms of governing the masses, it is like governing the few, it is the fraction; fighting the masses, it is like fighting the few, it is the form and name; among the three armies, it can be caused by the enemy without defeat, it is the strange and correct; when the soldiers are added, it is the false and the real.
[Translation] Sun Tzu said: Governing thousands of troops is as simple as governing small troops, because of strict organization and organization; commanding large troops is as easy as commanding small troops, because of effective command; leading the three armies can make them be attacked from all sides without losing, because of clever use of the magical and righteous method; adding troops is like hitting an egg with stones, and invincible in battle, because of good at attacking the virtual with reality.
2. Anyone who fights is in harmony and wins with a strange victory. Therefore, those who are good at being strange are infinite as heaven and earth, and endless as rivers. The end and the beginning are the sun and the moon. Resurrection from the dead is the four seasons. The sound is only five, and the change of the five sounds is beyond recognition. Colors are only five, and the changes of the five colors are invincible. The taste is only five, and the change of the five flavors is invincible. The battle is just a strange and right moment, and the changes of strange and right are invincible. Strange and righteousness are born together, like the endless cycle, who can exhaust it?
[Translation] In general, when fighting with troops, the right soldiers are always used as the enemy and the surprise soldiers are used to win. Therefore, the tactical changes of those who are good at winning by surprise are like the world and all things, and are endless like the water of rivers. The sun and the moon move, day and night; the four seasons change, winter goes, spring comes. The sound is not as good as Gong, Shang, Jiao, Zheng and Yu, but the changes of the five tones are inexhaustible; the colors are not as good as blue, yellow, red, white and black, but the changes of the five tones are inexhaustible; the taste is not as good as sour, sweet, bitter, spicy and salty, but the changes of the five tones are inexhaustible. The battle is just a very positive, but the changes in the strange and positive are endless. The strange and righteous transform each other, like a ring without beginning or end, who can find its terminal?
3. The speed of water that stimulates water is as powerful as drifting stones; the speed of birds of prey [strike], and the broken ones are the secret. Therefore, those who are good at fighting have a dangerous momentum and short momentum; their momentum is like a crossbow and their momentum is like a firearm.
[Translation] The turbulent water flows rapidly, and can even wash away the huge rocks. This is the objective situation where huge energy is stored inside and it cannot be stopped; the eagle swiftly swiftly can even kill birds, which is the rhythm of a sudden attack based on the distance and distance. Therefore, a person who is good at using troops to fight wars has a steep objective force, and the rhythm of his behavior is short. The steep force is like Zhang Man's crossbow, and the short rhythm is like a burst crossbow machine.
4. There are many chaotic things, and there must be no chaos; there must be chaos, and there must be a round shape.
[Translation] There are many flags and people, and we must command the battle in a messy situation to keep the army orderly. The car suddenly moves around, and is confused, making all parties able to cope with it easily and impeccably.
5. Chaos are born from governance, timidity is born from courage, and weak is born from strength. Regulating chaos means number; courage and cowardice means momentum; strength and weakness means form.
[Translation] The surface chaos arises from real integrity; the surface cowardice arises from real courage; the surface weakness arises from real strength. Strictness and chaos are issues in organizational organization; courage and cowardice are issues in military power; strength and weakness are issues in military shape.
6. Therefore, those who are good at moving the enemy will follow it, and the enemy will follow it; if you give it, the enemy will take it. Move it with benefits and wait for the soldiers.
[Translation] Therefore, no matter what kind of military shape a person is shown to the enemy, the enemy will always obey; if he gives the enemy a little profit, the enemy will inevitably come to seize it. Use small profits to lure the enemy, and then use strong soldiers to deal with it.
7. Therefore, those who are good at fighting seek the momentum and do not blame others, so they can choose others and take the momentum. Those who take power are fighting against others, such as turning wood and stone. The nature of wood and stone is quiet when it is safe, moving when it is dangerous, stop when it is square, and move when it is round. Therefore, it is good at fighting against people's momentum, just like turning a round stone into a mountain thousands of feet high, which is its momentum.
[Translation] People who are good at commanding operations always expect to win by creating favorable situations, rather than demanding from their subordinates. Therefore, he can ignore the subjective factors of people and rely on the full play of the role of military force. To control the troops and command the troops to fight, it is like turning wood and stone. The characteristics of wood and stone are: if placed in a stable and flat place, it will stop, and if placed in a high and steep place, it will roll; if placed in a square place, it will stop, and if placed in a round place, it will roll. Therefore, being good at commanding the situation caused by military operations is like rolling a rock down from a mountain, which is the so-called "power".
"The Art of War" Chapter 6: Virtual and Real
This chapter is titled, each of which is "Virtual and Real", but the simple version is "Real and Virtual". Note: It has become a habit to call "fiction and real", and the previous article "is that the egg throwing is the deficiency and real", that is, it is said that "fiction and real" but not "fiction and virtual", so it is still there.
This article discusses the use of "virtual" and "real" and the acquisition and maintenance of initiative. Military 'empt' refers to weak, scattered and unprepared troops, while 'real' refers to strong, concentrated and well-prepared troops. Handling the relationship between the two is very related to the seizure and maintenance of the initiative in the war, and the seizure and maintenance of the initiative is the basic guarantee for victory in the war. Sun Tzu pointed out: If you have this initiative, you can "attack and take action, defend and firmly", "upward and not defend, and not retreat and not pursue", and you can "be the enemy's life." As for how to seize and maintain this initiative, he also proposed universal guiding strategic principles such as "avoiding the real and attacking the virtual", "winning due to the form", "attacking one with ten attacks", and "winning due to changes in the enemy". To do all this, we need to fully and accurately understand the enemy situation. We must not only know the place of war and the day of war, but also take positive measures such as "strategy", "making", "shape", and "corners" to master the "profits and losses", "the principles of movement and stillness", "the place of life and death" and "there are excess and shortcomings". In short, we must give full play to the subjective and active role of people to achieve the above points, so that "win" can not only be known, but also can be done. The argument that Sun Tzu put forward in "The Legend of Shape" is "knowable but not possible" is also important here, thus making his simple military dialectical thoughts extremely lively and vivid.
1. Sun Tzu said: Those who are in the battlefield first and wait for the enemy will be idle, and those who are in the battlefield later and seek to fight will be hard. Therefore, those who are good at fighting will lead to others but not to others.
[Translation] Sun Tzu said: Anyone who first arrives at the battle site and waits for the enemy to arrive will take the initiative to be at ease; those who arrive at the battlefield and respond hastily will be passively exhausted. Therefore, people who are good at commanding war always mobilize the enemy without being mobilized by the enemy.
2. Those who can make the enemy come from their own will benefit; those who can make the enemy fail to reach their own will harm them. Therefore, if the enemy is free and can work hard, and if he is full and hungry, how can he move? If he goes out of his place, he will definitely go to. (Try to what you don’t expect).
[Translation] What can make the enemy automatically come to my preset location is the result of me luring it with small profits; what can make the enemy not get my preset location is the result of me making it feel harmful. Therefore, if the enemy is well rested and relaxed, I will try to bother and disturb him and make him tired; if the enemy is rich in food and grass, I will try to make him hungry and trap him; if the enemy is stable and stable, I will pick and disturb him and make him unable to be at peace. The reason why I can do this is because the place where I attack is where the enemy will inevitably go to rescue.
3. Those who travel thousands of miles without working hard will walk in a land where no one is. If you attack and must take it, you will attack what you do not defend. If you defend and must be firm, you should protect your position (not) and attack. Therefore, if a good attacker is not aware of what the enemy is defending; if a good defender is not aware of what the enemy is attacking. It is as small as invisible as invisible as it is magical as it is silent as it is silent, so it can be the enemy's life.
[Translation] The army travels thousands of miles without being beaten, because it is marching in a place where the enemy has no defenses. Attacking will inevitably win because attacking the enemy is negligent in defense. The defense must be firm, because the defense is where the enemy must attack. Therefore, a person who is good at attack can make the enemy not know how to defend; a person who is good at defense can make the enemy not know how to attack. It's so subtle, so subtle that it can't see the traces; it's so mysterious that it can't hear the sound. Because of this, we can become the master of the enemy's destiny.
4. Those who go further and cannot control are rushing to their empty situations; those who go back and cannot pursue are fast and cannot reach. Therefore, if I want to fight, even if the enemy is high and deep, if I have to fight with me, I will rescue you when I attack you. If I don’t want to fight, I will guard you when I draw the ground. If the enemy is not able to fight with me, I will ignore the situation.
[Translation] The attack that prevents the enemy from resisting is due to the impact of its sluggish and unpreparedness; the initiative to evacuate makes the enemy unable to pursue it is due to the rapid action that prevents it from catching up. Therefore, if I want to fight to the decisive battle, even if the enemy is high and deep, he will have to come out to fight to the decisive battle with me, because the attack must go to the rescue place; I don’t want to fight, and even if I defend myself, the enemy will not be able to fight to the enemy, because my actions are exactly the opposite of the enemy’s intentions.
5. Therefore, when I am invisible, I will be loyal and the enemy will be divided. I am dedicated to one, and the enemy is divided into ten. Therefore, if ten attack one, we will have many enemies and few enemies; if we can use many to attack the few, then what we are fighting with will be agreed upon. If the place where I fight is unknown, if I don’t know, then there are many people who have prepared; if the enemy has prepared many people, then there are few people who have fought with me. Therefore, if you prepare for the front, you will have fewer behind, if you prepare for the back, if you prepare for the left, you will have fewer on the right, if you prepare for the right, you will have fewer on the left, you will have fewer on everything, and you will have fewer on everything. A few people are to prepare others; a lot of people are to prepare others for themselves.
[Translation] Therefore, the false form is shown in the enemy, and the true form of ours is hidden and not exposed. In this way, our troops can be concentrated together, and the enemy's troops are scattered everywhere. In this way, ten times the troops can attack the enemy, thus forming a favorable situation where our enemies are few. Since I have tried to fight against the weak, it will be difficult for the enemies fighting against me to make a difference. Where I fight with the enemy, the enemy should not know in advance; if the enemy does not know, there will be more places to be prepared; if there are more places to be prepared, there will be fewer enemies to fight with me. Therefore, beware of the front, the back is weak; beware of the back, the front is weak; beware of the left, the right is weak; beware of the right, the left is weak; beware of the right, the left is weak; beware of the right, the left is weak; beware of the right, the left is weak; beware of the right, the left is weak. The reason why I am weak is that I disperse my troops due to guarding against the enemy; the reason why I appear to be numerous is that I force the enemy to divide my troops and prepare for me.
6. Therefore, if you know the place of battle and the day of battle, you can fight thousands of miles; if you don’t know the battlefield and the day of battle, you can’t save the right, the right cannot save the left, the front cannot save the back, and the back cannot save the front, and the back cannot save the front, and even if you are far away, you can fight thousands of miles?
[Translation] Therefore, if you know the place of battle and the date of battle, you can fight thousands of miles away from the enemy; but if you don’t know the place of battle and the date of battle in advance, then the left wing cannot rescue the right wing, and the right wing cannot rescue the left wing; the vanguard cannot rescue the defender, and the defender cannot rescue the vanguard, and the closer wing is still like this, let alone the distance dozens of miles!
7. If you use me to save it, even if there are many soldiers from Yue, why is it beneficial to victory (defeat)? Therefore, it is said: Victory can be done, even if the enemy is numerous, you can make no fight.
[Translation] According to my analysis, although there are many soldiers in Yue, how can we make up for the victory or defeat of the war? Therefore, victory can be won. Although the enemy has a large number of troops, it can also make it dispersed and unable to fight with me.
8. Therefore, we can know the plan of gains and losses, (make) [日] to know the principle of movement and stillness, we can understand the place of life and death, and we can know the place of excess and shortcomings.
[Translation] Therefore, through planning and planning, we can understand the gains and losses of the enemy's combat plan; through spies, we can grasp the enemy's activities; by showing the military shape, we can observe the enemy's virtuality, reality and precautions; by making tentative contact with the enemy, we can understand the strength of the enemy's military strength.
9. Therefore, the extreme of the form of war is invisible. Invisible, it cannot be seen from deep, and the wise cannot plan. Because of the physical condition, the public will be better than the public, and they will not know it. Everyone knows the form of victory that I win, but no one knows the form of victory that I win. Therefore, its victory will never be restored, but it should be reflected in infinite.
[Translation] Therefore, when it comes to the extreme of the enemy, the true form of our army can be completely hidden without revealing any trace; since it is hidden but not revealed, then even the spy lurking deeply cannot see the depth of our army, and even the most talented person is helpless. Since the principle of illustration is flexibly used to win according to specific circumstances, even if this victory is placed in front of everyone, everyone does not know the mystery. People can see the fact that our army defeated the enemy, but they don’t know what the reason why our army defeated the enemy is. Therefore, don’t repeat the old tactics after winning a battle. You should adopt different tactics according to different situations and respond endlessly.
10. The soldier looks like water. The water is (form) [moving] avoids high and goes downward. The soldier is (form) [winning] and avoids solid and attacks the void. Water is controlled by the land. The soldier is won by the enemy. Therefore, if a soldier has no constant force and no constant shape, and if he can win due to the changes of the enemy, he is called a god. Therefore, the "five elements" have no permanent victory, the "four seasons" have no permanent position, the sun has short and long, and the moon has life and death.
[Translation] The mastery and application of military shape is like the flow of water. The flow of water is to avoid high places and flow to low places; the victory of war is to avoid the enemy's firm fortifications and attack its weak points.Water determines its flow direction based on the height of the terrain, and using troops to fight is to determine different winning strategies based on different enemy situations. Therefore, when using troops to fight, there is neither a constant battlefield situation nor a certain combat method. Only those who can win according to changes in the enemy situation can be called using troops as gods. The 'Five Elements' are mutually generated and restrained, and no fixed one is the winner; the 'Four Seasons' are metabolic, and no fixed one is unchanged. The day is long and short, while the moon is round and short.
"The Art of War" Chapter 7: Military Battle
This chapter is no different from the titles, but Sakurada Moon's "military battle" only makes a "fight". Li Quan and Wang also only mentioned the word "competition", which is the old book "Sun Tzu". The Chinese simplified Chinese slogans have the word "jun□", which should be the title of this chapter (but before "Shixu"). Zhang Yu's note also clearly stated: 'Those who make a name for military struggle mean that the two armies compete for profit. 'It is said: 'You know the truth and reality of me, and then you can compete with others for victory, so the next "Virtuality" is "Virtuality".' Therefore, you still write "Military War" based on the original, and follow the original order after "Virtuality".
This article mainly discusses the general rules of fighting against the enemy for the conditions of winning or the advantages of the preemptive opportunity to grasp the initiative in the war, namely the so-called "constant law".1. The grandson first requires a comprehensive understanding of the "profit" and "danger" of military struggle from an ideological perspective, and be good at "taking danger as profit" and "taking roundaboutness as directness", rather than one-sided pursuit of "profit"; otherwise, it may go to the opposite side, either "sweeping the three generals" or "sweeping the generals".2. You must observe the relevant situation, such as the plans of the princes, mountains, forests, dangers, and the shape of the siege. 3. We must adhere to the principle of "soldiers are established by deceit", "move in profit, and change in division and combination", and "move in power". 4. There must be clear requirements for offense, defense, advance and retreat. 5. We must unify commands and commands so that the brave will not advance alone, and the timid will not retreat alone. 6. We must do a good job in the four treatments, namely, 'curing the qi', 'curing the heart', 'curing strength' and 'curing changes'. The above points contain different degrees of simple dialectical ideological factors, thus putting forward some valuable combat principles, such as "avoiding their spirits and attacking their laziness", etc.; but some of them seem to be absolute, such as "Don't stop returning to the army", "The encirclement of the army must be missing" and "Don't force the enemy to be forced", etc.
1. Sun Tzu said: All methods of using troops: generals receive orders from the king, gather troops together, and share peace and abandonment. Nothing is difficult to fight against the army. For military struggles, the difficulty of military struggle is to take the circumspect as direct, and the risk is to benefit. Therefore, if you walk around the path and lure them to benefit, later generations will come and your ancestors will arrive. This is the one who knows the plan of straightforwardness.
[Translation] Sun Tzu said: Generally speaking, the general rule of using troops to fight is: from the general that the general accepts the orders of the king, and by soliciting the people to organize the army to confront the enemy, there is nothing more difficult than fighting for the advantage of the enemy and taking the initiative in the war. The reason why it is difficult to compete for the advantage of the opportunity is to change the distance to the near and the directness and turn the disadvantage into the advantage. Therefore, we must adopt a seemingly circumsential march route to confuse the enemy and use small profits to lure the enemy. In this way, even if you set out after the enemy, you can reach the battlefield earlier than the enemy. This is how to master the strategic principles of turning circumcision into directness.
2. Therefore, the struggle between the army is profitable, and the struggle between the army is dangerous. If you raise an army and compete for profit, you will not be able to do it; if you entrust the army and compete for profit, you will donate supplies. Therefore, if you roll your armor and go, you will not be together day and night, and you will walk twice the way and compete for profit for a hundred miles, you will capture the three generals. The strong ones will first, and the tired ones will come later. The method will arrive eleven; if you compete for profit for a fifty miles, you will fall down the general, and the method will arrive halfway; if you compete for profit for a hundred miles, you will arrive two-thirds. Therefore, if the army has no baggage, it will be destroyed, if there is no food, it will be destroyed, and if there is no accumulation, it will be destroyed.
[Translation] Therefore, the favorable side of military struggle is also a harmful side. If the entire army is driven and all the materials and equipment are brought to fight against the enemy for profit, then they will inevitably be burdened with the baggage, slow to move, and unable to get it. However, if you abandon your own, advance alone, and compete with the enemy for profit, your baggage will be plundered and suffer losses. Therefore, if you collect armor and sticks, and quickly promote the army, and double the journey day and night, run a hundred miles, and compete for profit with the enemy, it will cause the commanders of the three armies to be captured at the same time, and the strong will lead the weak and fall behind. Generally, only one-tenth of the people will arrive; if the army is driven fifty miles to compete for profit with the enemy, the former army will suffer setbacks, and usually only half of the people can arrive; even if the enemy is fought for profit with the enemy for profit with the enemy for profit with the enemy for profit with the enemy for profit with the enemy for profit with the enemy for profit with the enemy for profit by thirty miles, only two-thirds of the people will arrive. Therefore, the army cannot survive without supplies and equipment, and cannot survive without food and fodder supply, and cannot survive without material reserves.
3. Therefore, those who do not know the plans of the princes cannot be in a relationship; those who do not know the shape of mountains, forests, dangerous obstacles, or depressed zodiac signs cannot be marched; those who do not need guidance cannot be gained advantage in the territory.
[Translation] Therefore, if you do not understand the strategic intentions of the princes of the various countries, you cannot make friends with them; if you are not familiar with the geographical conditions of mountains, forests, obstacles, and swamps, you cannot march; if you do not need a guide, you cannot gain the benefits of the terrain.
4. Therefore, soldiers are established by deceit, to make moves, and to divide and combine into changes. Therefore, it is as fast as the wind, as it is as slow as the forest, as it invades like fire, as it does not move as the mountain, as it is difficult to know as the yin, as it moves like thunder. The countryside is divided into the public, the land is divided into profits, and the power is suspended. The prophet who is in a straightforward plan wins is the method of military struggle.
[Translation] Therefore, the use of military forces is based on deceiving power as its strategic basis, whether it is beneficial is the principle of action, and flexibly grasping the principle of dispersed or concentrated force based on changes in specific situations. Therefore, its movements are as fast as the wind; and its movements are as smooth as the wind, and its stern procession is as strong as the forest; its invasion and robbery are as fierce as the fire, which cannot be stopped; and its garrison is as solid as the mountains, which cannot be shaken. Its deep and dense shape is like a haze and confusing appearance, and it is impossible to distinguish the image of the sky; while driving troops to join forces is like the power of thunder, and those who touch it will break. To plunder the countryside, we must divide the tribes; and to open up the land and expand the territory, we must divide the troops to guard it. In short, you must weigh the pros and cons and then take corresponding actions. Those who know in advance how to correctly use strategies that turn far-reaching into straightforwardness can win. This is the principle that military struggle should follow.
5. "Military and Political Affairs" says: "If you don't hear each other, you are a golden drum; if you don't see each other, you are a flag." [Therefore, there are many (fire) and gold drums at night, and many flags at day.] The golden drums, flags and flags are the ears and eyes of the people. (People) [People] Since they are single-minded, the brave will not advance alone, and the timid will not retreat alone. This is the method of using the masses. (Therefore, there are many fire drums at night, and many flags at day, so it becomes the ears and eyes of people).
[Translation] "Military and Political" says: In combat, the command is inaudible, so the golden drum is set; when the command is inaudible, the command is inaudible, so the flag is set. Gold drums are used more when fighting at night, and flags are used more when fighting at day. The setting of golden drums and flags is to unify the command of the entire army and facilitate command. All the troops can obey orders and commands in a unified manner. Then, brave people cannot advance alone, and cowardly people cannot retreat alone. This is the general principle of the command center's combat.
6. Therefore, the three armies can take away their spirits, and the general can take away their hearts. Therefore, the vigor is sharp, the day is lazy, and the evening is returned. Therefore, those who are good at using troops should avoid their sharp energy and attack their lazy return. This is the one who treats qi. To treat chaos with governance and to wait for uproar with peace of mind, this is to treat the mind. Wait for the near and far, wait for the effort with leisure, and wait for the hunger with fullness. This is the way to cure strength. If you don’t invite the upright flag, do not attack the dignified Chen. This is the reason for the change.
[Translation] The aura of the army can make it weak, and the will and determination of the general can also make it shaken. The army first fought, its morale was strong, and then it was slack, and finally it was exhausted. Therefore, those who are good at using troops to fight always avoid the enemy's aura when they first arrive and wait for their morale to be lazy and exhausted before attacking. This is a general rule for mastering changes in military morale. Using our rectification to treat the chaos of the enemy and using our calmness and calmness to treat the noise of the enemy is the general rule of mastering the psychological changes of the army. Treat the enemy's distantness with my closeness, treat the enemy's running and hard work with my leisure and comfort, and treat the enemy's hunger with my full food. This is the general rule of mastering the combat effectiveness of the army. Don’t intercept enemies with a well-equipped and deployed Zhou Yan, and don’t attack enemies with grand formations and strong strength. This is the general rule for mastering adaptive strategies.
7. Therefore, the method of using troops: do not face the high tomb, do not rebel against the hill, do not follow the north, do not attack the fierce soldiers, do not eat the bait soldiers, do not stop the return troops, must be surrounded by troops, do not force the enemy, do not force the enemy to be defeated, do not force the enemy to be defeated. This is the method of using troops.
[Translation] Therefore, the general rules for using troops to fight are: if the enemy is on the mountain, be careful not to attack; if the enemy is leaning against the hills, do not fight; if the enemy pretends to retreat, do not pursue; if the enemy is strong, do not attack; if the enemy uses profit, do not be greedy; if the enemy returns to the country, do not block and intercept; if the enemy surrounds the enemy, you need to leave a gap; if the enemy falls into a desperate situation, do not force it too much. These are the general rules for using troops.
"The Art of War" Chapter 8: Nine Changes
This chapter title, each of the "Ten Family Notes" and "Martial Classics" has "Nine Changes", and the following text is "Do not know the art of nine changes in military governance" under Cao's note: "Nine Changes, one clouds, five changes. 'The quotation of "Yu Lan" Volume 272 is also written as "Five Changes". The King of Qing Dynasty said that the "Jiu Notes" is the mistake of "Nine Changes" and the "Five Changes". Deng Tingluo's "Collected Notes" changed again to "Nine Changes". Note: The five changes in Cao's note are related to the five "differences", that is, the five sentences of "way", "army", "city", "district", and "jun", so as Jia's note says: "The five changes are also among the nine changes. 'It is the nine changes and the five changes' that are not two things, and each school calls it the nine changes, but there is no such thing as the five changes or the military changes. Therefore, there should be no doubt about this claim, and it is still there today. As for explanations, there have been many. Zhang's note uses "nine changes" to refer to "nine changes", while Zhao Benxue "Xiaoxue" says: "Nine changes are in the back, nine changes are in the first place. If you see the former, you may give it a general summary to the latter. How can you see the latter and give it a general summary to the first place? And there is something that cannot be done with the way, and there is something that is not connected to the "nine changes", and it is not all based on the local words. Therefore, it seems that the "nine changes" refer only to the changes of the nine earths, which seems to be doubtful. Li Ling's "Faiwei" states that this article was separated from the "Nine Earths", so the "Nine Changes" refer to the changes in the "Nine Earths" of the article, such as "scatter", "light", "competition", "interaction", "travel", "heavy", "destruction", "invasion", "death", etc. Looking at "Book of the Later Han Dynasty, Wenyuanxia·Biography of Gao Biao", "There are nine changes in the land" Li Xian's note: "The Nine Changes" of Sun Tzu says: There are scattered lands, and there are light lands..., "scattered" and "light" are the texts of the "Nine Changes", and the title of the article is "Nine Changes", which is the "Nine Changes" that seems to be the "Nine Changes". However, it is difficult to make a conclusion if there is no confirmation. Save it. Cao's note says: "Change the right one and get the nine used," and use "nine" as the real number that refers to nine. However, the article lists ten items, not nine items, not nine items, so Jia Lin, He and Zhang Yu, and other families say that the king's order is obviously different from this, so it should be gone without counting, and so it is true that the number of nine is exactly the same. Note: This statement is also absent. The king's note said: 'Nine is the ultimate number. The method of using troops should be extremely changeable. 'Note: The king's note is good. This "nine" immediately mentioned above, "nine" of "nine heavens" and "nine earth", which is a metaphor for the extreme, and does not refer to the number of nine; since it does not refer to the actual number, the changes of the "nine earth" and the "five changes" are also included. In this way, the 'Nine Changes' means that the so-called mastery and application of combat methods and strategic principles should be highly flexible and maneuverable according to the specific situation.
This article first emphasizes the importance of understanding the "nine changes", pointing out that only understanding the "nine changes" can one be considered "knowing to use troops". To achieve this, the most important thing is to consider the problem from the relationship between the positive and negative sides of things, that is, the so-called "the wise man's concerns must be mixed with interests", and use the principle of "profit" as the criterion and flexibly apply the principle of combat. Here, the five "will be unruly" mentioned by the grandson (i.e., "there is something that cannot be controlled by the way, the army does not attack, the city does not attack, the land does not fight, and the king's orders do not bear it) and the five "dangers" (i.e., "death," "resistance", "integrity" and "love the people") all contain vivid and lively simple and dialectical ideological factors. As for the argument that grandson put forward, "I can't rely on my own to come, I can't rely on my own to wait; I can't rely on my own to attack, I can't rely on my own to attack," even today, it still has reference value.
1. Sun Tzu said: All methods of using troops: generals are ordered to join the army and gather people, and there is no place to destroy the land, and there is no place to join the land. There is no place to stay. If there is no plan to surround the land, and if there is a death land, there is a battle.
[Translation] Sun Tzu said: Generally speaking, the general rule of using troops to fight is: the general accepts the mission from the monarch, collects people and forms an army, (in marching and fighting) If there is a destruction and difficult land, be careful not to station; if there is a well-connected road, pay attention to making friends with neighboring countries; if there is a dangerous environment and difficult survival, do not stay; if there is a surround where there is a difficult situation, you need to design and avoid difficulties; if there is a desperate land, you need to fight hard to survive in death.
2. [The way] There is something uncontrollable, the army does not attack, the city does not attack, the land does not fight, and the king does not accept the orders.
[Translation] Some roads can be ignored, some enemy troops can be ignored, some cities can be blocked, and some land can be fought against, and the orders of the king do not have to be followed in every order.
3. Therefore, those who are in the nine changes know how to use troops; those who are in the nine changes know how to use the troops; those who are in the nine changes know how to use the terrain cannot obtain the benefits of the land.If you don’t know the skills of nine changes in military affairs, even if you know the five benefits, you will not be able to use them.
[Translation] Therefore, if a general can master the use of the above various adaptive strategies and the disadvantages it arises, he will know how to use troops. If the generals are not proficient in the use of these strategies and the adverse consequences, even if they understand the terrain, they will not be able to fully play the favorable role of geographical conditions. When using troops to fight, if you do not know how to use the above various response strategies, even though you also know the benefits of these five "what is wrong", you cannot fully exert your subjective and active role.
4. Therefore, the wise must be mixed with benefits and disadvantages. It is mixed with benefits, and it is trustworthy; it is mixed with harm, and it is difficult to resolve troubles.
[Translation] Therefore, when wise people think about problems, they must take into account both profit and harm. Only by fully considering the profit side can the career you are engaged in will be successfully completed, and only by fully considering the harm can the disaster be eliminated in advance.
5. Therefore, those who betray the princes are harmed, those who are responsible for their careers, and those who seek the princes are profits.
[Translation] Therefore, we must use things that are unfavorable to the enemy to hurt it and make it difficult; use some small things to drive and mobilize it so that it can be dealt with frequently; use small profits to lure it and make it tired of running around.
6. Therefore, the method of using troops: if you don’t rely on your own, you will not come, you will rely on your own, you will need to wait; if you don’t rely on your own, you will need to rely on your own, you will need to attack.
[Translation] Therefore, the general rule of using troops to fight is: don’t be lucky to expect the enemy not to attack me, but rely on your full preparation to deal with the enemy at any time; don’t be lucky to expect the enemy not to attack me, but rely on your strong strength to prevent the enemy from attacking me.
7. Therefore, there are five dangers: death is a way to kill; life is a way to be captured; anger is a way to be insulted; honest is a way to be humiliated; love the people is a way to be disturbed. All these five are the fault of generals and the disaster of using troops. When an army is overthrown and killing a general, you must be in danger of five dangers and must be observed.
[Translation] Generals have five fatal weaknesses: if you only know how to fight hard, you will be at risk of being killed; if you are greedy for life and fear of death, you will be at risk of being captured; if you are angry and impatient, you will be at risk of being insulted; if you are honest and self-righteous, you will be at risk of being insulted; if you are benevolent and loving the people, you will be at risk of being disturbed. The above five points are the general's fault and the disaster of using troops. The defeat of the army and the killing of the generals are caused by the above-mentioned "five dangers" and must be fully paid attention to.
"The Art of War" Chapter 9: March
This chapter is no different from the titles of the article, but according to the simple chapter, the title of "Walking□" is before "Military Contend" and "State and Void". It is still in the order of the books today. Zhang's note: 'If you know the changes in the nine places, you can choose profits and march, so the next step is "Nine Changes". "March", "Xiaoshi" read "Zhang" as "Hang", referring to the ranks and formations, and interpreting the "army" as a garrison, which is slightly different from other families. Wang’s note said: “Marching should be based on the ground and observe the enemy’s situation.” '
This article mainly discusses the problems of marching camps ('hands in the army') and observing and judging the enemy situation ('either enemy') during the battle process. The more than thirty methods listed for "evil enemy" can all be regarded as a summary of practical experience. Although these are of little practical value to us, some principles such as "the army is not beneficial, but there is no martial progress", "those who are easy to be enemies without worries will be captured by others", and the simple dialectical idea of not being confused by superficial phenomena, but looking at the essence through phenomena, are still of reference. In addition, Sun Tzu also talked about the issue of "searching people", proposed the principle of "combining them with literature and using martial arts" to use both literature and martial arts, and advocated "get along with others". This idea was also rare at that time.
1. Sun Tzu said: In any place, the enemy is: the mountain is separated by the valley, the place of birth is high, and the battle is high, and there is no climbing. This is the army of the mountain. If you stop water, you must stay away from water. When a guest comes, do not welcome it in the water. If you ask half of it to attack it, it will be beneficial. If you want to fight, you will not be attached to the water and welcome the guests. If you see that the place of birth is high, there will be no water flow. This is the army on the water here. If you stop siege, you can go there and leave without leaving. If you join the army in the siege, you must follow the water and plants and carry all the trees. Here is the army that siege. Pinglu is easy to place and the right back is high, and the front is dead and the next life is alive. This is the army of Pinglu. All the benefits of these four armies are Huangdi . The reason why the four emperors defeated them.
[Translation] Sun Tzu said: "In general, the settlement of the army and the observation and judgment of the enemy situation have the following principles: through the mountains, you must rely on the valley, face the south and face the sun, and live in a high place, and do not attack the enemy with a high place. This is the general principle of the army in the mountains. When crossing rivers, you must stay far away from the water; if the enemy wades in the water, do not fight in the water, but wait until they cross about halfway before attacking, which is more advantageous; if you want to fight with the enemy, do not stand by the water to avoid being passive; be in a high position and face the sun; do not sit downstream and face the water flow. This is the general method and principle of staying in the military in rivers, lakes and lakes. Through the saline-alkali pond swamp, you must leave quickly and not stay; if you encounter an enemy here, you must live by aquatic plants and backing trees. This is the general principle of using troops in the saline-alkali pond swamp. In open plains, you must also choose a place without any hindrance and sinking, and rely on the main flanks to the high ground, with the low front and high back. This is the general principle of military service in the plains. Mastering the above four principles of military control and giving full play to their role is the reason why Huangdi defeated the surrounding tribal chiefs.
2. Any army likes high and hates lower, Guiyang and despise yin, and maintains health and maintains practical life. The army does not have all diseases, which is called victory. When you are on a hilly dike, you must be on the yang and back on it with your right side. This is the advantage of the army and the assistance of the land.
[Translation] Generally speaking, garrison always likes dry highlands, rather than wet depressions; attach importance to sunny places, and avoid dark places; live beside water plants to rest in order to rest in people, and stay in a high position to ensure the supply of military supplies. In this way, if the epidemic occurs in the military, there will be guaranteed to win. If you encounter a hilly embankment, you must rely on the sunny side of the south and lean on it. The reason why the military is beneficial to the army according to the above principles is that it can give full play to the auxiliary role of geographical conditions.
3. When the rain comes, water foam comes. If you want to walk, wait for it to settle.
[Translation] It rains upstream and water foam flows. If you want to wading, you need to wait until the water level stabilizes.
4. (All earths have) The streams, the temples, the heavenly prisons, the heavenly lurks, the heavenly traps, and the heavenly gaps must be removed quickly and do not approach them. I stay away from him and the enemy approaches him; I welcome him and the enemy is behind him.
[Translation] Generally, you must leave as soon as possible and do not approach the six gaps of the lands of "Tianjian", "Taijing", "Tianzhu", "Tianluo", "Tiansan", and "Tianjie". Our army must stay away from it and let the enemy approach it; our army must face it and let the enemy back on it.
5. If there are dangerous obstacles, wells, reeds, mountains and forests, and hiding, you must carefully check them out. This is where the traitor is located.
[Translation] If there are dangerous mountains and waters, swaying pits, swamps, reeds, dense forests, and cages of grass and trees near the garrison, you must conduct a serious and comprehensive search, because these are all places where enemy spies are hidden.
6. Those who are close and quiet are relying on their dangers; those who are far and challenging are wanting to advance; those who are living in (the Easy) [the Easy] are profitable.
[Translation] The enemy is approaching and quiet, because it has dangers to rely on; what is challenged far away from our army is trying to lure me forward; if it does not take risks but camps on flat ground, there must be some advantages.
7. Those who move trees come; those who are many grasses are obstructed are doubtful; those who rise birds are hidden; those who are frightened are overturned.
[Translation] The shaking of trees is the enemy who cuts the way and attacks in secret; there are many obstacles in the grass, which is the enemy's suspicion of soldiers; the birds are frightened, which is the ambush below; the wild beasts are fleeing, which is the enemy who is coming to raid on a large scale.
8. Those who are high and sharp dust come, the car comes; those who are humble and broad come, the only ones come; those who are scattered and well-organized are (the woodcutter) [the firewood comes]; those who are small and come and go, the camp and army are.
[Translation] The dust is high and sharp and straight, and it is the enemy's chariot running; it is low and vast, and it is the enemy's infantry coming; it is evacuated and streaked, and it is the enemy's walking in a firewood, pretending to be cheating; it is rare and moving back and forth, and it is the enemy's camp with light troops.
9. Those who speak humbly and become more prepared are advancing; those who speak strongly and advance and drive away are retreating.
[Translation] The wording is humble, but strengthening combat readiness is the enemy preparing for an attack; the wording is tough and has an offensive posture is to prepare for a retreat.
10. A light chariot comes out first, and the person who is on the side is a custody; those who ask for peace without any agreement are a plan; those who run and hold military chariots are a custody; those who are half advancing and half retreating are a temptation.
[Translation] The light chariots are first, and those deployed on both wings are placing their formations; the enemy has not yet been frustrated, but they come to ask for peace, and the enemy is placing their conspiracy; the enemy is running quickly and the chariots are looking forward to a decisive battle with me; those who want to advance but not advance and do not retreat are tempting me to take the bait.
11. Those who stand with a stick are hungry; those who draw (and) [work] drink first are thirsty; those who see profit but do not advance are tired.
[Translation] The enemy's soldiers stand on their arms and stand on their staff, which is a manifestation of hunger; the soldiers who draw water and drink first are a manifestation of thirst; the enemy fails to seize it when they see benefits, which is a manifestation of fatigue.
12. Birds gather, which is empty; those who call at night are afraid; those who disturb the army are not heavy; those who move flags are chaos; those who are angry are tired; those who kill horses and eat meat are not food; those who do not hang back to their house are in poverty.
[Translation] The magpies gather in groups, and there will be no enemies below; the screams at night are manifestations of fear and anxiety; the disturbance of soldiers themselves is manifestations of generals and commanders; the uneven flags are shaken, which is manifestations of the confusion of military discipline; the anger of military officials is manifestations of the exhaustion of the army; killing horses and eating is manifestations of the lack of food in the army; drinking utensils are suspended, and the army does not return to the curtain and exposes the wild stay. This is the desperate enemy who is planning to fight to the death.
13. Those who are earnest and quick to say "enter" are losing the crowd; those who are rewarded are embarrassed; those who are punished are trapped; those who are violent first and then afraid of the crowd are the ultimate in their innocence.
[Translation] It is unpopular to talk in a nagging and whispering manner. Frequent rewards are in a difficult situation. It is impossible to punish every time. If you first start to be violent and then be afraid of your subordinates, that is the least shrewd.
14. Those who come to express their gratitude want to rest. The soldiers are angry and greet each other, but they are not in harmony for a long time and are not separated. You must observe them carefully.
[Translation] The enemy sent an envoy to come and say goodbye, because he wanted to quit the army and stop the war. If the enemy comes in anger and doesn't fight with me for a long time, and does not retreat, you must carefully observe its behavior.
15. The army is not (it is too much) [it is too much], but there is no martial advancement, which is enough to work together, predict the enemy, and capture people; those who are vulnerable to the enemy will be captured by others.
[Translation] The more soldiers there are, the better. As long as you are not strong and advance lightly, you can concentrate your troops, determine the enemy's situation and gain the trust and support of your subordinates; only those who are mindless and underestimate the enemy must be captured by the enemy.
16. If the soldiers are not personally punished, they will not accept it. If they are not personally punished, they will be difficult to use it; if the soldiers are not personally punished, they will not be used. Therefore, (order) [combined] it with literature and martial arts, which is called a must-have. If you order to teach the people, the people will obey; if you order to teach the people, the people will not obey. If you order to teach the people, the people will not obey. Let the simple mover get along with others.
[Translation] Before the soldiers were close to each other, they were punished and punished severely. Then, they will not be convinced; if they are not convinced, it will be difficult to use for combat. The soldiers have already been close to each other, but if they still do not practice military laws and regulations, they cannot be used to fight. Therefore, we should strengthen ideological and political work with kindness and benevolence to make them please, and at the same time, we should use punishment and power to rectify the behavior of the ministries and make them unite. In this way, you will surely gain the love and awe of the disciples. If the decree can be implemented in normal circumstances, in this case, the command center will obey; if the decree cannot be implemented in normal circumstances, in this case, the command center will not obey. Only by implementing military discipline and laws well can we live in harmony with the ministries and gain their support and support.
"The Art of War" Chapter 10: Topography
The titles of this chapter are no different. The simplified version of the simplified version is written in the wooden slip before the next chapter "Nine Di", and the title of this article is immediately seen, but there is no clone text, and there is another lost article in "Di Zhen II". In addition, Huang Bangyan's "Collected Notes" made "terrain" "terrain", which was wrong. Zhang's note says: "The army crosses the border, and examines the terrain and becomes victorious, so the next "March". "Only, the terrain mentioned in this article refers to the geographical situation where the enemy and us are located, so it is different from the purely natural geographical conditions such as "Taojing" and "Tiansan Sill" mentioned in the previous "March".
The first list of the name of the "Six Places" and its method of handling it, pointing out: 'Terrain is the help of soldiers. ''It is the way of the general to predict that the enemy will win, and the plan will be dangerous and easy to get far and near. 'The grandson also warned: This is, the most important task of the general must be observed.'However, the failure of the war is not all due to unfavorable objective geographical conditions, but may also be due to the general's fault in subjective guidance. Therefore, grandson proposed the saying of "six defeats". He not only demands that he "know the enemy and know himself", but also that he also requires that he knows the earth and the sky". In his opinion, he can ignore the monarchs who do not know the situation of the war, but do not know the way of the war, but order "must fight" or "no war". At the same time, he also asked the generals to "advance without seeking fame, and retreat without avoiding crime", "only the people are the protection", and to "respecting soldiers as babies" and "respecting soldiers as beloved sons". These ideas and views are valuable. Of course, under the rule of the exploiting class, officers and soldiers are in an opposing position, and the so-called love such as "like babies" and "like beloved son" actually does not exist. These things are just to make the soldiers go deep into the interests of the exploiting class and die with them.
1. Sun Tzu said: There are those with straight terrain, those with hangs, those with branches, those with narrow terrain, those with dangerous terrain, and those with far away. I can go, and he can come, it is said to be Tong. Those who are in a state of mind should first live in Gaoyang to benefit the food road, and fight will benefit. It can go but it is difficult to go back, so it is called hang. If the enemy is not prepared, the enemy will be defeated by the enemy; if the enemy is prepared, it will be difficult to win without victory, which will be unfavorable. If I come out, it is not good, and if I come out, it is not good, it is called the branch. The shape of the branch is that even if the enemy is beneficial to me, I will not be able to go out. If you lead it away, you will let the enemy attack halfway and attack it, it will be beneficial. If you have narrow shapes, I will live in it first and must be full to wait for the enemy. If the enemy lives in it first, do not follow it, and do not follow it if it is not full. If you have a dangerous situation, I will live in the first place and must live in the high sun to wait for the enemy. If the enemy lives in the first place, lead it away, and do not follow it. Those with distant shapes have equal momentum, which is difficult to challenge and are unfavorable to fight. All these six are the way of the earth. When you are in charge of your responsibilities, you must observe it.
[Translation] Sun Tzu said: There are six types of terrain: traverse, hanging shape, branch shape, narrow shape, dangerous shape, and distant shape. I can go, and the enemy can come, it is called Tongxing. In Tongxing area, we must take the lead in occupying the Chaoyang area of Longgao and ensure the smooth flow of food. This will be more beneficial to fight against the enemy again. If you can go but it is difficult to return, it is called hanging shape. In the area where the enemy is not prepared, it will attack quickly and defeat it; if the enemy is prepared, it will attack but cannot win and it will be difficult to return, which will be unfavorable. If our attack is not good, and the enemy attack is not good, it is called the branch shape. In the branch-shaped area, even if the enemy tempts me with benefits, I will not attack, but lead the crowd to evacuate and attack the enemy when half of it comes out. This is beneficial. In a pass-by area, if I occupy it first, I must block the pass to wait for the enemy to arrive; if the enemy occupies it first and has blocked the pass, don't attack it, if I haven't blocked the pass, I can attack it. In dangerous areas, if I occupy first, I must station in the high and sunny place to wait for the enemy to arrive; if the enemy occupy first, I will lead my troops to leave and don’t attack it. In distant areas, both sides have equal terrain, which is difficult to challenge and is not favorable to fight. The above six points are general principles of using terrain and are the important responsibility of generals and must be carefully examined and studied.
2. Therefore, there are some soldiers who have gone, some are relaxed, some are trapped, some are collapsed, some are chaotic, and some are north. All these six are not disasters of (heaven) [earth], but are the faults of the predicament. If the power is equal, one strike is ten, and it is said to be a walk. The strong and the officials are weak, and they are called relaxed. The strong officials and the soldiers are weak, and they are called trap. The official was angry but dissatisfied. When he encountered the enemy, he fought on his own. The general did not know his ability and said that he had collapsed. The generals are weak and not strict, the teachings are unclear, the officials and soldiers are inconsistent, and the soldiers are indomitable, and the soldiers are scattered, which is called chaos. The general cannot predict the enemy, and the people are united with the weak, and the strong are attacked with the weak, and the soldiers have no choice of the front line, so it is called North. All these six are the way to defeat. When you are in charge of your responsibilities, you must observe it.
[Translation] There are six military phenomena: so-called "travel", "relaxation", "fall", "collapse", "disruption" and "north". These six phenomena are not caused by geographical conditions, but by the general's fault. Any enemy and us have equal geographical situations, but they have to use one blow to ten, which will inevitably abandon their armor and rush their troops to escape. This is called "leave". The soldiers are strong and the generals are cowardly, the military and political affairs are weak, they cannot control the rule, and their commands are loose and powerless. This is called "relaxation". The generals and the soldiers are strong and cowardly. Once they fight with the enemy, the only generals and subordinates will work hard, they will inevitably be burdened by their subordinates and fall into defeat. This is called "scumming". The general manager was resentful and angry but refused to obey the orders of the chief general. When he encountered the enemy's anger, he went to fight without authorization. The chief general did not know his talent, and it was like a mountain collapsed from the inside. This was called "collapse".The generals are cowardly and lack majesty, the management and education are out of order, the relationship between officers and soldiers is tense and abnormal, and the formation of soldiers is messy, which is called "chaos". If a general cannot correctly judge the enemy situation, but attack the crowd with fewer attacks and weaker attacks the strong, defeat the siege and decisive victory, and there is no elite to select, then he will inevitably lose to the north, which is called "Bei". The above six situations are all the reasons for the failure of the war. The general's major responsibility lies in it, and it must be carefully examined and studied.
3. The terrain is the help of soldiers. It is the way of the general to predict that the enemy will win, and to plan for danger, distance and distance. Those who know this and use the battle will win, and those who do not know this and use the battle will lose.
[Translation] Terrain is an auxiliary condition for using troops to fight. Correctly judge the enemy situation to defeat the enemy, examine the dangers and ease of the terrain and the distance and distance of the road, these are the principles that a skilled general should understand and the rules that should be mastered. If you understand this and use it to command operations, you will definitely win; if you don’t understand this and command operations, you will definitely fail.
4. Therefore, the way of fighting must be victorious. The master said that there is no war, and it is possible to fight. The way of fighting cannot be victorious. The master said that there is no war, and it is possible to fight. Therefore, if you advance without seeking fame, and if you retreat without avoiding sins, only the (people) [people] are the protection, and the benefits are in line with the master, which is the treasure of the country.
[Translation] According to the general combat laws, if you have the confidence to win, even if the king does not allow the fight, you will fight resolutely without obeying the king's orders; but according to the general combat laws, you have no confidence in victory. Even if the king wants to fight, you can refuse to fight regardless of the king's orders. Therefore, as a general, you need to advance without seeking the reputation of victory, retreat without evading the crime of violating your destiny, and just seek to protect the lives and property of the people and conform to the fundamental interests of the king. Such a general is the most precious wealth of the country.
5. Treat your soldiers as babies, so you can go to the deepest place with them. Treat your soldiers as beloved sons, so you can die with them. A strong person cannot be used, a loving person cannot be used, and a disorder cannot be used, a chaotic person cannot be used.
[Translation] Treating soldiers is like treating babies, then you can share hardships with them; treating soldiers is like treating their beloved son, then you can share life and death with them. But if you just keep it strong but cannot use it, just love it but cannot make them obey orders, and violate the law and discipline but cannot rectify it, it will be like a spoiled child that cannot be used to fight.
6. Knowing that my soldiers can attack, but not knowing that the enemy cannot attack, is half of victory; knowing that the enemy can attack, but not knowing that my soldiers cannot attack, is half of victory; knowing that the enemy can attack, but not knowing that the terrain cannot fight, is half of victory. Therefore, those who know that the war move but do not get confused, and those who raise but do not get exhausted. Therefore, it is said: If you know your opponent and know yourself, you will not be in danger; if you know (heaven) [earth], you will not be in danger; if you know (heaven) [earth], you will not be incomplete.
[Translation] You only know that your troops can fight, but you don’t know that the enemy cannot fight, and you don’t know that your troops can fight, and you don’t know that your troops can fight, and you don’t know that your troops can fight, and you don’t know that the terrain is not conducive to combat, and you don’t know that your troops can fight, and you don’t know that your terrain is also unsure of victory. Therefore, a person who knows how to use troops to fight will not be confused when he acts, and his strategies and measures can be varied without being exhausted. Therefore, if you understand the other party and understand yourself, you will not have any problems if you defeat the enemy; if you understand the right time and place, you will be absolutely sure of winning.
"The Art of War" Chapter 11: Nine Earths
This chapter title and number of chapters are no different. Zhang's note said: 'There are nine places where troops are used. In this regard, the terrain is the difference between the terrain in this article and the terrain in "Terrain". The terrain in "Terrain" refers to the geographical situation in which we are in, while the terrain in this article is purely a strategic situation of human beings. Regarding this point, Zhao Benxue's "School Interpretation" says: "The land in the previous article "Terrain" is a place where troops are arranged, and it is easy to describe it as wide, narrow and dangerous. The land of "Nine Lands" is the place where it invades the land, and it is said to be shallow, deep, light and heavy. Wherever the army arrives, there are nine levels of land. The methods are different, and the main points are based on human feelings. Those who are good at using military forces should understand the principles of human feelings. If they control them with skills and use them with opportunities, they will be able to use people but will not be trapped. 'Zhao said that it can be obtained.
This article mainly discusses how to adopt the principles of proper combat and disposal methods based on the different objective strategic environmental conditions.However, this article is longer, the content is more chaotic and repetitive. Li Ling's "Fawei" said that it is probably composed of fragmentary sentences compiled by each article. Deng Tingro of the Qing Dynasty and Chiharu Hattori, a well-known Japanese grandson scholar, also conducted fruitful research on this article and reorganized the text order, which is worthy of attention. Now, in order to maintain its original appearance, its basic structure will not change, but only make some necessary explanations on the specific text. In addition, in this article, Sun Tzu proposed the "Soldier of Kings and Domineering" and "For Guests". We should look at this historically and dialectically, because they have all become historical records. However, some of the combat principles he proposed, such as "the love of a soldier is the right speed, taking advantage of the situation of people, and taking advantage of the unexpected way, attacking what he does not dare, "beginning like a virgin... Later, like a rabbit, "becoming the enemy forever, killing generals for thousands of miles", etc., but they are still valuable. As for 'the land of destruction is then survives, and the land of destruction is then born', it also contains the simple dialectical factor of turning suffering into benefits. But on the other hand, we should also see that he advocated "poaching the wilderness" and "stopping the people of the three armies to danger", forcing them to fight to the death, regarding the soldiers as "flocks of sheep" that can be driven away and driven to the death, and advocates "eye and ears of foolish soldiers" and make them "ignorant" and "unconscious". This policy of foolish soldiers is naturally an exposure of his exploitative class nature and a reflection of his idealistic heroic historical view.
1. Sun Tzu said: The method of using troops: there are scattered land, light land, conflicting land, intersecting land, crossroads, heavy land, ruined land, surrounded land, and dead land. The princes fought on their own, which was a scattered land. Those who enter the land of a person without being deep are light land. If I get it, it will be profitable, and Peter will also be profitable, to fight for land. I can go, and he can come, and he can get the land of exchange. The three parts of the princes belong to them. Those who arrive first to win the world are crossroads. If the land where people enters deep and many cities and towns are behind, it is the important land. (Travel) Mountains, forests, dangerous obstacles, and depressed waters. Any difficult way to do is to destroy the land. The ones who come from the entrance are narrow, and the ones who come from the entrance are roundabout. Those who can attack our people will be surrounded by the land. If you fight quickly, you will survive; if you don’t fight quickly, you will die.
[Translation] Sun Tzu said: According to the general rules of using troops, the situation of the battle territories can be divided into the following nine types, namely: 'scattered land', 'light land', 'fighting land', 'intersecting land', 'traversing land', 'main land', 'dead land'. Those who fight against the enemy within their own territory are called Sandi. Those who enter a place not far from the enemy's territory are called light land. Our army's occupation is beneficial to us, and the enemy's occupation is also beneficial to the enemy, which is called fighting for land. Our army can go, and the enemy can come, which is called Jiedi. The one who has multiple countries’ borders and can get the sympathy and support of most princes by first arrival is called Qudi. When you go deep into the enemy's territory, there are already many cities behind you, called important places. The mountains are high and the water is dangerous, the forest is dense, and the water net is crisscrossing. Anything that is difficult to pass is called a ruin. The road to march is narrow, and the road to return is long. If the enemy can attack fewer people, it is called the siege. If you advance quickly, you can survive. If you don’t advance quickly, you can be defeated. It is called death.
2. Therefore, there is no war in scattered areas, no end in light areas, no attack in fighting areas, no end in intercourse, no end in crossroads, no intercourse in heavy areas, plunder in heavy areas, move in underworld, plan in siege in siege, and fight in siege in siege in encirclement areas, and fight in dead areas.
[Translation] Therefore, in scattered areas, it is not advisable to fight against the enemy; in light areas, it is not advisable to stay; in fighting in places, do not attack at all; in places where the enemy is vying, be careful not to break the enemy's passage rashly; when encountering crossroads, pay attention to making friends with princes; when going deep into important areas, you need to plunder and continue to eat; when encountering a ruined area, you must pass quickly; when falling into a shortlisted area, you must plan to get out of trouble; if you put it to death, you must fight bravely to survive in death.
3. The so-called good use of troops in ancient times could prevent the enemy from being in contact with each other, the number of people was not relied on each other, the high and the low were not saved, the top and the bottom were not reunited, the soldiers were not united, the soldiers were not united. It moves with profit, but it does not stop with profit.
[Translation] The so-called people who were good at using troops to fight in ancient times could prevent the enemy from supporting each other from the beginning and the end of the enemy. The main force and the non-main force did not support each other. The officers and soldiers could not rescue each other, the upper and lower levels could not gather together, and the soldiers were separated and could not concentrate. Even if they were together, they would be messy. In short, fight if it is beneficial, and don’t fight if it is disadvantageous.
4. Dare to ask: "The enemy (supporting) [and supposes], what should we do in the future? " said: "First take away what we love, and you will listen." '
[Translation] May I ask: If there are many enemies and the troops are strict and tidy, what method can I use to deal with it? The answer is: first destroy the favorable conditions it attaches most importance to, then it will obediently obediently.
5. The military is about speed, taking advantage of the situation of people, and taking advantage of the unexpected way to attack what they do not warn.
[Translation] The principle of using troops to fight is mainly to rely on rapid action, catch the enemy off guard, and attack its weak and unprepared areas from unexpected paths.
6. Any way to be a guest: go deeper and specialize, the master will not be able to defeat; plunder in the wilderness, the three armies will have enough food; be careful to raise but not work hard, and accumulate strength; the strategy of transporting troops is unpredictable.
[Translation] Generally speaking, the general principle of entering the enemy's territory is: the deeper the soldiers' minds are, the more determined the enemy will be, and the more unable the enemy will defeat our army; at the same time, plundering should be carried out in the rich villages of the enemy to ensure the supplementary support of our army; pay attention to the maintenance of the troops without fatigue, strengthen morale, accumulate strength, deploy troops, and cleverly design and plan, so that the enemy will not be able to predict the virtual and real of our army and the intentions.
7. If you go to the point, you will not go anywhere. If you die, you will not be able to do your best. If you die, you will not be afraid. If you don’t go anywhere, you will be solid. If you go deep, you will be restrained. If you don’t have to go, you will be restrained. If you don’t have to, you will fight. Therefore, if the soldiers are not cultivated, they are warned, they are not seeking, they are close to each other, they are not ordered, they are trusted, they are forbidden to avoid doubts, and they have nothing to do until death.
[Translation] If the troops are thrown into a desperate situation with no way out, they will develop a mentality of not defeating even if they die in battle. Since they have the determination to die, how can they not get the hard work of the soldiers? The soldiers are in a dangerous situation and are not afraid; if they are desperate, they are determined and will not waver; if they go deep into the important places, they will be firm and determined but will not disperse, and they will fight to the death if they have no choice. Therefore, such an army will be on guard without regulation; they will actively complete tasks without request; they will be friendly and united without restraint; they will obey without orders; they will be prohibited from superstition and eliminate confusing words, and they will not retreat until death.
8. If our scholar has no extra wealth, it is not evil goods; if we have no extra life, it is not evil life. On the day of the order, the soldiers (soldiers) sat and tear their collars, and those who were lying down and tear their chins. Those who throw themselves into nothing are the courage of Zhu and Gui.
[Translation] Our soldiers have no extra money, not because they don’t love money; they fight desperately, not because they don’t want to live a long life. On the day the combat order was issued, the soldiers sat in tears shed their clothes and their faces were lying on their backs. If you throw them into a desperate situation where you have no way out, you will be as brave as Zhuang Zhu and Cao Gui .
9. Therefore, those who are good at using troops are like being the one who is absurd. The one who is a snake in the mountain is (chang)〔heng]. If you hit the head, the tail will come. If you hit the tail, the head will come. If you hit the inside, the head and the tail will come. Dare you ask: "Is it possible for the soldiers to be sent to do whatever they want?" said: "Yes." 'When the people of Wu and Yue are evil, they should help each other and (when they meet the wind), they will save each other like their left and right hands. Therefore, the square horse burys the wheel, but it is not enough to rely on it; being brave and brave is the way of politics; being hard and soft is the principle of the earth. Therefore, those who are good at using troops will join hands if they send one person together, they will have no choice.
[Translation] A person who is good at commanding operations can make the troops look as if they are straightforward. Shiran is a snake in Hengshan. If this snake hits its head, the tail will come to rescue it; if it hits its tail, the head will come to rescue it; if it hits its abdomen, the head and the tail will come to rescue it. May I ask: Can the army be like Ruran? The answer is: Yes. Although the people of Wu and Yue hated each other, when they worked together, they rescued each other like the left and right hands of human beings. Therefore, it is unreliable to use parallel war horses and buried wheels to indicate the strictness and stability of the formation; being able to make all the people of the three armies work together is the principle requirement that the army should adhere to in ideological and political work. It can make different terrain such as high and low, dangerous and easy to use, which is a principle requirement for mastering geographical conditions. Therefore, those who are good at using troops to fight can make the troops of the three armies unite as one person, because objective environmental conditions force them to do so.
10. The general’s affairs are quiet and quiet, and the righteous are governed. It can fool the soldiers and soldiers, make the people ignorant; change their affairs, change their plans, make the people unknowable; change their residence, make the people unknowable, and make the people unknowable. The general went with him, as if he climbed a high place and left the ladder, and the general went deep into the land of the princes and set off his own opportunity. (burned a boat and broke a cauldron) was like driving a flock of sheep, driving him, driving him, and driving him, no one knew where to go. Gathering the people of the three armies and throwing them into danger is what the general does. The changes in the nine lands, the benefits of bends and extensions, and the principles of human feelings must be observed.
[Translation] As the commander, the most important thing he needs to do is to calmly and foresight consider the decision to win, and at the same time, to carry out military management education fairly and strictly. You must be able to deceive the soldiers and not let them know about military and political affairs; temporarily change the things that have been arranged and change the original plan in the middle, making people confused; often change the defense area and deliberately detours to make people confused. Assigning combat missions to the troops was like climbing a high and pulling out a ladder to retreat without a way back. The general led the troops deep into the enemy country and issued combat orders, just like driving away the flock of sheep, driving over, and rushing over. They all knew only by obeying the command, but not where they were going. Gathering the troops of the three armies and throwing them into danger is the commander's priority. The handling of various geographical and environmental conditions, the correct application of different strategic principles such as offense and defense, advance and retreat, and the understanding and mastering of the psychological changes of the members under different environmental conditions are all necessary for generals to carefully examine and study.
11. The way to be a guest is deep, and the way to be a guest is shallow. Those who go to the country and cross the border and teach are the dead. The four (Da) [Cheng] means the crossroads. If you go deeper, you will be the important place. If you go to the shallow, you will be lighter. The one who is firm on the back and narrow on the front is to surround the ground. Those who have nowhere to go are dead.
[Translation] Generally speaking, the general rule of fighting in an enemy country is: the deeper the enemy's territory, the more focused the troops will be; the shallower the enemy's territory, the more likely the army's morale will be to be dispersed. Those who leave their own country and enter the enemy's territory to fight are Jedi. The road is connected to all places. The enemy's territory is the important place. Those who enter the enemy's territory without being deep are light land. The back is dangerous and the road is blocked in the front. Those who are desperate are dead.
12. Therefore, I will scatter the land, and I will make it ambition; I will make it ambition; I will fight for it, and I will go behind it; I will be careful to guard it; I will strengthen its bonds; I will continue its food; I will destroy it, and I will enter its path; I will encircle the land, and I will block its veins; I will show it to be dead. Therefore, when the army is surrounded, the enemy will be deterred; if you have no choice, you will fight; if you miss it, you will follow.
[Translation] Therefore, in scattered areas, the troops must be focused; when entering light areas, the troops must move quickly; when fighting in scattered areas, the latter must keep up quickly; when facing intercourse, the latter must be careful to defend; when facing crossroads, the relationship must be strengthened to consolidate the friendship with the princes of neighboring countries; when going deep into important areas, the enemy must continue to eat; when encountering subsidence, the troops must pass quickly; when trapped in siege areas, the gap must be blocked, and there must be nowhere to go; when putting them to death, the determination to die must be shown to survive. The law of changes in the army's psychology is like this: once you are besieged, you want to resist; if you have no choice, you will fight to the death; if you are in danger, you will obey your will.
13. Therefore, those who do not know the plans of the princes cannot make a pre-transaction; those who do not know the shape of mountains, forests, dangerous obstacles, or depressed marches cannot march; those who do not use the guide of the countryside cannot gain the advantage of the territory. Four or five, [1] I don’t know 1. It is not a soldier of (the king) [the king and the king]. If a soldier of a king or king attacks a great country, his people will not be able to gather; if the power is overwhelming to the enemy, his friends will not be able to join forces. Therefore, we do not compete for friendship between the world, do not support the power of the world, believe in our own selfishness, and overpower the enemy, so our city can be deposed and our country can be detained.
[Translation] If you do not understand the strategic intentions of the princes of all countries, you cannot make friends with them; if you are not familiar with the geographical conditions of mountains, forests, obstacles, swamps, etc., you cannot march; if you do not need a guide, you cannot gain the right territorial position. If you don’t know one of the above aspects, it cannot be considered a 'soldier'. The so-called "a army of kings and overlords" can attack a great country, which can make them afraid of us and gather troops; adding troops to the enemy can make them unable to get the cooperation and support of the princes of the allied countries. Therefore, even if you do not fight to make friends with the princes of the world, you will not accumulate your own power among the princes of the world. In order to expand your ambitions, as long as you impose the power of your troops on the enemy, you can take away its cities and destroy its country.
14. Give rewards that cannot be given, hang out orders of no government, and violate the masses of the three armies, if one person is sent. If you violate it, do not tell it to others; if you violate it, do not tell it to others for harm; if you violate it, do not tell it to others for harm. If you throw yourself into the dead, you will survive; if you fall into the dead, you will live. If the crowd is trapped in harm, then they can win or lose.
[Translation] Implement rewards beyond the convention and issue orders that break the rules. Commanding the entire army is like instructing a person.Just let them do specific things without explaining their strategic intentions; just let them take risks without telling them how to get rid of them. If they are thrown into the dead, they will try their best to survive; if they are put into the dead, they will seek to survive. If the army is in danger, it can give full play to its subjective initiative in extremely unfavorable situations, thereby seizing the initiative in the war, turning harm into profit, and turning defeat into victory.
15. Therefore, the matter of military affairs is to follow the enemy's intentions, and to fight against the enemy forever, killing generals thousands of miles away. This is what is meant by skillfulness.
[Translation] Therefore, the key to using troops to fight is to be able to carefully consider the enemy's intentions, concentrate troops in the main attack direction, and even if you attack thousands of miles, you must capture and kill the enemy generals. This is what is called being able to achieve great things with wonderful strategies.
16. Therefore, on the day of political promotion, the talismans were broken by the Yiguan Pass, and there was no way to communicate with the envoy. They were forced to the corridors and temples to punish the matter. When the enemy opens and closes, you must enter it quickly. First, you must follow the enemy in a short time, and then follow the enemy to decisively fight. Therefore, it is like a virgin at the beginning, and the enemy opens an account, and the enemy is like a rabbit breaking away. The enemy cannot resist.
[Translation] Therefore, when the combat operation begins, it is necessary to block the passes, destroy the passes, and not allow the enemy to communicate. At the same time, the oath to fight in the temple to encourage the three armies. Once the enemy has a chance to take advantage of it, it must take quick action, take the opportunity to enter, and seize the favorable conditions it relies on without having to make an appointment with it. Break the rules and flexibly decide your own combat actions due to changes in the enemy. At the beginning, be calm like a virgin and wait for the opportunity; once the enemy's weakness is exposed, he must act quickly like a rabbit to prevent it from resisting.
"The Art of War" Chapter 12: Fire Attack
The title and the number of chapters of this article are no different from the popular books. The simple version is the same, but the title of the article is "Huo" under the wooden note, which seems to be a different name for this article. Sakurada Moon only wrote the "fire chapter" and did not have the word "attack". It is still based on the books today.
This article mainly discusses the issues of winning with fire assists. There are two basic contents: First, discuss the types, conditions, methods of fire attack, and different situations that may occur after fire and their response strategies. It can be said that this is a summary of experience about ancient fire attack. The second is to emphasize that "a wise ruler and wise general" should carefully consider the possible consequences of war, and should not act emotionally, because "annocent monarchs can be restored to joy, anger can be restored to joy, a deceased country cannot survive, and the dead cannot be resurrected." Sun Tzu earnestly warned: "A wise ruler is careful and good generals are warned. This is the way to safe the country and the army is safe. 'Although the 'fire attack' that grandson mentioned has become a historical record, the idea of caution in war he expressed here is still valuable. As for his connection between the running position of the month and the "day of the wind", it is due to the limitations of understanding.
1. Sun Tzu said: There are five types of fire attacks: one is fire man, two is fire accumulation, three is fire baggage, four is fire trough, and five is fire troop.
[Translation] Sun Tzu said: In general, fire attacks are nothing more than the following five forms: one is to burn the camp and houses, burn their men and horses; the second is to burn their accumulation so that their food and fodder will not be maintained; the third is to burn their baggage so that their equipment will not be used; the fourth is to burn their warehouses, so that their wealth and goods will not be sufficient; the fifth is to burn their dangerous channels, so that their transportation will not be effective.
2. There must be a cause for fire running, and (fireworks) [causes] must be equipped with them. Sometimes when you get angry, you will catch fire. Time is the dryness of the sky; sun is the moon in Ji, Bi, Yi and Zhen. All these four constellations are the day when the wind rises.
[Translation] In order to implement fire attack, there must be something that leads to fire, and these things that lead to fire must be prepared in normal times. It takes a certain time to get an fire, and a certain date to get an fire. The so-called certain time refers to the dry climate; the so-called certain date refers to the time when the moon passes through the four constellations of Ji, Bi, Yi and Zhen. When the moon passes through these four signs, it is the day when the wind blows.
3. Any fire attack must be responded to by the changes of the five fires. If the fire comes from the inside, it will respond to it from the outside. If the fire is launched, the army is quiet, wait and do not attack; if the firepower is extremely strong, it can be followed, but it cannot be stopped. Fire can be emitted from the outside, but it does not need to be emitted from the inside, so it can be emitted from the hour. Fire is at the upper hand, no one can defeat the lower hand. The wind is long during the day and the wind stops at night. All army must know that there are changes in the five fires and guard them with numbers.
[Translation] Generally speaking, fire attacks must be implemented, and troops must be sent to cooperate with each other according to the flexible use of the above five different fire attack methods.If you set fire inside the enemy, you must send troops to support you as soon as possible; if the fire has burned and the enemy remains quiet, wait and wait a moment, and do not attack rashly; if the fire is over, you can attack if you can attack, and if you can stop if you can't attack. However, you can also set fire from outside without waiting for internal response, as long as the time is right. Setting fire should be at the upper hand, and not to fight the enemy from the lower hand. The wind blows for a long time during the day and stops at night. Generally speaking, when commanding the army to fight, you must understand the flexible use of the above five forms of fire attack. Once the time for fire comes, fire attack will be carried out.
4. Therefore, those who use fire to attack are bright, while those who use water to attack are strong; water can be eliminated, but cannot be taken away.
[Translation] Therefore, using fire to assist the attack will have significant results; using water to assist the attack will have greater strength. But water can only block the enemy, but not destroy it.
5. Those who defeat the attack but do not cultivate their merits are inauspicious, and their destiny is called "Full Remain". Therefore, it is said: A wise ruler is concerned about it and a good general practices it. It is not profitable, it is necessary to use it, and it is not dangerous. The master should not be angry and prosper (in army) and generals should not be angry and cause war; move with profit, and stop with profit. Anger can bring joy back, anger can bring joy back, a deceased country cannot survive, and the dead cannot be resurrected. Therefore, a wise ruler is cautious when he is careful and a good general is wary of him. This is the way to safe the country and the army.
[Translation] It is very bad to engage in military struggles without carefully considering and treating them correctly in all aspects of society, politics and economy, and this is what the ancient saying says is the so-called "fee-living". Therefore, a wise monarch must consider this matter carefully, and a virtuous general must take it seriously. If things are not profitable, don’t act; if you don’t gain something, don’t use troops; if you don’t have danger, don’t start a war. The king cannot start a war with temporary resentment, and the general cannot fight rashly with temporary anger. If you are in line with national interests, act and stop if you are not in line. Resentment can also turn into joy, and anger can also turn into joy again, but once the country is destroyed, it cannot survive, and when a person dies, it cannot be reborn. Therefore, a wise monarch must be cautious and a virtuous general must be vigilant. This is an important principle for stabilizing the country and protecting the army.
"The Art of War" Chapter 13: U-ji
This chapter is no different from the titles of this chapter, but Sakurada Moon has no word "U-ji", only "Jian". 'Jian', the main version of the book is mostly written as '生', and the same is, the general version is "Jian" and the original meaning is to peek at the moon in the door, which refers to spies here. "Er Ya·Shi Yan" is also noted: "Zuo Zhuan" is called spy, which is a detailed work now. '"Records of the Grand Historian·Biography of Li Mu":'Be careful of the fire of war, many spies. 'That's the place'.
This article mainly discusses the importance of using the internet and some principles of using the internet. Sun Tzu first emphasized: Those who build a army of 100,000, go to battle thousands of miles, stay together for several years, and fight for victory in one day, but do not know the enemy's situation, are the ultimate unkindness, are not the general of human beings, are not the assistant of the master, and are not the master of victory. If we need to observe the enemy's situation and be "moving without being confused, and raising without being infinite", then it cannot be taken from ghosts and gods, cannot be reflected in things, and cannot be verified by measurement, but must depend on the "knowing the enemy's feelings", especially the "counter-bian" and "counter-bian" cannot be underestimated. However, it is also a mistake to use Tang and Wu to take Xia Yin and replace it, and to return to Yi Lu to act as counter-bian.
1. Sun Tzu said: If you build a 100,000 army and go to a thousand miles, the people's expenses and the public's service will cost you a thousand gold a day. There are 700,000 families who are irresponsible for internal and external disturbances, who are sluggish on the road and cannot handle things. Those who stay together for several years to compete for victory in one day, but love titles, wealth, and gold, and do not know the feelings of the enemy, are the ultimate unkindness, not the general of the people, not the assistant of the master, nor the master of the victor. Therefore, a wise ruler and wise general will move and defeat others. Those who succeed from the crowd are prophets. The prophet cannot be taken from ghosts and gods, from things, from things, from measurements, from others to understand the feelings of the enemy.
[Translation] Sun Tzu said: Generally speaking, sending 100,000 troops and fighting thousands of miles is spent on the expenses of the people and the expenses of the public. There was a turmoil all over the country, and people were exhausted by the rushing trips. As many as 700,000 households were unable to engage in normal farming. He defended for several years and fought for a temporary victory with the enemy. In this case, if you still fail because you cherish your title and money, refuse to use spies, and fail to understand the enemy situation, you will be the most unkind. He is not worthy of being the commander of the three armies, is not worthy of being the assistant of the king, nor is he the master of victory.The reason why a wise monarch and a virtuous general can defeat the enemy as soon as he sends troops and surpasses others is that he can understand the enemy's situation in advance. If you predict the enemy situation, you cannot obtain it from the prayers of ghosts and gods, nor from inferences from the request for signatures, nor from simple verification of logarithms, but from people - from spies who understand the enemy situation.
2. Therefore, there are five uses: there are (foreign) [country], there are internal, reverse, death, and life. When all five rooms arise, no one knows the way. This is called the divine law, the treasure of the king. (Because) [Farmer], it is used by the villagers. Those who are in the inner world use it for their officials. Those who counterattack the enemy will use it because of their enemy. The dead spy is a false thing outside, so that my spy knows it and passes it on to the enemy spy. The birth of the world is the opposite.
[Translation] Use spies to fight military struggles. According to their different functions, there can be as follows: country, inner, counter-interference, death and life. If all five types of spies can be used, it will make the enemy confused and at a loss. This is mysterious and magical weapon for the monarch to defeat the enemy. The so-called countryside is to use the people of the enemy country as spies; internal affairs are to use the officials of the enemy country as spies; counter-spionage is to use the people of the enemy as spies; dead affairs are to create false information to publicize outside, and deliberately let our spies lurking inside the enemy know about it, and pass it to the people of the enemy; living affairs are to use the people who can return to report the enemy's situation after sneaking into the enemy country for reconnaissance.
3. Therefore, the three armies (the matters) [close] are not close to the family, no reward is greater than the family, and nothing is more important than the family, and nothing is more important than the family. No sage can be used without sage wisdom, no benevolence and righteousness can be used without subtlety, no reality of the intercourse. How faint! How faint! It is useless.
[Translation] Therefore, there is nothing closer to the army than the spy; there is nothing more favorable to the rewards in the army than the spy; there is nothing more confidential to the affairs in the army than the spy. People who do not possess extraordinary talents cannot use spies; people who do not regard benevolence as their own principles and do not follow the principles of justice cannot use spies; people who lack subtle and profound conspiracy cannot correctly judge the authenticity of the enemy's situation. Subtle! Subtle! You can't use spies anywhere.
4. Those who hear things before they are released will die. Whenever the army attacks, attacks the city, and kills the people, we must first know the names of the guards, left and right, messengers, doormen, and sects, and let us find out. If you must seek the enemy to interfere with me, you will benefit them and guide them and abandon them. Therefore, you can obtain and use them instead. Because of this, the countryside and internal spies can be obtained and made; because of this, the death spies are a false thing, and the enemy can be told; because of this, the life spies can be done as scheduled. The master must know the things of the five branches, and the knowledge must be based on counter-speech, so counter-speech must not be thick.
[Translation] What the spy wants to accomplish is leaked before it can be fulfilled, and the spy himself and the person he told must be executed. Any enemy I want to attack, the cities I want to capture, the enemies I want to kill, must be aware of the names of their guards, officers, trustees, receptionists, guards, servants, and other relevant personnel, so that our spies must reconnaissance clearly. The spies sent by the enemy to spy on our intelligence must also be searched, and they must be bribed with a lot of money, serve them with gifts, lure them, and then let them go back. In this way, counter-essence can be used for me. Since the counter-essay can be used by me, then the countryside and inner rooms can be used by me; since the counter-essay can be used by me, then the dead can transmit false information to the enemy; when the counter-essay can be used by me, then the life can also repay the enemy's situation at the prescribed time. The king must personally inquire about the above-mentioned "five rooms" matters and understand the use of the "five rooms". The key to understanding and mastering the "five rooms" is counter-essence. Therefore, the counter-espionage must be given preferential treatment.
5. In the past, the rise of Yin was Yizhi in Xia; in the rise of Zhou, the rise of Lu Ya was in Yin. Therefore, only those who are wise and wise generals who can be more wise will achieve great success. This is the key to the army, which is what the three armies rely on and move.
[Translation] In the past, the rise of the Shang Dynasty was because Yi Zhi was in Xia Zhu Tang; the rise of the Western Zhou Dynasty was because Lu Ya was in Yin Zhu Wang Wen. Therefore, a wise monarch and a virtuous general, who can appoint noble and wise people as spies, will surely succeed.This is an important part of military operations. The three armies rely on the intelligence they provide to decide on military operations.
