Source: SAGENews 01 Neurological disorders after infection Various environmental factors can lead to the destruction of the immune tolerance system of the susceptible host. Infectious pathogens are one of the most important environmental triggers in autoimmune pathogenesis. Some

Source: SAGENews

01 Neurological disorders after infection

Various environmental factors will cause the destruction of the immune tolerance system of the susceptible host. Infectious pathogens are one of the most important environmental triggers in autoimmune pathogenesis. Some autoimmune diseases are strongly correlated with specific infections. Some neuroautoimmune diseases are thought to occur through post-infection mechanisms. In this review, we discuss the underlying mechanisms of pathogen-induced autoimmunity and highlight the clinical manifestations and treatment options of several autoimmune neurological diseases after infection. In addition, we also emphasized post-infection neurological disorders in the context of the recent epidemic.

Mechanisms of loss of immune tolerance

References:

Blackburn, K. M., & Wang, C. (2020). Post-infectious neurological disorders. Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders, 13, 1756286420952901. https://doi.org/10.1177/1756286420952901

02 New coronary pneumonia and cerebrovascular disease: Comprehensive review

During the infection with the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), patients often experience neurological symptoms. There is a clear correlation between cerebrovascular disease and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, whether this connection is causal or merely an occasional comorbidity is still unclear. In this narrative review, we attempt to introduce possible pathophysiological mechanisms between COVID-19 and cerebrovascular disease, describe stroke syndrome with pneumonia and its prognostic effects, and discuss several clinical, radiological and laboratory features that may help to rapidly identify cerebrovascular disease during COVID-19. The study conducted a systematic literature search and extracted relevant information.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (Angiotensin-converting enzyme-2) receptor disorder, uncontrollable immune response and inflammation, coagulation, coronary pneumonia-related heart injury, subsequent cardiac embolism, complications caused by critical illness and long-term hospitalization may all be potential pathogenic mechanisms leading to different clinical manifestations of cerebrovascular diseases. Acute ischemic stroke, cerebral hemorrhage, and cerebral sinus thrombosis are described in case reports and cohorts of patients with COVID-19, with a prevalence ranging from 0.5% to 5%. In different cohort studies, patients with SARS-CoV-2-positive stroke had higher mortality, worse prognostic function at discharge, and longer stays compared with patients with SARS-CoV-2-negative stroke. Specific demographic, clinical, laboratory and radiological characteristics can all be used as "red signals" to warn clinicians to identify stroke diseases related to COVID-19.

Imaging evaluation of acute proximal occlusion of right middle cerebral artery during hospitalization in patients with COVID-19

References:

Tsivgoulis, G., Palaiodimou, L., Zand, R., Lioutas, V. A., Krogias, C., Katsanos, A. H., Shoamaanesh, A., Sharma, V. K., Shahjouei, S., Baracchini, C., Vlachopoulos, C., Gournellis, R., Sfikakis, P. P., Sandset, E. C., Alexandrov, A. V., & Tsiodras, S. (2020). COVID-19 and cerebrovascular diseases: a comprehensive overview. Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders, 13, 1756286420978004. https://doi.org/10.1177/1756286420978004

03 Neurological manifestations and effects during the COVID-19 pandemic

The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was discovered in Wuhan, China and spread rapidly around the world. The vast majority of confirmed cases will have respiratory symptoms. However, the underlying neurological manifestations and their pathophysiological mechanisms of the disease have not been fully determined. In this narrative review, we attempt to introduce the neurological manifestations associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Evaluate case reports, case series, editorials, reviews, case controls, and cohort studies and extract relevant information.Due to the many common characteristics between these viruses and SARS-CoV-2, various reports on the neurological manifestations of the previous coronavirus epidemic provide a roadmap for the study on potential neurological complications of COVID-19.

Currently, there are more and more research on epidemic investigations, reporting symptoms such as dizziness, headache, myalgia, and hyposmosis in patients with COVID-19, but there are also more serious symptoms, including multiple neuropathy, myositis, cerebrovascular diseases, encephalitis and encephalopathy. However, it is often difficult for us to distinguish whether these concomitant diseases are causal or occasional comorbidities. Severe COVID-19 disease has common risk factors with cerebrovascular disease, and it is not clear whether the infection itself represents an independent risk factor that is prone to stroke. Regardless of any direct or indirect neurologic manifestations, the COVID-19 pandemic has a huge impact on the health management of neurological patients, whether or not the patient is infected. In particular, most stroke services worldwide have been negatively affected in terms of care delivery and fear of access to medical services. In addition, this review also evaluates the impact of COVID-19 on medical quality in other neurological diseases.

Imaging evaluation of patients with cerebral hemorrhage with COVID-19

References:

Tsivgoulis, G., Palaiodimou, L., Katsanos, A. H., Caso, V., Köhrmann, M., Molina, C., Cordonnier, C., Fischer, U., Kelly, P., Sharma, V. K., Chan, A. C., Zand, R., Sarraj, A., Schellinger, P. D., Voumvourakis, K. I., Grigoriadis, N., Alexandrov, A. V., & Tsiodras, S. (2020). Neurological manifestations and implications of COVID-19 pandemic. Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders, 13, 1756286420932036. https://doi.org/10.1177/1756286420932036