text/Zhu Yan Liu Chaohua
◆Li Shi
Li Shi (1892-1952), whose original name was Li Shilin, also known as Li Shi, whose courtesy name was Lingdou, and his pseudonym was Junzhong, was from Leting, Hebei. In 1917, he was admitted to the Beijing Normal University study. In 1921, he taught at Beijing Municipal No. 3 Middle School, Beijing National Women's Normal College, Sino-French University , Jiaotong University and Tianjin Hebei (Zhili) Women's Normal School. He served as the inspector of Peking University, deputy director of Xiangshan Saint Hospital founded by Xiong Xiling, and the manager of the Cixiang and Cicheng Printing Factory. He also helped the Beijing underground party organization led by Li Dazhao secretly print confidential documents and manuscripts, making certain contributions to the spread of early Marxism and the work of the northern region of the Communist Party of China. The Junzhong Bookstore was founded in 1925, which provided convenience for many famous cultural figures such as Cai Yuanpei and Hu Shi to publish articles and publish works. Li Shi joined the Communist Party of China around 1926. After Li Dazhao was arrested in 1927, Li Shi ran around to rescue him. After Li Dazhao was killed, he was not afraid of risks and buried in the funeral, covering and comforting the families of the victims. In April 1933, he assisted the Beijing underground party organization in sponsoring fundraising and reburied Li Dazhao, allowing the martyrs to sleep at the foot of Xiangshan Mountain. Since the 1930s, Li was a professor of Chinese studies at the University and made outstanding contributions to Chinese studies education. During the Anti-Japanese War , Junzhong Bookstore founded by Li Shi closed down. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, Li Shi returned to his hometown to teach. He was later hired at the Beijing Museum of Literature and History. He died in 1952 at the age of 60.
Li Shi and Li Dazhao
Li Shi was born in 1892 and is 3 years younger than Li Dazhao. Li Shi is a fellow villager of Li Dazhao. The two families are not far apart, and the wives of both of them are also surnamed Zhao. Therefore, in the legends of locals, the two families are related. When he was a child, Li Shi followed his father to study in a private school. In 1907, Li Shi was admitted to Yongping Mansion Middle School. At this time, Li Dazhao graduated from Yongping Mansion Middle School, and the two were alumni. During his study at Yongping Mansion Middle School, Li Shi often listened to teachers to introduce the deeds of Li Dazhao, a senior with excellent character and academic performance. Therefore, although the two did not meet, Li Shi had long admired his fellow villager Li Dazhao.
1913, Li Dazhao, who had just graduated from Beiyang Law and Political College, set off for Japan to study in Waseda University in Tokyo. In May 1916, Li Dazhao returned from Japan and founded the "Morning Bell" newspaper in Beijing in August. In 1917, Li Shi was admitted to Beijing Normal University. Not long after, under the introduction of his teacher Baimeichu , he was finally able to meet Li Dazhao whom he had admired for a long time. The two of them hit it off at first sight and quickly became close friends. Li Shi also often went to Li Dazhao's home to ask questions and was deeply influenced by Li Dazhao's revolutionary thoughts.
◆In September 1916, Li Dazhao (center in the front row) took a photo with his colleagues from the "Constitutional Public Speaks Society".
1920, Li Dazhao established the early organization of the Communist Party in Beijing. At the same time, after 1921, Li Shi taught at Beijing No. 3 Middle School, Beijing National Normal School, Sino-French University, Tianjin Zhili Provincial Women's Normal School, Hongda College and other schools. He also served as deputy director of Xiangshan Sales Hospital founded by Xiong Xiling and manager of Cixing, Cixiang and Cicheng Printing Factory. "Li Dazhao is also one of the members of the Xiangshan Sales Hospital Evaluation Council." With the convenience of serving as the manager of the printing factory, Li Shi helped the underground party organizations led by Li Dazhao print revolutionary manuscripts and confidential documents of the party many times. In the "Tangshan Literary and Historical Materials Collection, Leting Volume", there is the following record: "When Li Lingdou was appointed as the inspector of the Beiyang Government's Beiping University District, he also served as the general manager of the third factory of Cixing, Cixiang and Cicheng established by Xiong Xiling. With the convenience of his jurisdiction, Cixiang printing factory, he has printed revolutionary manuscripts for Li Dazhao many times without compensation. In order to print documents, Li Dazhao sometimes handed over to Li Lingdou's residence at No. 3, Fangdian Back Gate outside Hepingmen. Every night, he stayed many times to ensure the safety of Li Dazhao."
With the rapid development of the revolutionary situation in the south, the warlords who controlled Beiyang Government are becoming increasingly reactionary.On April 6, 1927, Zhang Zuolin, a Fengtian warlord, sent reactionary military and police to siege and attack the Soviet embassy and arrested Li Dazhao. After hearing the news that Li Dazhao was arrested and imprisoned, Li Shi and Bai Meichu and others ran around, trying every means to rescue him, and even contacted more than 300 fellow townsmen, signed the documents, and wrote to the supreme authorities and relevant parties to protect Li Dazhao and requested to release Li Dazhao and his family. The article in the book said: "Eat hardships and eat lightly, and wear clothes in winter and cloth clothes in summer. There are hardships that cannot be described by brush and ink... Therefore, citizens and others are willing to retain Li Dazhao's life with their hometown relationship..." This shows that Li Shi has done his best to save Li Dazhao in order to rescue Li Dazhao. However, it still failed to stop the reactionary warlords from persecution of Li Dazhao.
◆The funeral picture of Li Dazhao taken by Fang Dazeng.
1927, Li Dazhao was brutally hanged by Fengtian warlord Zhang Zuolin. After hearing the news, Li Shi was extremely sad. He then risked being implicated by reactionary warlords and rushed to Li Dazhao's home to pay his family. After discussing with Li Dazhao's widow Zhao Renlan, he contacted his colleagues and close friends of Peking University during his lifetime and decided to change the coffin for Li Dazhao (at that time, the reactionary warlord government only provided a coffin of very low quality). On the 29th, Li Shi personally came to Dechang Mast Factory in the name of Li Dazhao's younger brother to find Yi Shaoshan (i.e. Yishoushan, Dechang Gangfang), and bought a good coffin with a large sum of money and asked Yi Shaoshan for help. Out of respect for Li Dazhao, Yi Shaoshan chose a sturdy cypress coffin that should have been sold for 250 yuan, and sold it to Li Shi for 140 yuan, and asked to use rosin and tung oil before painting. On the morning of May 1, Li Shi and his orphans and relatives and friends came to Changchun Temple to change the coffin to bury Li Dazhao. "Due to the terror of white, they could not find a suitable cemetery to bury him." He had to move his coffin to Zhejiang Temple in Miaoguang Pavilion. The Morning Post on May 1, 1927 records as follows: "At 8 o'clock this morning, Li Caiyan and Li Lingdou, Li Zhiyuan tribe, went to Changchun Temple with their two daughters Xing (Xing) and Yan (Yan) Hua. After the coffin was transported, they were rebuilt in the Tingling House. Li's wife was unable to move due to illness, so there were only two daughters on her side when she was buried. Relatives and friends attended the care of Baimei Club (Zhu), and the situation was very miserable and neglected." The Morning Post was a very famous newspaper in Beijing at that time. Such a clear record and report should be very true. It can be seen from this that Li Shi participated in the cooking of Li Dazhao's funeral, and he paid a lot of money and efforts, which was in line with historical facts.
After replacing Li Dazhao's body with a coffin, Li Shi used his special relationship and favorable conditions to urgently use a car to pick up Li Dazhao's wife Zhao Renlan and the children to Xiangshan, secretly transfer the martyrs' families, and later sent them safely out of Beijing and returned to his hometown in Leting to settle down. According to an interview with Li Shi's grandson Li Puyang, after Li Dazhao was killed, Li Shi often took care of Li Dazhao's orphans, and Li Dazhao's eldest son Li Baohua and others had eaten and lived in Li Shi's house.
◆Li Dazhao
11, In April 1933, Li Shi and Bai Meichu and others helped the underground party organization of the Communist Party of China hold a burial activity for Comrade Li Dazhao, chose to purchase a cemetery for the martyrs Li Dazhao, and finally selected Wan'an Cemetery at the foot of Xiangshan Mountain. During the burial process, due to the impact of reactionary military and police, the funeral team was dispersed several times, but Li Shi was not afraid of danger and helped Li Dazhao's relatives negotiate with the enemy. Finally, he was able to bury Li Dazhao's coffin in Wan'an Cemetery in Xiangshan, so that the martyrs could sleep at the foot of Xiangshan.
Li Shi, Deng Yingchao and Feng Meixian
Li Shi once taught at Tianjin Hebei (Zhili) Women's Normal School. He was Deng Yingchao's teacher and later married Deng Yingchao's classmate Feng Meixian as his wife. Feng Meixian, also known as Feng Wuwo, is from Qingfeng, Hebei (now Henan). She was born on November 21, 1901. She studied at the No. 1 Women's Normal School in Zhili, Tianjin. She was a classmate of Deng Yingchao. She participated in the May Fourth Movement in 1919 and was elected as one of the representatives of the tenth grade students with Deng Yingchao. She is a member of the Awakening Society and a pioneer of the Chinese Women's Democratic Movement.
Deng Yingchao and Feng Meixian were studying in the women's normal school, and they happened to fail in the 1911 Revolution, and China fell into an extremely dark period of joint rule between Beiyang warlords and imperialism. The bleak scene of the people's life in poverty, the separatist and melee of warlords, and the rampant and oppression of Western powers all inspire the patriotic consciousness and responsibility of "every man is responsible for the rise and fall of the world." As teachers Deng Yingchao and Feng Meixian, Li Shi obviously gave them progressive ideological enlightenment, allowing patriotic ideals and feelings to rise and grow in their hearts. Deng Yingchao, who was affected and educated, shouted: "I hope my compatriots will unite themselves from now on, revitalize their spirits, and seek national progress!"
For thousands of years, China has advocated equality between men and women and widely spread new ideas and new trends of women's normal education, which has given Deng Yingchao, Feng Meixian and others strong courage to fight. They have gradually developed a fighting spirit of wanting to break the old world of darkness and establish a free and bright new world. On April 25, 1923, Feng Meixian pointed out in the article "The Spirit of Oppressed Women" published in the first issue of "Female Stars": "The old ethics and old morals all come to oppress women, bind women, and make women obey humiliation. Let's imagine how painful this kind of life is? But if we hate this kind of pain, we must break these cages!" Feng Meixian also shouted in the article: Oppressed sisters must rise up and break the life outlook of "three obediences and four virtues" and "good wife and good mother" and establish a life outlook of self-esteem as "people". When encountering problems, don’t just cry and commit suicide. Resist with the spirit and courage of “suicide”, break all kinds of constraints, and strive to realize your ideal “self”. Don’t be conservative anymore. You must break the shackles of old morality and old system and build a new life. In this regard, Feng Mei first further proposed to work hard from five aspects: outlook on life, resistance, creativity, active sacrifice and perseverance to awaken millions of women and break all oppression and the old world.
The women's normal school where Deng Yingchao and Feng Meixian studied adopt new education and offer a complete undergraduate course, including dozens of courses such as Chinese, self-cultivation, mathematics, physics, geography, chemistry, history, education, English, art, sports, music, ethics . Most teachers in the school, like Li Shi, have received higher education and have relatively standardized and strict teacher education qualities, which provides a good foundation for cultivating a group of outstanding students such as Deng Yingchao and Feng Meixian with outstanding cultural literacy and abilities. Daren Girls' School was founded in 1921. Deng Yingchao, Feng Meixian and other classmates were hired as teachers of Daren Girls' School. In April 1923, Feng Meixian and Deng Yingchao, Wang Zhenru, Li Zhishan and nine others initiated the establishment of the actress club , and founded the "Female Star" weekly. Feng Meixian served as the chairman of the Library Management and Publishing Committee of the Actress Club, and later helped to establish the "Women's Daily". In 1924, Feng Meixian and Deng Yingchao joined the China Socialist Youth League and became members of the Daren Girls' School Branch.
Feng Meixian married Li Shi in 1933 and served as the leader of the Tianjin Women's National Conference Promotion Association and the Tianjin Women's Patriotic Association. After the founding of New China, Feng Mei first taught in primary schools and lived in a courtyard with three courtyards. She was treated preferentially by the government. Feng Mei first passed away on January 15, 1973.
It is precisely because Li Shi and Deng Yingchao have a teacher-student friendship, and Feng Meixian is a classmate with Deng Yingchao, and both have participated in progressive patriotic activities. Therefore, according to the oral recollection of Li Shi's descendants (grandson Li Puyang), after the founding of New China, Zhou Enlai and Deng Yingchao also visited Li Shi and his wife and took care of their work and life. Their family lived in a three-entry courtyard at No. 111, Nanluoguxiang arranged by , the State Council Administration Bureau. On major festivals, Feng Meixian was picked up by Volga cars sent by relevant departments many times to attend important banquets.
Li Shi and Chinese Studies
Li Shi's fame and influence in the history of modern Chinese literature far exceeds that in the history of the Communist Party of China. Anyone who understands and loves Chinese studies generally read Li Shi's Chinese Studies works, among which "Five Hundred Issues in Chinese Studies" has a great influence to this day. In the party history works, Li Shi's name is almost impossible to see. Li Shi's name will only appear in the introduction and research of Li Dazhao's related works, but the introduction is not detailed. In 1917, Li Shi was admitted to Beijing Normal University. Since 1921, Li Shi has taught successively at Beijing Municipal No. 3 Middle School and Beijing National Women's Normal University, and later taught at Hongda College, Sino-French University and other schools. In 1931, Li Shi was invited by Dean of Tangshan Civil Engineering College of Jiaotong University to serve as a Chinese teacher in the college, and then went to Tianjin Hebei Women's Normal School to serve as a professor. During this period, he founded Junzhong Bookstore in Beiping . During his teaching in Ping and Tianjin and founding the Junzhong Bookstore, Li Shi published a large number of Chinese studies works, and he also created many masterpieces of Chinese studies. He made outstanding achievements in the field of Chinese studies education and made important contributions to the development of Chinese studies.
◆Li Dazhao took a photo with some members of the association Beijing on the first anniversary of the establishment of Youth Chinese Society .
First, during his teaching in various high schools, Li Shi patiently and meticulously explained Chinese studies, emphasizing the importance of learning Chinese studies. Although Li Shi faced different educated people in different schools, he was able to combine the actual situation of students and give books and methods suitable for students to learn Chinese studies, and warned students that reading is to govern the world. The most important thing for scholars is to be the group scriptures, and the second is the official history. Reading should have sequences and choices. Li Shi also recommended representative books to students that should be read in various academic research directions and expressed his own expectations.
Second, during his Chinese studies, Professor Li Shi published a large number of articles and works on Chinese studies, explaining his unique insights on Chinese studies, and making outstanding achievements in enriching and developing Chinese studies. In 1925, the book "Siku Quanshu Xu" compiled by Li Shi was published by Cixiang Factory Press. In October 1928, Li Shi published "Junzhong Shulu" published by Yizhang Academy. From 1931 to 1941, Li Shi published as many as 17 articles in the "Jiang Datang Academy Weekly", such as "Siku Quanshu Qualification and its Printing", "Certification of Ancient Literature and Literature", "Common Knowledge and Skills that Research Engineers Should Have for Chinese Studies", "Requesting Celebrities to Lectures", etc. Li Shi published at least 17 articles (including conference minutes) in the Journal of the Women's Teachers College, such as "The History of the Siku Quanshu", "The Record of the Lord's Experience·Small Introduction", "The Record of the Lord's Experience·The Cases of the Palace", "The Record of the Lord's Experience·The Record of the Lord's Experience·The Girl of the Fastening", "The Record of the Lord's Experience·The Eyes of the Common People". In addition, Li Shi also published insightful Chinese studies articles or works such as "Shi Duan Zhuangshi", "Cu Ran Confucian scholar", "Study on Parallel Prose", and "Five Hundred Issues of Chinese Studies". Among them, the book "Five Hundred Issues of Chinese Studies" published in 1934 was originally named "Four Hundred Issues of Chinese Studies" and was reprinted and renamed in 1935 and renamed "Five Hundred Issues of Chinese Studies", which had a great influence on the Chinese academic community. It is still a must-read book for Chinese studies researchers and enthusiasts.
Third, Li Shi not only devoted himself to Chinese studies and paper publication, but also used the convenience of the printing factory to establish Junzhong Bookstore, publishing a large number of Chinese studies works to famous Chinese studies experts and Chinese studies researchers, making significant contributions to the dissemination, development and prosperity of Chinese studies. From 1928 to 1936, Junzhong Bookstore successively published "Canton of the Chinese Studies" and "Junzhong Booklets" (both above books were published in 1928 and have been updated), "Common Knowledge and Skills of the Chinese Studies" (1931), "Living Ye Guowen" (1932), "Four Hundred Issues of the Chinese Studies" (1934) (revised and reprinted the following year, renamed "Five Hundred Issues of the Chinese Studies"), "Junzhong Collection" (1934), "Functions and Reading Methods of the Chinese Studies" (1936), etc. In April 1926, Cixiang Printing Factory published the final version of "Question and Answers for Bibliography" found by Li Shi. In 1936, Li Shi wrote a preface to "Q&A on Bibliography" and published it again.The reprint of "Biography Questions and Answers" adds Zhang Zhidong's portrait and "Biography of Qing History: Biography of Zhang Zhidong", and writes a detailed introduction of characters, which greatly facilitates readers and is quite representative in many versions of Zhang Zhidong's "Biography Questions and Answers". In 1932, the book "Living Ye Guowen" was published, and in 1933, Junzhong Bookstore published "Addition of Junzhong Booklets".
In short, Li Shi can be said to be a person in the history of the Communist Party of China that cannot be ignored. However, due to the extremely limited first-hand historical information about Li Shi that has been preserved to this day, some problems will inevitably be left in the research process, which need to be further discussed in the future. For example, about the specific time when Li Shi joined the Communist Party of China. The existing materials do not mention the specific time when Li Shi joined the party. For example, in 2004, the book "Xiong Xiong in the Later Year" edited by Long Ruwen by , , has the following records: "Xiong Xiong... breaks through the enemy's many obstacles and blockades, and sent Li Lingdou (i.e. Li Shi), the deputy director of the fifth school of Xiangshan Sales College, and Li Dazhao's Leting fellow villager, Li Lingdou (i.e. Li Shi), who used his car to urgently bring Li Dazhao's wife Zhao Renlan and his children to Xiangshan with his own car." In 2008, Yuanfang Publishing House published "The Great View of World Education Art, Biography of the Centennial Education Figures, Volume 21" (page 14) edited by Li Yingbin, also adopted this statement. In the article "Li Shi and "Five Hundred Issues of Chinese Studies"", Qu Mengjun said, "About 1926, Li Lingdou had become a Communist Party member." Li Shi, who took the risk of burying Li Dazhao's body, once asked Yi Shoushan to buy a coffin while dealing with Li Dazhao's funeral. Later, Yi Shoushan was arrested by the police for being associated with the "Red Party". It can be seen that there is no doubt that Li Shi is a party member, but the exact time when Li Shi joined the Communist Party of China needs to be excavated and verified.
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