Since the new century, we have encountered many centenary commemorations: the 100th anniversary of the Xinhai Revolution, the 100th anniversary of the outbreak of World War I, the 100th anniversary of the May Fourth Movement... Going forward, there are also the 100th anniversary of Chinese films and 100th anniversary of Chinese dramas. Peking University, Tsinghua University, Nankai University, Wuhan University and other universities have also celebrated the 100th anniversary of their founding, and even the 110th anniversary of their founding.
100 years ago, it was a turbulent era, and China was at a critical juncture to transform from a traditional feudal country to a modern country. At that time, domestic wars were frequent and the situation was turbulent. Groups of young Chinese people were full of passion and went on the road of studying one after another, hoping to arm themselves with knowledge to enrich the people and strengthen the country.
Among them are liberal arts students, science students, some study architecture, and some study art. Some people study abroad, such as the United States and France, and some people stick to it at home, such as Southwest Associated University, a legend in the history of Chinese education during the War of Resistance Against Japan.
movie "No Questions to the West" Stills
Liang Qichao wrote in " Youth China Talks ": "Therefore, today's responsibility is not with others, but with my youth. A wise man is the country wise, a rich man is the country rich, and a strong man is the country... Beautiful man is a young man, and I will never grow old with the sky, and I am a Chinese youth. , has no boundaries with the country! "
Southwest Associated University is a legend in the history of Chinese higher education. This university has only existed for just eight years and eight months, but it has produced 172 academicians, 8 "two bombs and one satellite" heroes, 2 Nobel Prize winners, and 9 leaders of the party and the state. The talents trained exceeded the total of the talents trained by Peking University, Tsinghua University and Nankai before the war.
United Nations University alumni Yang Zhenning and Li Zhengdao at the Nobel Prize ceremony
It is a university born in the war of the Japanese invading China. On July 7, 1937, the Lugou Bridge Incident occurred and Pingjin fell. Nankai University was directly bombed into ruins by Japanese artillery fire, and Peking University and Tsinghua University also stopped running schools. The three universities decided to merge and move south. In April 1938, the National Southwest United University was established in Kunming, referred to as "Southwest Associated University".
Southwest Associated University can produce so many outstanding alumni, which is inseparable from the strong faculty. Looking at the list of teachers back then, it was a luxurious group, all of which were deafening names: Zhu Ziqing , Shen Congwen , Wen Yiduo, Chen Yinke , Zhao Yuanren , Qian Mu , Qian Zhongshu , Jin Yuelin , Feng Youlan, Hua Luogeng , Zhu Guangqian, Fei Xiaotong, Pan Guangdan...
three schools jointly presided over the school affairs, among which Mei Yiqi, the youngest Tsinghua president, was led by Mei Yiqi.
President Mei Yiqi once said that
The so-called great people do not mean that there are buildings, but that there are masters.
Mei Yiqi implemented Tsinghua's general education philosophy at the United Nations University: first-year colleges are not divided into departments, and everyone must take their compulsory courses to a certain level, and Chinese and English are both compulsory.
The biggest feature of Southwest Associated University is freedom. There is no unified textbook for the same course. What the teacher says depends entirely on their own interests and expertise. For example, in the same "General History of China", Wu Han mainly talks about institutional evolution, , Sun Yutang and focus on economy, and Qian Mu talks about his views in "Outline of National History".
History Department Qian Mu
Southwest Associated University is also very strict. In eight years, more than 8,000 people were admitted to school, and all the elite academic masters from all over the country were recruited, and in the end, only more than 2,000 graduated.
The three schools had their own school mottos before forming Southwest Associated University. Peking University is "learning and interrogative, careful thinking and discernment", Tsinghua University is "self-improvement and virtue carrying things", and Nankai University is "fair and capable". After the establishment of Southwest Associated University, it solicited school mottos from all teachers and students, and finally chose four words: "Strong and strong".
In a special period like the War of Resistance Against Japan, the teachers and students of Southwest Associated University indeed embodies the spirit of "strongness and perseverance". They overcame extremely poor material conditions, insisted on studying, and applied the knowledge they learned to fight the enemy.
Audio and video information about students joining the army at that time
Some students even directly joined the army and fought against the Japanese invading army. During the entire War of Resistance Against Japan, more than 1,100 UNU students died, the largest number of Chinese universities during the war.
This year marks the 81st anniversary of the founding of Southwest Associated University. Looking back on this history, we see a kind of beauty that presents the glory of human nature and the glory of intellectuals in the cruel years of blood and fire.
1918 to 1937, about the first and second World Wars, more than 20 Chinese students went to the United States to study architecture. In the end, about 18 people returned to China after completing their studies and became the first generation of architects in China.
Penin University international students took a group photo
Most of these people came from the preparatory class for studying in the United States at Tsinghua School. They have a deep family education and were originally "elites among elites."
household Liang Sicheng (right), three generations of grandparents and grandchildren have left a strong mark in the modern academic history and architectural history of China
Lin Huiyin , her father is a diplomat and an important figure in the cultural field
picture shows her graduation certificate
Chen Zhi (right), her father is one of the founders of Hangzhou Qiushi Academy (predecessor of Zhejiang University today),
Most of their generation were born around 1900. When they first started studying, the Qing Dynasty was destroyed, and the May Fourth Movement soon emerged. In addition to the immersion of traditional Chinese studies, they were also influenced by new Western education. Their life span coincides with the most important historical stage in China in the 20th century.
The first person to study architecture in the United States was Zhuang Jun , in the Department of Architecture Engineering of the University of Illinois, USA. After 1918, more international students targeted University of Pennsylvania .
Hayden Tower Drawing Classroom of University of Pennsylvania
That time happened to be the peak period of Pennsylvania architectural education. There are endless people going to Penn University, including Zhu Bin, , Fashion Wenzhao , Zhao Shen, Chen Zhi, Liang Sicheng, Lin Huiyin, Ha Xiongwen, Yang Tingbao...
They are particularly conspicuous in Penn University and are called the "Chinese Contingent". One is good grades and the other is winning many awards.
Yang Tingbao transcript
Penn’s study score was divided into three levels at that time. Most Chinese students’ grades were in the first two levels, either “outstanding” or “excellent”, which even caused aroused the red eye of American students, thinking that the Chinese had snatched their high scores away.
These Chinese students were also one of the most hard-working students in the school at that time. At that time, the academic system of the Department of Architecture at Pennsylvania was five years of undergraduate degree and one year of master's degree. Chinese students basically completed six years of courses in just three to four years.
This group of people chose to return to China immediately and devote the knowledge they have learned to national construction.
1930 to the 1940s, they designed and built more than 600 buildings across China, each of which were classic.
Nanjing Central Stadium 1931 Photo provided by Wang Xiaoqian Design/Jitai Engineering Department
Nanjing National Government Foreign Ministry Office Building 1935 Design/Huagai Architects Firm
Shanghai No. 1 Department Store Old Photo 1936 Design/Jitai Engineering Department
Shanghai Grand Theater
Shanghai Jincheng Grand Theater (now Huangpu Theater)
More importantly, after they returned to China, they established China's own architectural education system and cultivated generations of talents.
Group photo of the Department of Architecture of Northeastern University
In the first row are the founders Liang Sicheng and Lin Huiyin and his wife
So after them, we will also have the second and third generation architects to step onto the stage of history and continue the architectural miracle they created.
In the history of modern Chinese study abroad, there is a group of special international students: the first batch of art students studying in France.
Xu Beihong, the first person who studied in France and studied in public expenses by Cai Yuanpei, © Xu Beihong Memorial Hall
After Pan Yuliang lost his mother and father, he was sold to a brothel as a maid. After getting the opportunity to stay in France, he became the first painter in China to enter the Louvre.The picture shows her creating a sculpture "Burma of Wang Shouyi"
Some of them were sent to live a hard life, while others came from a noble family and dressed in modern clothes.
Zhang Daopan, Fang Junbi, Chang Shuhong, , Xiao Shufang, and others have a superior family background
Wear extremely fashionable during their stay in France
Most of these people went to France in 1919. From 1919 to 1939, it was the peak of studying in France. From 1911 to 1949, the total number of art students studying in France was about 150.
Among them are Xu Beihong, Lin Fengmian , Liu Haisu , Yan Wenliang, Chang Shuhong, Wu Xunyan, Wu Dayu, Chang Yu , Pan Yuliang, Zhao Wuji , Wu Guanzhong ...
Chang Yu, Pan Yuliang, Fang Junbi, Lu Xiaguang, Liu Haisu's paintings
They later became one of the "most expensive" artists in China. After Li Shutong, they were the first Chinese to draw nude bodies.
Chang Yu "Naked Girl"
Self-skilling class at Shanghai Art College Photo by Zhang Xiehua ©Liu Kang
Most of them first go to the language schools in Lyon, France, and learn French, etiquette, etc. at , Chinese and French University , and then go to various subjects of other schools. Almost all of them learn art while learning French.
There are many art schools in France, the most famous of which is the Higher Arts Institute of Paris.
Paris Higher Academy of Fine Arts old appearance
Pan Yuliang's archives at Paris Higher Academy of Fine Arts
Others include Lyon Academy of Fine Arts and Dijon School of Beauty. After entering the Academy of Fine Arts, they all studied in the professor's studio.
Da'an Studio
Budel Studio
Xu Beihong painted in Da'an's studio, Pan Yuliang, Jiang Xiaochun , and Li Jinfa made sculptures in Budel's studio. Budel is a proud disciple of Luo Dan, the founder of modern sculpture. His group of students from China later became the pioneers of sculpture in China.
Many students choose to tutor in studios and studios
In addition, there are many free art academies in the Latin district on the left bank of the Seine River, similar to amateur training schools, which allow students to learn human sketching at their own expense. Wu Zuoren , Zhao Wuji and Zhu Dequn studied in the large hut painting academy, and Xie Tuba studied in the Julian Painting Academic.
Xu Beihong participated in four such painting academies at that time. He drew about 700 sketches, more than 400 of which were human bodies, most of which were women's bodies. He is also the first person to implant nudes in Chinese painting creation.
The art and literary circles in the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China were recognized by Chinese classical calligraphy and painting. Compared with France in the same period, various avant-garde artistic trends and schools began to prevail: Fauvism , Cubism , Impressionism , Neo-Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, Surrealism, German Expressionism...
Wu Zuoren's "Boatman" 1933
These Chinese art students who studied in France were roughly divided into two categories. One type is the realism based on the academic school, and typical representatives include Xu Beihong, Wu Zuoren, Chang Shuhong, Yan Wenliang, etc.
年后后后后后后后
Wu Dayu "Unt title"
Whether it is realism or modernism, these French artists are particularly trendy. Even abstract paintings like Wu Dayu appeared, which were extremely rare during the Republic of China period, and were a century ahead of schedule. After completing the study, most art students in France choose to return to their motherland, and most of them choose art education as their destination in their lives. Almost all the modern art education system in China and the major art academies in today are established by this group of artists studying in France.
Xu Beihong's paintings
Yan Wenling leads students to sketch in Suzhou
Xu Beihong, Lin Fengmian, Liu Haisu, and Yan Wenling are known as the four principals of the Chinese art circle. They took the Paris Academy of Fine Arts as a sample to move the basic settings and teaching concepts of French art schools back to China.
Lin Fengmian, Liu Haisu, Yan Wenliang, Xu Beihong are known as the four major principals of the Chinese art industry
They also brought back new art categories such as oil paintings, sculptures, sketches, watercolors, etc., and even new lifestyles. They implanted modernity into our blood, and the history of Chinese art has since turned to the path of modernity.
