" Qingli New Policy " failed. In addition to the open "clipartism" problem, there are deeper reasons
Text: Lao Zhang is on the road
6th year of Qingli (1046), the 15th day of the ninth lunar month, one month after the Mid-Autumn Festival. The Song Dynasty Dengzhou (now Dengzhou City, Henan Province) magistrate Fan Zhongyan received a letter from his friend Teng Zijing, who was far away in Baling County, Hunan Province (now Yueyang). In the letter, Teng Zijing, who was demoted to the magistrate of Yuezhou two years ago, asked Fan Zhongyan to write an article for the Yueyang Tower he rebuilt, and the same letter also sent a picture of Dongting landscape painting. The stories circulating after
are well known. Although Fan Zhongyan has never been to Baling or seen the grand scenery of Dongting, he wrote the immortal masterpiece " Yueyang Tower Notes " handed down from the past by looking at the landscape scroll and imagination. This famous article included in contemporary middle school Chinese textbooks, with excellent descriptions of scenery, coupled with the ideal and belief of "worrying about the world before worrying about the world, and having fun after joy in the world", made a final conclusion for this famous minister who was "far from the world" in the dynasty of Emperor Renzong of Song Dynasty.
, and Fan Zhongyan felt the thought of a failed reform in the history of the Song Dynasty two years ago: the Qingli New Deal.
01
In the current popular TV series " Qingpingle ", the Qingli New Deal is an important historical background. Speaking of the Qingli New Policy, we have to talk about the fourth emperor of the Song Dynasty, Song Renzong, Zhao Zhen .
Song Renzong Zhao Zhen, whose original name was Zhao Huyi , was born on April 14, 30, 1010 (May 30, 1010). He was the sixth son of Song Zhenzong Zhao Heng, whose mother was Li Chenfei . Because Zhao Heng's beloved beauty Liu (Empress Zhang Xianmingsu) had no son, Zhao Heng claimed to the public that Zhao Shouyi was born to Liu.
In the second year of Tianxi of Emperor Zhenzong of Song Dynasty (1018), Zhao Shouyi was made the crown prince and was named Zhao Zhen. In the first year of Qianxing (1022), Zhao Zhen ascended the throne at the age of thirteen.
In the early days of Zhao Zhen's reign, Empress Zhang Xian, Liu, ruled the country from behind the curtain. It was not until March of the second year of Mingdao (1033).
In the eighth year of Jiayou (1063), Zhao Zhen died at the age of fifty-four. Reigned for forty-two years, he was the longest-reigning emperor of the Song Dynasty. The posthumous title is Emperor Taitian Fa Dao Extremely Meritful and Destiny of God, Wen Sheng Wu Rui Zhe Ming Xiao, and the temple name is Renzong .
(Song Renzong)
Tuotuo and others evaluated Zhao Zhen in "History of Song Dynasty": Renzong respects, frugality, benevolence and forgiveness, out of nature. . . . . . The monarch and ministers were compassionate and loyal and honest, and had a foundation for the Song Dynasty for more than 300 years. Once descendants correct their actions, they will cause chaos. The Book of Changes says: "A king should be a man and benevolence." The emperor is truly worthy of his gratitude.
The main meaning of this evaluation is that Song Renzong is respectful, frugal, kind and forgiving, and governs the country with inaction and tolerance. Zhao Zhen is generous and does not engage in luxury. He can restrain himself and treat his ministers and servants with lenient attitudes. Overall, Zhao Zhen knew people and made good use of them. During his reign, many famous officials emerged, the country was relatively stable, the economy was prosperous, and science, technology and culture were greatly developed. He was also praised by historians as a "virtuous master".
The thinker of the late Ming and early Qing dynasties Wang Fuzhi discusses Song Renzong from another perspective, "Renzong had great virtues in the world, and the people received their gifts when they reached the present; suppressing the great harm to the people for two hundred years, and the remaining harms have been delayed for now and the rest of the waves have not been completed. His desire to seek treatment has been urgent, but he knows it and does it immediately. Therefore, the benefits have not been restored, and the harm has arisen without choice." The general meaning of this passage is: Song Renzong had great virtues in the world, and it has been passed down to this day but the people are still enjoying his favors; but there are also great harms to the people for two hundred years, and the harm caused by the rest of the waves has not stopped yet. This is because he is too eager to pursue great governance. He will do it immediately as soon as he knows it, so he will not wait for the benefits to rise, and the harm will arise if you choose.
Wang Fuzhi further evaluated the "no fixed intention" of Emperor Renzong Zhao Zhen: "Renzong began to rule since the second year of Mingdao, and finally the emperor died. In the thirty years, there were more than 40 ministers from the two governments. The Yi tests the people, and the great integrity of Han, Fu, Fan, and Du Gongs are as bright as that of the people.If it is Lv Yijian, Xia Shu, , Chen Zhizhong, , Gao Ruonai, Qing Dynasty, those who have been exiled, there are many disciples. He is like the one who has risen and fall without a firm defense. If one advances, one will retreat suddenly; if one retreats, one will not retreat until the end of retreat, one will advance suddenly. When people say something, they will change it, and when they attack each other, they will stop it; if they are too much, they will retreat, or if they are wrong, they will reject it. Moreover, all people have some ideas and use them to help them. Once they get the position, they will try them. And those who advocate harmony and extend their actions will rise up and take advantage of the great use of the sect leader to quickly perform their skills. Considering these thirty years of leisure, the promotion and demotion of talents and the promotion and reform of national affairs, one after another, one cannot last for the rest of the year. The officials are not suitable for guarding, and the people are not suitable for following them. Those in the world who are surprised, stretch their necks and toes, and have different feelings do not know what they look like, but they can probably think about it. . . . . . . The emperor has no fixed will, but it is like this."
Wang Fuzhi believed that Song Renzong's "no fixed will" means that he did not have the firm will and belief to move forward bravely and stick to the green mountains. During the thirty years of Zhao Zhen's rule, more than 40 ministers from both prefectures changed, and they all made repeated advances and retreats. Even if the wise are in power, they cannot use their talents and achieve success because they cannot stand firm. But those who advance do not insist on moving forward, and they retreat soon; After retreating, it still did not finally retreat, and soon moved forward. It was easy for people to talk about it together. If they attacked each other, both sides would be abolished. Those in power all had their own ideas. Once they gained power, or if the officials used them, they would eagerly implement their ideas. In the past thirty years, the rise and fall of talents and the rise and reform of national politics have been one after another, and they cannot be used for a year. The officials did not guard it, and the people were at a loss, and as a result, nothing could be done.
From the fact that Song Renzong appointed reformists and implemented the "Qingli New Policy", it failed soon, Wang Fuzhi's words are not unreasonable.
02
02
From the establishment of the Song Dynasty in 960 AD, to the first year of Qingli (1041), the Song Dynasty was established for 81 years. And Previously, the deep social contradictions and institutional ills that were hidden under the superficial prosperity of the Song Dynasty have begun to appear, and the social crisis has become increasingly serious.
The political system design and system construction of the Song Dynasty have the following characteristics:
1. It emphasizes culture over military forces. Taking advantage of the historical experience of "strong soldiers and strong horses as emperors" in the chaotic times of the Five Dynasties, starting with the "peace of Song Taizu Zhao Kuangyin's "release military power with a cup of wine", remember that once the military generals are in large numbers, they will be the emperor. The lessons of the court's security and even change the dynasty. In order to avoid repeating the same mistakes, the Song Dynasty established the "Prince Academy-Three Ya" system of military command, and the core of this system is to use culture to build military forces.
This system design brings two direct consequences. First, the Song Dynasty's army's combat effectiveness was extremely poor. Not only could the Sixteen Prefectures of Yanyun not be taken back, but after the "Chanyuan Alliance", it had to use a lot of money to exchange for peace; second, it was to achieve the use of culture to build military forces. It is necessary to implement the system of "governing the world with scholars and officials". The preferential policies of the Song Dynasty for literati greatly increased the ranks of officials and formed "redundant personnel".
Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Song Dynasty has been surrounded by strong neighbors in the north. In the 5th year of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Khitan (Liao) and the west had Xixia ; the Southern Song Dynasty was in the south of the Yangtze River, and the Jurchen (Jin) and Mongolia were still in the north. Under the scrutiny of the offensive nomadic peoples, in order to resist the southern invasion of the northern ethnic groups, the Song Dynasty implemented the "raised soldiers" strategy, abolished the government army system, and changed it to recruitment. By the time of Renzong, the total number had reached 1.4 million, forming a huge military system. The cost of raising soldiers reached 70 to 80% of the total tax revenue, thus forming a "redundant soldiers".
The surge in the army and officials led to an increase in fiscal expenditure, which led to the government's financial input. At the same time, in the war against the Western Xia and Liao, the rulers of the Song Dynasty often paid a lot of gold, silver and cloth to buy temporary peace with money and wealth. In addition, the rulers built large-scale construction and construction of temples, forming "redundant expenses".
(in yellow robe)
"three redundant" were closely linked, and eventually formed a situation of poverty and weakness in the Northern Song Dynasty.
" Qingli New Policy " failed. In addition to the open "clipartism" problem, there are deeper reasons
Text: Lao Zhang is on the road
6th year of Qingli (1046), the 15th day of the ninth lunar month, one month after the Mid-Autumn Festival. The Song Dynasty Dengzhou (now Dengzhou City, Henan Province) magistrate Fan Zhongyan received a letter from his friend Teng Zijing, who was far away in Baling County, Hunan Province (now Yueyang). In the letter, Teng Zijing, who was demoted to the magistrate of Yuezhou two years ago, asked Fan Zhongyan to write an article for the Yueyang Tower he rebuilt, and the same letter also sent a picture of Dongting landscape painting. The stories circulating after
are well known. Although Fan Zhongyan has never been to Baling or seen the grand scenery of Dongting, he wrote the immortal masterpiece " Yueyang Tower Notes " handed down from the past by looking at the landscape scroll and imagination. This famous article included in contemporary middle school Chinese textbooks, with excellent descriptions of scenery, coupled with the ideal and belief of "worrying about the world before worrying about the world, and having fun after joy in the world", made a final conclusion for this famous minister who was "far from the world" in the dynasty of Emperor Renzong of Song Dynasty.
, and Fan Zhongyan felt the thought of a failed reform in the history of the Song Dynasty two years ago: the Qingli New Deal.
01
In the current popular TV series " Qingpingle ", the Qingli New Deal is an important historical background. Speaking of the Qingli New Policy, we have to talk about the fourth emperor of the Song Dynasty, Song Renzong, Zhao Zhen .
Song Renzong Zhao Zhen, whose original name was Zhao Huyi , was born on April 14, 30, 1010 (May 30, 1010). He was the sixth son of Song Zhenzong Zhao Heng, whose mother was Li Chenfei . Because Zhao Heng's beloved beauty Liu (Empress Zhang Xianmingsu) had no son, Zhao Heng claimed to the public that Zhao Shouyi was born to Liu.
In the second year of Tianxi of Emperor Zhenzong of Song Dynasty (1018), Zhao Shouyi was made the crown prince and was named Zhao Zhen. In the first year of Qianxing (1022), Zhao Zhen ascended the throne at the age of thirteen.
In the early days of Zhao Zhen's reign, Empress Zhang Xian, Liu, ruled the country from behind the curtain. It was not until March of the second year of Mingdao (1033).
In the eighth year of Jiayou (1063), Zhao Zhen died at the age of fifty-four. Reigned for forty-two years, he was the longest-reigning emperor of the Song Dynasty. The posthumous title is Emperor Taitian Fa Dao Extremely Meritful and Destiny of God, Wen Sheng Wu Rui Zhe Ming Xiao, and the temple name is Renzong .
(Song Renzong)
Tuotuo and others evaluated Zhao Zhen in "History of Song Dynasty": Renzong respects, frugality, benevolence and forgiveness, out of nature. . . . . . The monarch and ministers were compassionate and loyal and honest, and had a foundation for the Song Dynasty for more than 300 years. Once descendants correct their actions, they will cause chaos. The Book of Changes says: "A king should be a man and benevolence." The emperor is truly worthy of his gratitude.
The main meaning of this evaluation is that Song Renzong is respectful, frugal, kind and forgiving, and governs the country with inaction and tolerance. Zhao Zhen is generous and does not engage in luxury. He can restrain himself and treat his ministers and servants with lenient attitudes. Overall, Zhao Zhen knew people and made good use of them. During his reign, many famous officials emerged, the country was relatively stable, the economy was prosperous, and science, technology and culture were greatly developed. He was also praised by historians as a "virtuous master".
The thinker of the late Ming and early Qing dynasties Wang Fuzhi discusses Song Renzong from another perspective, "Renzong had great virtues in the world, and the people received their gifts when they reached the present; suppressing the great harm to the people for two hundred years, and the remaining harms have been delayed for now and the rest of the waves have not been completed. His desire to seek treatment has been urgent, but he knows it and does it immediately. Therefore, the benefits have not been restored, and the harm has arisen without choice." The general meaning of this passage is: Song Renzong had great virtues in the world, and it has been passed down to this day but the people are still enjoying his favors; but there are also great harms to the people for two hundred years, and the harm caused by the rest of the waves has not stopped yet. This is because he is too eager to pursue great governance. He will do it immediately as soon as he knows it, so he will not wait for the benefits to rise, and the harm will arise if you choose.
Wang Fuzhi further evaluated the "no fixed intention" of Emperor Renzong Zhao Zhen: "Renzong began to rule since the second year of Mingdao, and finally the emperor died. In the thirty years, there were more than 40 ministers from the two governments. The Yi tests the people, and the great integrity of Han, Fu, Fan, and Du Gongs are as bright as that of the people.If it is Lv Yijian, Xia Shu, , Chen Zhizhong, , Gao Ruonai, Qing Dynasty, those who have been exiled, there are many disciples. He is like the one who has risen and fall without a firm defense. If one advances, one will retreat suddenly; if one retreats, one will not retreat until the end of retreat, one will advance suddenly. When people say something, they will change it, and when they attack each other, they will stop it; if they are too much, they will retreat, or if they are wrong, they will reject it. Moreover, all people have some ideas and use them to help them. Once they get the position, they will try them. And those who advocate harmony and extend their actions will rise up and take advantage of the great use of the sect leader to quickly perform their skills. Considering these thirty years of leisure, the promotion and demotion of talents and the promotion and reform of national affairs, one after another, one cannot last for the rest of the year. The officials are not suitable for guarding, and the people are not suitable for following them. Those in the world who are surprised, stretch their necks and toes, and have different feelings do not know what they look like, but they can probably think about it. . . . . . . The emperor has no fixed will, but it is like this."
Wang Fuzhi believed that Song Renzong's "no fixed will" means that he did not have the firm will and belief to move forward bravely and stick to the green mountains. During the thirty years of Zhao Zhen's rule, more than 40 ministers from both prefectures changed, and they all made repeated advances and retreats. Even if the wise are in power, they cannot use their talents and achieve success because they cannot stand firm. But those who advance do not insist on moving forward, and they retreat soon; After retreating, it still did not finally retreat, and soon moved forward. It was easy for people to talk about it together. If they attacked each other, both sides would be abolished. Those in power all had their own ideas. Once they gained power, or if the officials used them, they would eagerly implement their ideas. In the past thirty years, the rise and fall of talents and the rise and reform of national politics have been one after another, and they cannot be used for a year. The officials did not guard it, and the people were at a loss, and as a result, nothing could be done.
From the fact that Song Renzong appointed reformists and implemented the "Qingli New Policy", it failed soon, Wang Fuzhi's words are not unreasonable.
02
02
From the establishment of the Song Dynasty in 960 AD, to the first year of Qingli (1041), the Song Dynasty was established for 81 years. And Previously, the deep social contradictions and institutional ills that were hidden under the superficial prosperity of the Song Dynasty have begun to appear, and the social crisis has become increasingly serious.
The political system design and system construction of the Song Dynasty have the following characteristics:
1. It emphasizes culture over military forces. Taking advantage of the historical experience of "strong soldiers and strong horses as emperors" in the chaotic times of the Five Dynasties, starting with the "peace of Song Taizu Zhao Kuangyin's "release military power with a cup of wine", remember that once the military generals are in large numbers, they will be the emperor. The lessons of the court's security and even change the dynasty. In order to avoid repeating the same mistakes, the Song Dynasty established the "Prince Academy-Three Ya" system of military command, and the core of this system is to use culture to build military forces.
This system design brings two direct consequences. First, the Song Dynasty's army's combat effectiveness was extremely poor. Not only could the Sixteen Prefectures of Yanyun not be taken back, but after the "Chanyuan Alliance", it had to use a lot of money to exchange for peace; second, it was to achieve the use of culture to build military forces. It is necessary to implement the system of "governing the world with scholars and officials". The preferential policies of the Song Dynasty for literati greatly increased the ranks of officials and formed "redundant personnel".
Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Song Dynasty has been surrounded by strong neighbors in the north. In the 5th year of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Khitan (Liao) and the west had Xixia ; the Southern Song Dynasty was in the south of the Yangtze River, and the Jurchen (Jin) and Mongolia were still in the north. Under the scrutiny of the offensive nomadic peoples, in order to resist the southern invasion of the northern ethnic groups, the Song Dynasty implemented the "raised soldiers" strategy, abolished the government army system, and changed it to recruitment. By the time of Renzong, the total number had reached 1.4 million, forming a huge military system. The cost of raising soldiers reached 70 to 80% of the total tax revenue, thus forming a "redundant soldiers".
The surge in the army and officials led to an increase in fiscal expenditure, which led to the government's financial input. At the same time, in the war against the Western Xia and Liao, the rulers of the Song Dynasty often paid a lot of gold, silver and cloth to buy temporary peace with money and wealth. In addition, the rulers built large-scale construction and construction of temples, forming "redundant expenses".
(in yellow robe)
"three redundant" were closely linked, and eventually formed a situation of poverty and weakness in the Northern Song Dynasty.The direct cause of Song Renzong's determination to implement the "Qingli New Policy" was the war of Song and Xia and the increase in coins of Chongqing (also known as the increase in coins of Chongqing and the Liao people called "Zhongxi increase in coins of Chongqing and Xi", because the incident occurred during the Chongxi period of Emperor Xingzong of Liao.)
In the first year of Baoyuan (1038), Li Yuanhao was appointed as the emperor, founded the country and named Daxia (known in history as Xixia), and established the capital Xingqing and (now Yinchuan), and their diplomatic relations with the Song Dynasty were officially broken. The following year, in order to force the Song Dynasty to recognize the status of Western Xia, Li Yuanhao led his troops to invade the Northern Song Dynasty's border, defeated the Song army at Sanchuankou, and gathered troops at the city of Yanzhou to prepare for the attack.
In the second year of Kangding (1041), Li Yuanhao advanced to Weizhou (now Gansu Pingliang ). Han Qi sent the deputy commander of Huanqing Road to deploy Ren Fu to lead his troops to attack. Yu Haoshuichuan was surrounded by a siege. Ren Fu and other 16 generals were killed and more than 10,000 soldiers were defeated.
In the second year of Qingli (1042), Li Yuanhao divided his troops into two groups and once again attacked the Song Dynasty. When they arrived in Dingchuan Village, the Song and Xia battled, the Song army was defeated, General Ge Huaimin and his generals were killed in battle, and more than 9,400 troops were killed.
After Li Yuanhao won, he rushed south, and vibrated in the .
On the other side of the northern border of the Song Dynasty, the Khitan, who had been peaceful after the Chanyuan Alliance, also sent envoys to seek the southern part of Guannan in 1042, and "gathered troops from Youyan and declared to go south." In the end, Song Renzong sent Fu Bi as an envoy, and the "100,000 pieces of silver and silk each year" was solved.
(Song Taizu)
03
In 1043 AD, the third year of Qingli, in this year, Song Renzong Zhao Zhen had been emperor for 21 years and had been in power for 11 years. From the second year of Baoyuan (1039), Song Renzong issued an edict to remove Yuanhao's official title and offer a reward to capture it. At this time, the three-year war between Song and Xia came to an end, and Xixia and Song began formal peace talks. The war between
and Xixia slowed down slightly. Song Renzong issued an edict to Fan Zhongyan, a direct scholar of the Privy Councillor, right-level censor, and Shaanxi general, who were stationed in Jingzhou, Shaanxi, and returned to Beijing. He was appointed as deputy envoy of the Privy Councillor, and promoted Ouyang Xiu, Yu Jing, , Wang Su and Cai Xiang to censors (commonly known as the "Four Censors"). In August, Renzong dismissed Deputy Prime Minister Wang Juzheng and appointed Fan Zhongyan as the chief political affairs officer. Fan Zhongyan was 55 years old at the time.
Tianzhangge was built in the fourth year of Tianxi (1020) of Emperor Zhenzong of Song Dynasty, to collect the imperial books of Zhenzong, and to paint the imperial appearance of Taizu and Taizong. After Song Renzong ascended the throne, Tianzhang Pavilion added the imperial face of Emperor Huizhenzong, which was equivalent to Song Renzong's study room.
Song Renzong met with ministers in Tianzhang Pavilion, asked the ministers about the strategies for border control and important military and political affairs, which became the highest standard treatment for ministers.
On September 3, 3rd year of Qingli, in order to support Fan Zhongyan, Fubi and others to implement the new policies, Song Renzong specially "Kai Tianzhang Pavilion, summoned the other party to sit down, and gave the letters to the front." Song Renzong wrote to Fan, Fu and others in Tianzhang Pavilion, and ordered them to report to political affairs.
Fan Zhongyan immediately submitted a letter to "Answer the Hand-Order and Executing Ten Things", and put forward ten reform proposals: explicitly promote and demote (strictly enforce the promotion and demotion of officials), suppress luck (restrict the bureaucrats' over-promotion), improve tribute (strictly select the imperial examinations to select scholars), select superiors (carefully select local officials), equal public fields (give officials a certain amount of field according to the level), strengthen agriculture and serenity (attention to agricultural production), reduce corvee labor, repair military preparations (remediate military preparations), den enxin (clear rewards and punishments, and both grace and power), and emphasize orders (take serious and cautiously issue court orders).
These ten reform proposals later became the top-level design of the reform of the "Qingli New Policy". Except for the "Mastering of Military Preparation" that the proposal was not implemented because of the proposal of learning from the Tang Dynasty, the other nine items were promulgated to the whole country in the name of Emperor Renzong and allowed to be implemented.
Among the ten reform measures, the most important ones are the first two:
explicit promotion and demotion: In the past, officials adopted the "scrutiny" system, only talking about their seniority and years, and without interruption of political achievements, which led to officials being complacent and doing nothing. Fan Zhongyan proposed a new assessment of political achievements, promoted outstanding officials and replaced guilty and incompetent officials; and stipulated that officials in the Beijing and county officials would be promoted to Mojian when the three-year term expired, otherwise they would have to wait until five years before the Mojian was completed.
Restraint: Since the beginning of the Song Dynasty, the system of eunuch has caused the bureaucrats to be procured more and more severely. Those who hold positions at bachelor's degree or above will pass eunuch within 20 years, and twenty of their brothers and descendants will serve as Beijing officials.Fan Zhongan proposed to restrict the privileges of middle and higher officials to be appointed to their children and prevent the relatives of powerful and noble children from monopolizing official positions. The additional supplementary method stipulates that except for the eldest son, the other descendants must be over 15 years old and younger than 20 years old to receive the favor. The origin of the kindness must pass a certain examination before they can be reincarnated. The facts later proved that these two became the biggest resistance to the reform.
The vigorous reform of the "Qingli New Deal" in the history of the Northern Song Dynasty began with the approval of Song Renzong, in Fan Zhongyan's top-level design.
04
04
Carefully analyze the above ten reform propositions of the "Qingli New Policy". The most core reform is to clarify the administration of officials, that is, "clear promotion and demotion" and "suppress luck". First, we must strictly assess officials, so that those who are capable will advance and those who are mediocre will come down. No matter who has a background, implement a "one-size-fits-all" approach. The second is to strictly control the kindness to officials and reduce the huge number of officials.
These two reforms were actually enemies of all the officials of the Song Dynasty, including those scholars who were good at studying and became officials, and even those who were reformists such as Fan Zhongyan. For example, Fan Zhongyan, according to the previous regulations on grace and integrity, he is now at the highest position, so his descendants will benefit and be favored and taken care of by the Song Dynasty court. Now, once the reform is reformed, the interests of all officials, including reform figures, will be damaged.
In October of the third year of Qingli (1043), the court appointed Zhang Wen as the Hebei Metropolitan Transport Censor, Wang Su as the Huainan Metropolitan Transport Censor, Shen Wei as the Jingdong Metropolitan Transport Censor, and Shi Changyan as the Hedong Metropolitan Transport Censor. The historical records are: "using the words of Fu Bi, Fan Zhongyan and others." The "choose the superior" in articles is first seen in action.
(Fan Zhongyan)
When choosing various routes of transit inspection envoys, Fan Zhongyan flipped through the class book and found that he had been incompetent and showed no mercy. Fu Bi said with concern: "If you continue to call it, a family will cry bitterly." Fan Zhongyan replied: "It is better for a family to cry than the people in a region."
It can be seen that the consequences of this reform intensity and impact on officials. In addition to Fan Zhongyan, even other characters among the reformist figures were unsure and uneasy.
With the implementation of the new policy, officials' grace has decreased and their investigations are tight. Those who oppose the new policy are unwilling to sit and wait for death, so they began to take action.
The first point of the spearhead was Fan Zhongyan’s friend Teng Zongliang.
Teng Zongliang (990-1047), whose name is Zongliang, whose courtesy name is Zijing, was from Luoyang, Henan. Teng Zijing was the same as Fan Zhongyan and Liu Yueju. After Teng Zi became a Jinshi in Jing, he served as the Beijing officials such as Dali Temple, the Zuo Sijian, the Tianzhang Pavilion, and the Ministry of Rites. In the early years of Qingli, Song Renzong Zhao Zhen appointed him as the prefect of Jingzhou and became a senior official in charge.
At that time, Jingzhou was a desolate place with border barriers and impermanence. Xixia launched a large-scale attack on the Song Dynasty. Teng Zijing guarded the border city. He had few soldiers in his hands, so he thought of a solution, "then gathered thousands of peasants to ride on the city," and "meeted Fan Zhongyan to lead the foreign Han soldiers to help." After the war, he used public funds to reward the soldiers of the border, commemorate the heroes and provide pensions to the survivors. A total of "160,000 guan of public money" was distributed to "Qian Qiang" and "give away the wandering scholars and old friends".
In September of the third year of Qingli (1043), Teng Zijing was converted to magistrate.
Shaanxi Fourth Road Chief Executive Officer, Staff, Appeasement, Recruitment and Recruitment Zheng Jian reported to the court: When Teng Zongliang was the governor of Jingzhou, he "wasted 160,000 yuan in public money." At the same time, the Censor Liang Jian of the Supervisor also launched a severe impeachment against Teng Zongliang: Teng Zongliang "has used 160,000 official money, but tens of thousands of money are unknown, so he must have invaded himself."
"public money" is replaced by the current term, and is mainly used for banquets, entertainment, gifts, donations and subsidies for official business needs. The amount of public money is "subject to the county and county, ranging from 200 to 5,000 guan a year." The use of public money must be signed by the magistrate and the Tongzong before it can be collected. "All officials and Tongzong signed by each official to be used for payment." Each expenditure must be clearly registered in the account and audited.
In the Song Dynasty, there was also "Minister Money", which was the personal allowance allocated by the court to the chief officials who had the title of honor, including the military governor, the military governor, the military governor, the military governor, the military governor, the military governor, the military governor, the military governor, the military governor, the military governor, the military governor, the military governor, the military governor, the military governor, the military governor, the military governor, the military governor, the military governor, the military governor, the military governor, the military governor, the military governor, and the military governor. "All of them are received according to the month, as if they were paid." The amount of money for the minister is divided into several levels according to the rank of the superior, ranging from 500 to 20,000. The superior can freely control his ministerial money.
These people reported Teng Zijing that they were suspected of abuse of public money that belongs to the nature of local government official funds, rather than public money that belongs to the nature of personal allowances of the superiors.
Emperor Renzong appointed Yan Du, a doctor of Taichang, to "shuoshishi" and took Teng Zongliang from Qingzhou to Bingzhou (now Bin County, Shaanxi) for investigation. When Teng Zongliang heard the news, in order to be afraid of implicating others, Teng Zijing burned the account book that registered the use of public money.
Teng Zongliang firmly refused to admit that he had embezzled 160,000 guan of public money. He only said that when he was in office in Jingzhou, he used 3,000 guan of public money because he was entertaining "more than a thousand Qiang people under the jurisdiction of various tribes". How much money was spent, how it was spent, and who accepted the gift, but it was a confusing account because the account books were burned by Teng Zongliang.
In the court, Fan Zhongyan defended Teng Zongliang. The 160,000 guan actually included the normal funds used by the army in Jingzhou. "There are already 150,000 guan, which is a false alarm. The amount of money is the requested by the army. Within 160,000 guan, how can the army be requested by Zongliang?
According to Fan Zhongyan, the public money used by Teng Zongliang should be about 10,000 guan.
After all, Teng Zongliang did not act corruption for himself, and using public money to "give away the wandering scholars and old friends" is also a practice of this dynasty. Fan Zhongyan also told Emperor Renzong: He and Han Qi used public money in this way when they were in Jingzhou. If they were guilty of doing so, then please ask the emperor to "result the money and Han Qi in one place, and make a judgment on the punishment of the order."
Song Renzong weighed repeatedly and followed Fan Zhongyan's words, and gave Teng Zongliang lightly, seized one official (reduced to a higher level of official rank), and only knew about Guozhou (now Lingbao, Henan). It was the first month of the fourth year of Qingli (1044).
However, Renzong's decision to punish was immediately strongly opposed by the Censor Zhongcheng Wang Gongchen . Other censors also "shoulder report to impeach Zong Liang." Finally, Song Renzong had to "use the words of the Censor Wang Gongchen" and issued a new edict in February, "transferring the governor of Guozhou, Teng Zongliang, to governor of Yuezhou."
Teng Zongliang's incident just passed. In June of the fourth year of Qingli (1044), Xia Shu also took a secret move, but his method of doing things was unique.
"Super Zizhi Tongjian Changbian" Volume 150 says:
First, Shi Jie reported to Bi to write about the affairs of Yi and Zhou. Xia Feng complained to Jie and scolded Ji, and wanted to make the female slaves learn Jie's books in secret. After a long time, they changed Yi and Zhou to Yi and Huo, and pretended to write Jie as Bi to write the edict and abolish the edict, and the words of Fei Ji were heard from the emperor. Although the emperor did not believe it, Zhong Yan and Bi were afraid and did not dare to settle down in the court. They all asked to go out to press the northwest, but did not agree. When there was a border report, Zhong Yangu asked for a trip, so he ordered Xuan to pacify Shaanxi and Hedong.
Xia Shun was because Ouyang Xiu and the reformist figures formed a bond. When Ouyang Xiu was a censor, he impeached Xia Shu and demoted him. Ouyang Xiu is also a general in the reform faction of the "Qingli New Deal". Xia Shu, who hated Ouyang Xiu, also hated this group of reform figures.
Shi Jie "has a strong appearance and a complete spirit, and has a strong academic spirit." In the fifth year of Tiansheng in the Song Dynasty (1027 AD), Shi Jie studied at Fan Zhongyan in Yingtianfu . At that time, Yan Shu knew Yingtianfu and attached importance to promoting education and educating people. When Fan Zhongyan died at home because of his mother, Yan Shuyan asked to take charge of learning for the Yingtianfu Academy. Shi Jie came to Yingtian Prefecture at this time and studied under Fan Zhongyan, and was deeply educated and influenced by him. Due to Fan Zhongyan's reputation, young people from all over the world came to visit and produced many talents at the moment. So when the Qingli New Deal, they all became active supporters of Fan Zhongyan's reform.
Song Renzong used Fan Zhongyan, Fu Bi, Han Qi, Ouyang Xiu and others to implement the "Qingli New Policy".Shi Jie was ecstatic about this and was excited. He believed that the time was coming to serve the country, and said, "This is a great event. Is it okay to praise my position!" He wrote "Ode to the Holy and Virtue of the Qingli", praised the reformists, criticized the conservatives, and accused Xia Shu and others who opposed the reform of being a great traitor.
Shi Jie's behavior made Xia Shu deeply hate him. Song Ting was out of the manuscript, and Sun Fu said to Shi Jie: "The disaster started here!"
Xia Shu is good at calligraphy. A maid in Xia Shu's family also has a special skill, and is good at imitating other people's handwriting. So Xia Shu asked the maid to imitate Shi Jie's handwriting, slander Fu Bi for wanting to do something about Yi Huo, and privately wrote a decree and enacted edict.
This matter is too strange. Although Song Renzong did not believe it was true, he was still a little suspicious.
At this time, another minister submitted a memorial to accuse Fan Zhongyan and others of being "clients". The issue of "climbing party" is the red line in the political arena of the Song Dynasty. "climbing party" has been strictly prohibited since the reign of Emperor Taizu of Song. Song Renzong has always been deeply suspicious and fearful of "climbing party" and has issued many edicts to require court officials to "caution for cliques."
After Fan Zhongyan and others were accused of being "climbs", Song Renzong and Fan Zhongyan once discussed the issue of "climbs". According to Volume 148 of "Such Zizhi Tongjian Changbian" Volume 148: (Renzong asked Fan Zhongyan) "Since the past, most villains were cliques, and there were also gentlemen's party?" Fan Zhongyan replied: "When I was on the border, I saw the benevolent people as a party, and those who were cowardly fighting also as a party. In the court, the same is true for the evil and righteous parties, only the holy hearts observe. If you are friends and be kind to the country, what is the harm?"
This answer is equivalent to accusation of the accusation of "climbs".
Faced with the accusation of "fraud", Ouyang Xiu remembered the third year of Jingyou (1036), when Fan Zhongyan, who advocated reform politics, drew a picture of all officials for Renzong, criticizing Prime Minister Lu Yijian for inappropriate employment of people and clashing with Lu. Lu Yijian added the charge of "overtracking his post, distracting his ministers, and citing his cliques." Fan Zhongyan was demoted to the magistrate of Raozhou . At this time, Gao Ruonai, as a censor, not only did not advise Fan Zhongyan, but instead took advantage of the situation and followed Lu Yijian to slander Fan Zhongyan. Ouyang Xiu wrote a letter to Gao Ruonai, which is the famous "Letter to Gao Si", scolding Gao Ruonai for not knowing that there is shame in the world. Ouyang Xiu was therefore demoted to the county magistrate of Yiling (now Yichang, Hubei). Song Renzong strictly ordered "restraints" to "restrain the cliques" for this.
Now, as a censor, he was once again criticized as a "clipart". Ouyang Xiu submitted a memorial titled "On the Fraternity", proposing "The theory of fraternity has existed since ancient times, but it is only fortunate that the king distinguishes the gentleman and the villain." "A gentleman and gentleman regard the same as the same path as the friend, and the villain and the villain take the same profit as the friend, this is a natural principle." "So, for a king, one should withdraw from the false friends of the villain and use the true friends of the gentleman, and the world will be governed."
Ouyang Xiu's letter objectively added fire to the saying of "clipart", although Ouyang Xiu thought he was selfless in his heart.
Shi Jiezhixin and Ouyang Xiu's "On the Fraternity" made Fan Zhongyan feel the seriousness of the problem. Volume 150 of "Successful Zizhi Tongjian Changbian": "And Zhongyan and Bi were afraid and dared not settle for the court. They all asked to go out to the northwest border, but did not agree. When there was a border report, Zhongyan asked to go and pacify Shaanxi and Hedong."
In June of the fourth year of Qingli (1044), Fan Zhongyan requested to go out to patrol. Renzong appointed Fan as the Xuanfu envoy of Shaanxi and Hedong, and still retained the title of political affairs. In August, Fu Bi also left Beijing as the deputy envoy of the Privy Councilor and was appointed as the envoy of Xuanfu in Hebei.
In November of that year, Su Shunqin According to the customs of the officialdom at that time, he held a public fund to eat and drink with money from selling waste paper. Wang Yirou wrote another poem after drinking, but was caught by the opposition Wang Gongchen and others. Su Shunqin was detained and investigated by Kaifeng Prefecture, and was later expelled from the scholars and demoted to the people on the charge of "theft of the lord". Wang Yirou was exaggerated and almost lost her life. A group of officials supporting the reform were demoted or punished. This is the famous "Prison in the Memorial Palace".
Half a year later, Fan Zhongyan ended his patrol in the northwest and returned to the capital. Song Renzong, who supported the reform, changed his attitude greatly. On the 28th day of the first lunar month of the fifth year of Qingli (1045), Fan Zhongyan was dismissed from serving as the governor of political affairs, and was the governor of Binzhou and the pacification envoy of the four borders of Shaanxi.On the same day, Fu Bi was also dismissed from the Deputy Envoy of the Privy Council and was appointed as the Pacifier of the East and West Roads of Beijing and the Governor of Yunzhou. The next day, Su Shunqin's father-in-law, Du Yan, was dismissed as the Left Chief of the Shangshu and was appointed as the founder of Yanzhou.
On the fourth day of the second month of the fifth year of Qingli (1045), the new method of exploration and the new method of recruiting the son was dismissed. On the fifth day of the third month, Han Qi was dismissed from the Deputy Envoy of the Privy Councilor, and was appointed as the Bachelor of the Zizheng Palace, and the governor of Yangzhou. At this point, all the main figures in charge of reform and reform were expelled from the court.
On the 23rd, the new imperial examination law was abolished and the old system was restored.
On August 21, Ouyang Xiu abolished the Transportation Envoy of Hebei and was renamed Chuzhou. At this point, the Qingli New Policy completely failed.
Later generations summarized the reasons for the failure of the "Qingli New Deal". The most important statement was that the issue of "clipartism" aroused the vigilance of Song Renzong. In fact, in my opinion, the reason for the failure is caused by comprehensive factors. The so-called "cluster" is just an excuse for Song Renzong to abolish the reform and alienate Fan Zhongyan and others. Didn’t Song Renzong know that there was a party to those who opposed the reform? How can the party be cut off when it comes to the same attack on different dynasties? Instead, the skilled emperors should use "clubs" to balance the government's affairs, restrain all forces and maintain their authority.
One of the reasons is Song Renzong's own personality flaw. As an emperor, Song Renzong's greatest advantage was tolerant and kindness, and tolerate all kinds of fierce criticism. His personality had problems such as indecisiveness, swaying left and right, and indecisiveness. His ears were soft, which was also the "unstabilizing power" criticized by Wang Fuzhi;
The second reason was that the top-level design of the reform was not detailed, and the supporting measures were not in place; the reformers' own problems. Fan Zhongyan's employment, Wang Anshi once criticized him for "he is very famous, and is a wandering scholar, thinking that it is a supporter of the party, which is very bad for the customs." Fan Zhongyan appointed the new policy to promote the new policy, but the actual behavior is less, and some even like to be strange and innovative, make empty talk, and have inconsistent words and deeds. It is easy to make people sick and give the opponents a slander; the third reason is that Fan Zhongyan's reforms moved the family law of his ancestors, namely the basic national policy of the Song Dynasty, which "the emperor and the scholars and officials rule the world together", that is, Fan Zhongyan wanted to reform the feudal bureaucratic system of the Song Dynasty. For example, in order to ensure the "seniority and honor", the Song Dynasty formulated and expanded the "grace" system for middle and senior officials to nourish their relatives. Through Enyin, a large number of children of middle and senior officials received low-level official titles or dispatches every year. In the Song Dynasty, the grace of the ministers was not only very wide, but also extremely abusive. Whenever they encountered great gifts, "the family of ministers, the royal relatives, mothers and other tribes all reported recommendations, with no fixed number, as many as 10 or 20 people, and no less than 57 people." And "not limited to talent and stupidity, they all stayed in the position of honor."
Most of the low- and intermediate dispatches such as prefectures, finance officials, and inspection envoys in the Song Dynasty were appointed by those who were born in Enyin. This system that is equivalent to the hereditary bureaucracy has filled the bureaucracy with powerful children who eat rice, leading to "people who are indifferent to the official path" and "the sons of powerful people rarely leave the country." Breaking or restricting the privilege of bureaucratic aristocrats will undoubtedly be fiercely opposed by them because they touch the interests of bureaucrats and aristocrats. If the reform is really carried out in such a way, the foundation of the ruling of the Song Dynasty will definitely be greatly impacted, and the family rules of the ancestors who "govern the world with scholars and officials" will also change. This is the real reason why Song Renzong dared not carry out the reform and gave up halfway.
Therefore, in the sixth year of Qingli of Emperor Renzong of Song Dynasty (1046), Fan Zhongyan, the governor of Dengzhou in the Song Dynasty, wrote his voice with the "Yueyang Tower Notes": "When you live in a high temple, you worry about the people, and when you are far away from the rivers and lakes, you worry about the king. This is to worry about progress and retreat, but when will you be happy? He must say, worry about the world before worry about the world, and be happy about the acquired heaven. If you are a person, who will I return?"
At this time, Zhao Zhen, the Song Renzong in the Kaifeng Palace in the capital city hundreds of kilometers away, dared not respond to the eternal cry of this once extremely trusted scholar Fan.
(The picture in this article is an online information)
Fan Zhongan proposed to restrict the privileges of middle and higher officials to be appointed to their children and prevent the relatives of powerful and noble children from monopolizing official positions. The additional supplementary method stipulates that except for the eldest son, the other descendants must be over 15 years old and younger than 20 years old to receive the favor. The origin of the kindness must pass a certain examination before they can be reincarnated. The facts later proved that these two became the biggest resistance to the reform.The vigorous reform of the "Qingli New Deal" in the history of the Northern Song Dynasty began with the approval of Song Renzong, in Fan Zhongyan's top-level design.
04
04
Carefully analyze the above ten reform propositions of the "Qingli New Policy". The most core reform is to clarify the administration of officials, that is, "clear promotion and demotion" and "suppress luck". First, we must strictly assess officials, so that those who are capable will advance and those who are mediocre will come down. No matter who has a background, implement a "one-size-fits-all" approach. The second is to strictly control the kindness to officials and reduce the huge number of officials.
These two reforms were actually enemies of all the officials of the Song Dynasty, including those scholars who were good at studying and became officials, and even those who were reformists such as Fan Zhongyan. For example, Fan Zhongyan, according to the previous regulations on grace and integrity, he is now at the highest position, so his descendants will benefit and be favored and taken care of by the Song Dynasty court. Now, once the reform is reformed, the interests of all officials, including reform figures, will be damaged.
In October of the third year of Qingli (1043), the court appointed Zhang Wen as the Hebei Metropolitan Transport Censor, Wang Su as the Huainan Metropolitan Transport Censor, Shen Wei as the Jingdong Metropolitan Transport Censor, and Shi Changyan as the Hedong Metropolitan Transport Censor. The historical records are: "using the words of Fu Bi, Fan Zhongyan and others." The "choose the superior" in articles is first seen in action.
(Fan Zhongyan)
When choosing various routes of transit inspection envoys, Fan Zhongyan flipped through the class book and found that he had been incompetent and showed no mercy. Fu Bi said with concern: "If you continue to call it, a family will cry bitterly." Fan Zhongyan replied: "It is better for a family to cry than the people in a region."
It can be seen that the consequences of this reform intensity and impact on officials. In addition to Fan Zhongyan, even other characters among the reformist figures were unsure and uneasy.
With the implementation of the new policy, officials' grace has decreased and their investigations are tight. Those who oppose the new policy are unwilling to sit and wait for death, so they began to take action.
The first point of the spearhead was Fan Zhongyan’s friend Teng Zongliang.
Teng Zongliang (990-1047), whose name is Zongliang, whose courtesy name is Zijing, was from Luoyang, Henan. Teng Zijing was the same as Fan Zhongyan and Liu Yueju. After Teng Zi became a Jinshi in Jing, he served as the Beijing officials such as Dali Temple, the Zuo Sijian, the Tianzhang Pavilion, and the Ministry of Rites. In the early years of Qingli, Song Renzong Zhao Zhen appointed him as the prefect of Jingzhou and became a senior official in charge.
At that time, Jingzhou was a desolate place with border barriers and impermanence. Xixia launched a large-scale attack on the Song Dynasty. Teng Zijing guarded the border city. He had few soldiers in his hands, so he thought of a solution, "then gathered thousands of peasants to ride on the city," and "meeted Fan Zhongyan to lead the foreign Han soldiers to help." After the war, he used public funds to reward the soldiers of the border, commemorate the heroes and provide pensions to the survivors. A total of "160,000 guan of public money" was distributed to "Qian Qiang" and "give away the wandering scholars and old friends".
In September of the third year of Qingli (1043), Teng Zijing was converted to magistrate.
Shaanxi Fourth Road Chief Executive Officer, Staff, Appeasement, Recruitment and Recruitment Zheng Jian reported to the court: When Teng Zongliang was the governor of Jingzhou, he "wasted 160,000 yuan in public money." At the same time, the Censor Liang Jian of the Supervisor also launched a severe impeachment against Teng Zongliang: Teng Zongliang "has used 160,000 official money, but tens of thousands of money are unknown, so he must have invaded himself."
"public money" is replaced by the current term, and is mainly used for banquets, entertainment, gifts, donations and subsidies for official business needs. The amount of public money is "subject to the county and county, ranging from 200 to 5,000 guan a year." The use of public money must be signed by the magistrate and the Tongzong before it can be collected. "All officials and Tongzong signed by each official to be used for payment." Each expenditure must be clearly registered in the account and audited.
In the Song Dynasty, there was also "Minister Money", which was the personal allowance allocated by the court to the chief officials who had the title of honor, including the military governor, the military governor, the military governor, the military governor, the military governor, the military governor, the military governor, the military governor, the military governor, the military governor, the military governor, the military governor, the military governor, the military governor, the military governor, the military governor, the military governor, the military governor, the military governor, the military governor, the military governor, the military governor, and the military governor. "All of them are received according to the month, as if they were paid." The amount of money for the minister is divided into several levels according to the rank of the superior, ranging from 500 to 20,000. The superior can freely control his ministerial money.
These people reported Teng Zijing that they were suspected of abuse of public money that belongs to the nature of local government official funds, rather than public money that belongs to the nature of personal allowances of the superiors.
Emperor Renzong appointed Yan Du, a doctor of Taichang, to "shuoshishi" and took Teng Zongliang from Qingzhou to Bingzhou (now Bin County, Shaanxi) for investigation. When Teng Zongliang heard the news, in order to be afraid of implicating others, Teng Zijing burned the account book that registered the use of public money.
Teng Zongliang firmly refused to admit that he had embezzled 160,000 guan of public money. He only said that when he was in office in Jingzhou, he used 3,000 guan of public money because he was entertaining "more than a thousand Qiang people under the jurisdiction of various tribes". How much money was spent, how it was spent, and who accepted the gift, but it was a confusing account because the account books were burned by Teng Zongliang.
In the court, Fan Zhongyan defended Teng Zongliang. The 160,000 guan actually included the normal funds used by the army in Jingzhou. "There are already 150,000 guan, which is a false alarm. The amount of money is the requested by the army. Within 160,000 guan, how can the army be requested by Zongliang?
According to Fan Zhongyan, the public money used by Teng Zongliang should be about 10,000 guan.
After all, Teng Zongliang did not act corruption for himself, and using public money to "give away the wandering scholars and old friends" is also a practice of this dynasty. Fan Zhongyan also told Emperor Renzong: He and Han Qi used public money in this way when they were in Jingzhou. If they were guilty of doing so, then please ask the emperor to "result the money and Han Qi in one place, and make a judgment on the punishment of the order."
Song Renzong weighed repeatedly and followed Fan Zhongyan's words, and gave Teng Zongliang lightly, seized one official (reduced to a higher level of official rank), and only knew about Guozhou (now Lingbao, Henan). It was the first month of the fourth year of Qingli (1044).
However, Renzong's decision to punish was immediately strongly opposed by the Censor Zhongcheng Wang Gongchen . Other censors also "shoulder report to impeach Zong Liang." Finally, Song Renzong had to "use the words of the Censor Wang Gongchen" and issued a new edict in February, "transferring the governor of Guozhou, Teng Zongliang, to governor of Yuezhou."
Teng Zongliang's incident just passed. In June of the fourth year of Qingli (1044), Xia Shu also took a secret move, but his method of doing things was unique.
"Super Zizhi Tongjian Changbian" Volume 150 says:
First, Shi Jie reported to Bi to write about the affairs of Yi and Zhou. Xia Feng complained to Jie and scolded Ji, and wanted to make the female slaves learn Jie's books in secret. After a long time, they changed Yi and Zhou to Yi and Huo, and pretended to write Jie as Bi to write the edict and abolish the edict, and the words of Fei Ji were heard from the emperor. Although the emperor did not believe it, Zhong Yan and Bi were afraid and did not dare to settle down in the court. They all asked to go out to press the northwest, but did not agree. When there was a border report, Zhong Yangu asked for a trip, so he ordered Xuan to pacify Shaanxi and Hedong.
Xia Shun was because Ouyang Xiu and the reformist figures formed a bond. When Ouyang Xiu was a censor, he impeached Xia Shu and demoted him. Ouyang Xiu is also a general in the reform faction of the "Qingli New Deal". Xia Shu, who hated Ouyang Xiu, also hated this group of reform figures.
Shi Jie "has a strong appearance and a complete spirit, and has a strong academic spirit." In the fifth year of Tiansheng in the Song Dynasty (1027 AD), Shi Jie studied at Fan Zhongyan in Yingtianfu . At that time, Yan Shu knew Yingtianfu and attached importance to promoting education and educating people. When Fan Zhongyan died at home because of his mother, Yan Shuyan asked to take charge of learning for the Yingtianfu Academy. Shi Jie came to Yingtian Prefecture at this time and studied under Fan Zhongyan, and was deeply educated and influenced by him. Due to Fan Zhongyan's reputation, young people from all over the world came to visit and produced many talents at the moment. So when the Qingli New Deal, they all became active supporters of Fan Zhongyan's reform.
Song Renzong used Fan Zhongyan, Fu Bi, Han Qi, Ouyang Xiu and others to implement the "Qingli New Policy".Shi Jie was ecstatic about this and was excited. He believed that the time was coming to serve the country, and said, "This is a great event. Is it okay to praise my position!" He wrote "Ode to the Holy and Virtue of the Qingli", praised the reformists, criticized the conservatives, and accused Xia Shu and others who opposed the reform of being a great traitor.
Shi Jie's behavior made Xia Shu deeply hate him. Song Ting was out of the manuscript, and Sun Fu said to Shi Jie: "The disaster started here!"
Xia Shu is good at calligraphy. A maid in Xia Shu's family also has a special skill, and is good at imitating other people's handwriting. So Xia Shu asked the maid to imitate Shi Jie's handwriting, slander Fu Bi for wanting to do something about Yi Huo, and privately wrote a decree and enacted edict.
This matter is too strange. Although Song Renzong did not believe it was true, he was still a little suspicious.
At this time, another minister submitted a memorial to accuse Fan Zhongyan and others of being "clients". The issue of "climbing party" is the red line in the political arena of the Song Dynasty. "climbing party" has been strictly prohibited since the reign of Emperor Taizu of Song. Song Renzong has always been deeply suspicious and fearful of "climbing party" and has issued many edicts to require court officials to "caution for cliques."
After Fan Zhongyan and others were accused of being "climbs", Song Renzong and Fan Zhongyan once discussed the issue of "climbs". According to Volume 148 of "Such Zizhi Tongjian Changbian" Volume 148: (Renzong asked Fan Zhongyan) "Since the past, most villains were cliques, and there were also gentlemen's party?" Fan Zhongyan replied: "When I was on the border, I saw the benevolent people as a party, and those who were cowardly fighting also as a party. In the court, the same is true for the evil and righteous parties, only the holy hearts observe. If you are friends and be kind to the country, what is the harm?"
This answer is equivalent to accusation of the accusation of "climbs".
Faced with the accusation of "fraud", Ouyang Xiu remembered the third year of Jingyou (1036), when Fan Zhongyan, who advocated reform politics, drew a picture of all officials for Renzong, criticizing Prime Minister Lu Yijian for inappropriate employment of people and clashing with Lu. Lu Yijian added the charge of "overtracking his post, distracting his ministers, and citing his cliques." Fan Zhongyan was demoted to the magistrate of Raozhou . At this time, Gao Ruonai, as a censor, not only did not advise Fan Zhongyan, but instead took advantage of the situation and followed Lu Yijian to slander Fan Zhongyan. Ouyang Xiu wrote a letter to Gao Ruonai, which is the famous "Letter to Gao Si", scolding Gao Ruonai for not knowing that there is shame in the world. Ouyang Xiu was therefore demoted to the county magistrate of Yiling (now Yichang, Hubei). Song Renzong strictly ordered "restraints" to "restrain the cliques" for this.
Now, as a censor, he was once again criticized as a "clipart". Ouyang Xiu submitted a memorial titled "On the Fraternity", proposing "The theory of fraternity has existed since ancient times, but it is only fortunate that the king distinguishes the gentleman and the villain." "A gentleman and gentleman regard the same as the same path as the friend, and the villain and the villain take the same profit as the friend, this is a natural principle." "So, for a king, one should withdraw from the false friends of the villain and use the true friends of the gentleman, and the world will be governed."
Ouyang Xiu's letter objectively added fire to the saying of "clipart", although Ouyang Xiu thought he was selfless in his heart.
Shi Jiezhixin and Ouyang Xiu's "On the Fraternity" made Fan Zhongyan feel the seriousness of the problem. Volume 150 of "Successful Zizhi Tongjian Changbian": "And Zhongyan and Bi were afraid and dared not settle for the court. They all asked to go out to the northwest border, but did not agree. When there was a border report, Zhongyan asked to go and pacify Shaanxi and Hedong."
In June of the fourth year of Qingli (1044), Fan Zhongyan requested to go out to patrol. Renzong appointed Fan as the Xuanfu envoy of Shaanxi and Hedong, and still retained the title of political affairs. In August, Fu Bi also left Beijing as the deputy envoy of the Privy Councilor and was appointed as the envoy of Xuanfu in Hebei.
In November of that year, Su Shunqin According to the customs of the officialdom at that time, he held a public fund to eat and drink with money from selling waste paper. Wang Yirou wrote another poem after drinking, but was caught by the opposition Wang Gongchen and others. Su Shunqin was detained and investigated by Kaifeng Prefecture, and was later expelled from the scholars and demoted to the people on the charge of "theft of the lord". Wang Yirou was exaggerated and almost lost her life. A group of officials supporting the reform were demoted or punished. This is the famous "Prison in the Memorial Palace".
Half a year later, Fan Zhongyan ended his patrol in the northwest and returned to the capital. Song Renzong, who supported the reform, changed his attitude greatly. On the 28th day of the first lunar month of the fifth year of Qingli (1045), Fan Zhongyan was dismissed from serving as the governor of political affairs, and was the governor of Binzhou and the pacification envoy of the four borders of Shaanxi.On the same day, Fu Bi was also dismissed from the Deputy Envoy of the Privy Council and was appointed as the Pacifier of the East and West Roads of Beijing and the Governor of Yunzhou. The next day, Su Shunqin's father-in-law, Du Yan, was dismissed as the Left Chief of the Shangshu and was appointed as the founder of Yanzhou.
On the fourth day of the second month of the fifth year of Qingli (1045), the new method of exploration and the new method of recruiting the son was dismissed. On the fifth day of the third month, Han Qi was dismissed from the Deputy Envoy of the Privy Councilor, and was appointed as the Bachelor of the Zizheng Palace, and the governor of Yangzhou. At this point, all the main figures in charge of reform and reform were expelled from the court.
On the 23rd, the new imperial examination law was abolished and the old system was restored.
On August 21, Ouyang Xiu abolished the Transportation Envoy of Hebei and was renamed Chuzhou. At this point, the Qingli New Policy completely failed.
Later generations summarized the reasons for the failure of the "Qingli New Deal". The most important statement was that the issue of "clipartism" aroused the vigilance of Song Renzong. In fact, in my opinion, the reason for the failure is caused by comprehensive factors. The so-called "cluster" is just an excuse for Song Renzong to abolish the reform and alienate Fan Zhongyan and others. Didn’t Song Renzong know that there was a party to those who opposed the reform? How can the party be cut off when it comes to the same attack on different dynasties? Instead, the skilled emperors should use "clubs" to balance the government's affairs, restrain all forces and maintain their authority.
One of the reasons is Song Renzong's own personality flaw. As an emperor, Song Renzong's greatest advantage was tolerant and kindness, and tolerate all kinds of fierce criticism. His personality had problems such as indecisiveness, swaying left and right, and indecisiveness. His ears were soft, which was also the "unstabilizing power" criticized by Wang Fuzhi;
The second reason was that the top-level design of the reform was not detailed, and the supporting measures were not in place; the reformers' own problems. Fan Zhongyan's employment, Wang Anshi once criticized him for "he is very famous, and is a wandering scholar, thinking that it is a supporter of the party, which is very bad for the customs." Fan Zhongyan appointed the new policy to promote the new policy, but the actual behavior is less, and some even like to be strange and innovative, make empty talk, and have inconsistent words and deeds. It is easy to make people sick and give the opponents a slander; the third reason is that Fan Zhongyan's reforms moved the family law of his ancestors, namely the basic national policy of the Song Dynasty, which "the emperor and the scholars and officials rule the world together", that is, Fan Zhongyan wanted to reform the feudal bureaucratic system of the Song Dynasty. For example, in order to ensure the "seniority and honor", the Song Dynasty formulated and expanded the "grace" system for middle and senior officials to nourish their relatives. Through Enyin, a large number of children of middle and senior officials received low-level official titles or dispatches every year. In the Song Dynasty, the grace of the ministers was not only very wide, but also extremely abusive. Whenever they encountered great gifts, "the family of ministers, the royal relatives, mothers and other tribes all reported recommendations, with no fixed number, as many as 10 or 20 people, and no less than 57 people." And "not limited to talent and stupidity, they all stayed in the position of honor."
Most of the low- and intermediate dispatches such as prefectures, finance officials, and inspection envoys in the Song Dynasty were appointed by those who were born in Enyin. This system that is equivalent to the hereditary bureaucracy has filled the bureaucracy with powerful children who eat rice, leading to "people who are indifferent to the official path" and "the sons of powerful people rarely leave the country." Breaking or restricting the privilege of bureaucratic aristocrats will undoubtedly be fiercely opposed by them because they touch the interests of bureaucrats and aristocrats. If the reform is really carried out in such a way, the foundation of the ruling of the Song Dynasty will definitely be greatly impacted, and the family rules of the ancestors who "govern the world with scholars and officials" will also change. This is the real reason why Song Renzong dared not carry out the reform and gave up halfway.
Therefore, in the sixth year of Qingli of Emperor Renzong of Song Dynasty (1046), Fan Zhongyan, the governor of Dengzhou in the Song Dynasty, wrote his voice with the "Yueyang Tower Notes": "When you live in a high temple, you worry about the people, and when you are far away from the rivers and lakes, you worry about the king. This is to worry about progress and retreat, but when will you be happy? He must say, worry about the world before worry about the world, and be happy about the acquired heaven. If you are a person, who will I return?"
At this time, Zhao Zhen, the Song Renzong in the Kaifeng Palace in the capital city hundreds of kilometers away, dared not respond to the eternal cry of this once extremely trusted scholar Fan.
(The picture in this article is an online information)
