1. The concept of "bullying"
Norwegian scholar Dan Olweus first began to study campus bullying and proposed the term "bullying" in 1978. He defined it as a student who is in a long-term and frequently in negative behavior led by one or more students. British scholar Smith believes that "bullying" refers to intentionally causing harm to others, which may be physical or psychological. Bullying usually uses methods such as beating, pushing, and extorting property, including telling obscene stories or social exclusion. Bullying can be involved by one or more children. In addition, compared with general aggressive behavior, bullying has two different basic characteristics, namely the imbalance of the power of both parties when the behavior occurs and the repetition of the behavior. As the research deepens, people have also included the most hidden verbal slander and serious injury in the category of "bully".
2. Types of bullying:
Voice bullying: including ridicule, nickname, malicious slander, ridicule, and intimidation
Social bullying: usually a kind of relationship bullying, which is concentrated in slandering reputation or legitimate relationship with someone, form includes instigating others not to make friends with someone, collectively intentionally isolating someone, walking on rumors about someone, intentionally grabbing someone in front of everyone
Physical bullying: concentrated in damaging other people's bodies or other items, including hitting, kicking, pinching, making discriminatory actions and damaging other people's items without reason.
Cyber bullying: A new form of bullying that can combine the above three types of bullying into one. The manifestation is to record the entire process of bullying in the form of video and disseminate it to the Internet
3. The places where bullying occurs often
Wu Jing (2016) [1] In a field survey at a primary school in Pingdingshan City, it was found that the place where bullying occurs the most is classrooms, accounting for 39%; followed by playgrounds (24%), other places in the school (20%), corridors or halls (17%). Unlike primary school students, middle school students often use anonymous online methods to commit violence to improve their social status and enhance their influence in the Internet and real life [2]. Because cyberbullying itself has the characteristics of virtuality and rapid spread, information that hurts others spreads to all parts of the world in a short period of time and cannot be completely deleted. These characteristics are easier to satisfy the conquest and impulsive desire of middle school bullies. In addition, the application of modern and developed network technology is becoming increasingly younger, so in recent years, incidents of campus bullying in my country are circulating on the Internet more and more frequently.
4. Characteristics of bullying
Violence: It is reported that in 2016, the Beijing High Court reported the campus violence crime case concluded by the Beijing Court in the past five years, saying that the city court concluded nearly 200 campus violence crime cases in five years, accounting for 0.19% of all criminal cases in the same period; about 14% of the cases used relatively bad insulting methods such as slapping the victims, pouring cold water, burning cigarette butts, and taking nude photos, causing persistent harm to the victims' mental health [3].
concealment: on the one hand, it is manifested as spatial concealment. Bullies usually choose places that are not easily discovered to be bullied in order to escape punishment; on the other hand, it is manifested as victims deliberately concealing the fact of being bullied because of the protection of self-esteem or coerced by the perpetrator. This concealment is even stronger, and teachers and parents should pay more attention to preventing the second situation.
Difference: Boys are slightly more likely to experience bullying in school than girls, but based on public data from UNESCO statistics in 2018 (excluding sexual or other gender-based violence) that over 32% of boys suffer bullying in school, compared with 28% of girls; in the 10 countries where bullying occurs, the median rate is slightly different; in these countries, 65% of girls and 62% of boys report bullying, indicating that girls are more affected when bullying is the most common [4].
5. The impact of bullying on victimized students
The bullied students may have a greater interest in learning and their interest in going to school, which may lead to poor academic performance, and may be accompanied by unexplained harm or self-harm (or more extreme behaviors) due to the intensified psychological impact on them. A survey conducted by the National Center for Education Statistics in 2016 showed that 14% of students' academic decline after being bullied [5].
6. Intervention means of "bullying"
Family education is the first education system for students, so I have two suggestions for parents here:
1. Strengthen communication and exchanges with children, pay attention to the physical and mental health of children
2. Strongly cooperate with the school management work, and participate in school activities in a timely manner
[1] Wu Jing. Investigation and intervention research on primary school bullying behavior [D]. Inner Mongolia Normal University , 2016.
[2] Liu Jianyun. Research on campus bullying issues for middle school students [D]. Guangxi University for Nationalities , 2017.
[3]Tencent News Fact-State Social News Section https://news.qq.com/a/20160531/028319.
[4]UNESCO https://zh.unesco.org/news/xin-shu-ju-xian-shi-quan-qiu-san-fen-zhi-yi-qing-shao-nian-zao-shou-ba-ling
[5] https://study.com/teach/bullying-in-schools.html
