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10 million people died, 780,000 disabled, and 1.8 million people were poisoned. It is logical that the initiator of this series of numbers is cut into pieces.
But the reality is that not only did this person escape sanctions, he also won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. He is the German chemist - Fritz Haber.
1918, before Europeans could emerge from the shadow of blood in the battle, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was given to Haber, attracting fierce criticism because he not only used chlorine and mustard gas to create poison gas bombs, but also went to the front line to command the release, with his hands covered in blood.
However, what convinced more people was that before World War I, Harber invented a method to synthesize ammonia with nitrogen in the air. From then on, humans got rid of the dependence of natural fertilizers and supported the food foundation of at least half of the world's population today.
While poisoning millions, benefiting billions of dollars, and the great good and evil are combined into one. Fritz Harber and the great German chemists, closely tied chemistry and chemical engineering with the national destiny of modern Germany and even the education/scientific research/laboratory systems we are familiar with today.
Not long ago, we talked about the start of the US NASA, which brought von Braun from Germany. The rapid rise of Soviet space was also the result of learning German rocket technology from local materials. Therefore, many readers kept cueing German technology in the comment area, hoping to have a good chat, so today it is here.
First of all, regarding the rise of science and technology in Germany before World War II, what we want to talk about today is not a certain project, an institution, or a certain system, but the discipline of chemistry.
As the saying goes, if you learn mathematics, physics and chemistry well, you will not be afraid of traveling all over the world. Although chemistry is important, it ranks at the end. Chemists are not as many fans as mathematicians and physicists. They look like they are working hard and have a little bit of danger.
This is related to the subject attributes of chemistry.
chemistry not only studies wonderful changes and reaction processes, but also a medium connecting other natural sciences and engineering technologies. It is a practical science that penetrates almost all aspects of industry and economy, and a central discipline that connects the past and the future in the social and scientific system.
For example, manufacturing machinery, Party A provides requirements and physically provides material performance indicators, while chemistry is responsible for studying how the molten iron in the blast furnace reacts to obtain steel of various properties.
From alchemy, alchemy, to today's photoresist of new energy batteries and lithography machines, all require chemistry. Other food, clothing, living, and chemistry are everywhere, but their presence is not strong. Even the Nobel Prize in Chemistry has a nickname called "Nobel Prize in Science". Everything can be related to it, and the winner may not be a chemist.
In the second half of the 18th century, more than a hundred years after Newton and Leibniz finished laying the foundation for modern mathematics and physics, this low-key and simple discipline broke out in the "chemical revolution", overthrew the phlogistin theory, and established the naming principle and the law of conservation of mass of unified science.
In chemistry, compared with inorganic chemistry , which was basically perfect in the first industrial revolution, the knowledge of organic chemistry is more backward. I only know that organic matter is probably composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus, and the specific mechanism is not clear.
is the lag of organic chemistry, which gives Germany a chance to counterattack.
At that time, Germany was still a loose cluster of small countries, without colonies, lacking imported resources, and science was far inferior to Britain and France. Old theories such as phlogistin were still harming the education system.
But signs of Germany's rise have emerged.
During the Holy Roman Empire, the 38 German states were in harmony for more than 800 years. When Napoleon overthrew the Habsburg dynasty, everyone completely separated, and the national sentiment of Germany became more and more popular.
In addition to the shame of defeat, the key is that modern technology and economy have swept across Europe. If Germany does not unite to integrate market resources, it can only watch the waste of money being earned by others.
When you are poor, you will think of change. As the strongest German Prussia began reforms:
first, taking back the control of the university from the church, and then introducing modern science courses.
Second, take the lead in establishing craft schools and transforming farmers into vocational technicians in large quantities.
3, took the lead in forming the German customs alliance, and market supply and demand relationship was also integrated. After the general framework of industry, academia and research was established, Prussia began to look for its first pot of gold. Therefore, the "father of organic chemistry" and the "father of agricultural chemistry" and the double-produced father of the chemistry industry - Eustus von Libixi appeared.
Li Bixi was born in 1803. He loved chemical experiments since he was a child and was engaged in explosives. As a result, he was dropped out of school after blowing up the classroom. Later, he became an apprentice in the pharmacy and exploded the attic and was fired home. He seemed to be both dish and playful.
actually he is not a bad person. root cause was that at that time, the upper class was either philosophy or art, and those who practiced chemistry were all the bottom of society, such as pharmacy apprentices, dyeing workshop workers, etc. , the method experience was very backward, and Li Bixi could not learn by himself.
Dad had no choice. When Li Bixi was 17 years old, he found someone to send him to Bonn University to study regular chemistry.
Li Bich is really a chemistry material. He got his doctorate in just three years. At the age of 20, he went to the then World Chemistry Center, the Sorbonne University in Paris, France, and devoted himself to the master Guy Lusack .
Two years later, Libich, recommended by Prussian education reformer William von Humboldt , returned to Giesen University as a professor at the Principality of Hesse, Germany.
He likes to do experiments in the classroom, it is burning and exploded, it is very fun, and speaks nicely, which attracts students from all over Europe to listen to the class.
More importantly, outside the university classroom, Li Bixi founded the world's first Giesen Laboratory for research and teaching purposes. Simple instruments and advanced experimental methods opened up the era of brick-moving men in science and engineering.
Maybe some people say, isn’t this just an ordinary laboratory?
yes, It is because of Li Bixi that the ordinary laboratory system in universities today has been established.
You should know that two hundred years ago, Europeans also studied and became officials. Although universities no longer specialize in theology, they are also the territory of cultural people. In order to cultivate their own spirit, how can they do the same thing as "pharmaceuticals, soap makers, wine makers, and paint makers"?
This is why the first industrial revolution was mainly driven by engineers, because scientists are still sitting on the topic.
However, Li Bixi, who has been playing with explosives since childhood, does not like to debate, but runs a laboratory outside the school, and then first explains the experimental principles and procedures in class, then pulls people to the laboratory to personally "pass on and help" them to cultivate standardized "mass-production chemical talents". He has been in a breath for 26 years, and his disciples are spread all over Europe. Under the role of
role model, German companies have cooperated with scholars to emulate and improve Libich's laboratory model on a large scale.
For example, the Bayer Laboratory later had a larger area than the workshop and factory building. It can also allow 300 doctors to use the same set of instruments to perform the same experiment. Professors and assistants toured and guided them, which is very similar to New Oriental Cooking School .
And these large-scale mass-produced chemical talents obviously cannot accompany the powerful to discuss philosophy and life, but instead pour into the front line of various fields.
is the first to be affected, which is dye , which has a huge supply gap and a broad market prospect.
Textile industry is the starting point of the first industrial revolution, and the first pot of gold in the UK was brought by Jenny's spinning machine and cotton from North American plantations.
But there is no shortage of fabrics, but dyes rely on imported indigo grass, madder grass, cochine, and saffron. They are expensive and impatient. There are only a few colors back and forth. I have been annoyed by seeing them for a long time. People have started to rack their brains to find all kinds of dyes, and use whatever they encounter. Even the picy acid used for explosives is used to dye silk wool.
Therefore, Germans must reduce the cost of dye development on a large scale and increase the speed of new color development in order to turn ancient dyes into their own new technological continent.
They did three things:
1. Establish the theoretical basis of organic chemistry and say goodbye to blindly.
2. Find the key organic compound that determines the dye and focus on the key points.
3. Detach the molecular chemical structure by benzene to achieve planned research and development.
will review it one by one:
Before Li Bixi, the entire chemistry community was still using the "life force theory" to distinguish between organic and inorganic, which was a bit theological. If you really rely on this for research and development, it is basically equivalent to fortune-telling.
1828, chemist Weiler accidentally synthesized organic urea with inorganic substances.
As a friend, Li Bixi was inspired to propose the organic group theory, believing that in organic chemical reactions, groups composed of atoms, such as benzene and amine, are the smallest reaction units, and follow the same law of synthesis reaction without refining into smaller single elements.
After that, humans have truly begun to recognize organic compounds such as benzene, amines, alcohols, aldehydes, olefins, alkynes, etc. Liebich became the "father of organic chemistry", and the World Chemistry Center also moved from France to Germany.
1856 When British chemist William Henry Parkin used coking kerosene raw materials to synthesize the special malaria drug quinine, unexpectedly obtained aniline purple . The silky smooth color touched everyone. In addition, the raw materials are cheap and mass-produced, the noble natural shell purple price was beaten down, and the UK took the blood of synthetic dyes.
But this William Henry Parkin, also has an identity, Libixi's disciple.
The teacher who guided him to complete the aniline purple is named A.W. von Hofmann. He is the dean of the Royal College of Chemistry in London, England. is also Li Bixi's student and niece son-in-law.
Along the aniline purple, Hoffman found a series of colors such as aniline yellow and aniline green, and found that the magenta produced by the Poles could also be synthesized with aniline. Even the explosive picrylic acid, which barely used to dye clothes, was also related to benzene, so benzene became the key to the dye industry. The discovery of made Hoffman the father of "synthetic dyes".
For several years, when dye industry and chemists focused on new colors, they were also guessing the structure of benzene.
1865, another student of Li Bixi, Kaikule, dreamed of an weebosnake, and he was enlightened and proposed the ring structure of benzene. Everyone suddenly realized and finally understood the laws of molecular structure.
benzene is a regular hexagonal ring. It requires a coal distillation reaction of thousands of degrees, which indicates that it has sufficient stability and is not easy to oxidize. Moreover, an organic group can be attached to each vertex, which is prone to various reactions to produce various benzene ring-containing compounds, corresponding to chemical dyes of different colors.
In the human eye, what color the object present is related to the wavelength it absorbs and reflects. Different molecular structures reflect and absorbs different wavelengths, and the colors seen by human eye are different. For example, if you absorb red, you will see cyan, and if you absorb yellow and blue light, it is purple-red. The more molecules in different structures, the richer the colors.
So with stable and similar properties, rich and variable colors and cheap sources, various compounds containing benzene rings became the same choice in the dye industry at that time.
After chemists summarized the rules of chemical molecular structure, a clear map appeared to guide humans to synthesize any desired compound.
From looking for needles in haystacks to casting nets, and then to building landscaping around lakes, the discovery of benzene and benzene rings not only changed the dye industry, but also greatly reduced scientific research costs for dye companies, but also completely opened the door to chemical synthesis.
As the various organic compounds that humans have learned have changed from thousands to tens of thousands, modern chemical industry first reached a node of explosion in Germany.
At this time, the process of Prussian unification accelerated, the German nation-state consciousness was awakened, and German chemists scattered around Hoffman and other German chemists scattered around had a common understanding - It was time for them to return to China.
1870, France hastily declared war on its former defeated general Prussia. 45 days later, the emperor surrendered gloriously and gave Germany 5 billion francs of compensation and 70% of France's coal and iron.
Germany is unified, and the golden age of German dyes has finally begun!
From Cologne to Bonn, from Mannheim to Leipzig, from the Baltic Sea to Rhine , dye factories rise from the city. Each color developed is equivalent to digging a new gold mine!
Compared with traditional commodity such as steel, cloth, the market for chemical synthetic dyes is not only in large demand, but also in many types and changes rapidly. It is a technology-intensive mass consumer product, giving chemists the opportunity to cross the sea and show their magical powers.
Humanity's pursuit of technology and money is combined with dyes for the first time.
Before this, European universities' positioning of scientific research was a noble spiritual activity that pursues knowledge itself, and they were disdainful to enter enterprises.
But after dye gold mines were opened, knowledge became wealth. is similar to the Internet in Silicon Valley, USA a hundred years later. Today, the so-called backward production capacity chemical industry was a high-end industry at that time.
Chemistry professors were hired by high salaries, and chemistry graduates entered the company in large numbers, and chemists went to start businesses or promoted company executives. In the 1890s, Carlo, a chemist at BASF, had an annual salary of 100,000 marks, a thousand times that of ordinary workers. The new chemistry graduate of Bayer Company, had a starting salary of 2.5 times that of ordinary people.
Germany is full of "benzene valleys", and the dye industry is full of myths of wealth creation everywhere. For the first time, Germany's industry, academia and research systems are tightly tied together, running at high speed, and awesome companies are one after another.
Today, Bayer , BASF, Hirschst and IKF were all established in 1863-1867 , and then they gained the dividends of Germany's unification, accumulated funds through dyes, opened laboratories to cultivate talents, and then began to expand to other fields.
Hall was established with only 12 employees, and it grew to a scale of 5,000 in 1900. Before World War I in 1913, there were more than 10,000 employees.
The wealth effect of chemical industry was later spread to China. For example, the founder of modern modern chemistry in China, Hou Debang , after inventing the Hou's alkali production method, he had two chances to become a billionaire.
chemical construction has changed the life trajectory of many people, such as Engels' friend Karl Shaulaima .
He is in a carpenter's family, the eldest of nine children, so poor that he has no money to study in a vocational school, so he has to be an apprentice and become an assistant, save money to be admitted to Li Bixi, and barely study for a semester. He went to the British chemistry circle to work hard, but he did not even have a university diploma, but as a professor of organic chemistry, he was elected as a member of the Royal Society of the United Kingdom and a member of the American Philosophy Society.
This experience is very similar to those of the grassroots technology giants in the early days of the Internet. It is a typical feature of the industry's rise.
followed, is a devastating blow to the traditional dye cultivation industry.
Germany first and the United Kingdom to synthesize alizarin magenta dye to squeeze out the marijuana from France and Dutch from the market. Turning around, Germany used synthetic indigo to directly strangle the British bluegrass planting industry in India. One million India was unemployed, and British colonization gradually became shaky.
The most popular thing is that German dye factories often go to the UK to register new color patents first to obtain a 20-year protection period, while Germany unified the domestic market, protecting its own patents and forcibly authorizing foreign patents, and the number of patents obtained by enterprises has expanded by hundreds of times.
After a while, the British dye technology was developed and was stolen by Germany, but German chemical industry was full of vitality and British chemical industry was unable to fight back.
It’s not that the British don’t want to fight back, but they have to guard against American patent spies and dare not relax their domestic patent management at all.
is in a dilemma. From 886 to 1900, the six largest chemical companies in the UK only obtained 86 patents, while the Germans had 948, and the global dye market basically belonged to Germany.
In 1900, Germany absolutely monopolized the global dye market with an 87% market share. Later, even the military uniforms worn by the British during World War were dyed by Germans.
German chemists who made their first pot of gold rely on dyes to target the biggest urgent need of mankind - agriculture. Li Bixi provides the theoretical basis!
18th century, Europe changed from 2-3 rounds of farming in a year to four-crop rotation, wheat, radish , barley, and beans were continuously planted, and high-yield potato and corn from the Americas were added.
Now the soil fertility is dried, and it can't hold on to natural fertilizers such as feces, peeing, farts, bones, and bones.
Li Bixi carefully studied this situation. In the book "Agricultural Chemistry", it is clearly stated that the cultivation of plants will lead to soil decline. Fertilization must be restored through manual intervention and the lost ingredients are returned to the soil in order to continuously increase the yield of crops, that is, the law of material compensation.
How to return the lost soil to the soil? At that time, Europeans generally believed that humus was the key to soil fertility, while Li Bixi believed that since humus only appeared with plants, the primitive nutrients of plants could only be minerals.
After experiments, he determined that plant growth requires soil minerals such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. "Plant Mineral Nutrition Theory" also emerged, laying the foundation of agricultural chemistry.
Under this idea, Li Bixi inspected Peru and found that bird guano that had been deposited for millions of years is rich in nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compounds, which are excellent raw materials for fertilizers. As a result, Europeans have set off a "big guano fever" all over the world. At the same time, saltpeter ore was also found on Chile , rich in ammonium nitrate , sodium nitrate or potassium nitrate , supplying as much as 70% of the world's fertilizer production needs.
Because the route from South America to Europe was controlled by the British Navy, the British arrived first on natural fertilizers, which strangled the Germans' job.
In the end, the conflict between Britain and Germany intensified, and the Germans could only look back and find a way to find a way.
So, the disciples of the Libixi school, Fritz Haber , which combines the devil and the angel, appeared.
fertilizer requires ammonia. Ammonia is composed of nitrogen and hydrogen elements (NH3), N2+3H2→2NH3(g). The industrial preparation of hydrogen has matured, and the nitrogen content in the air is as high as 78%. If the nitrogen in the air can be fixed, it will basically be produced out of nothing. The chemical formula of
has been solved, and there are two main difficulties: one is catalyst , and the other is high temperature and high pressure equipment.
started in 1901 and took eight years to find a mixture of iron and alumina .
As for high-temperature and high-pressure equipment, it was no longer a problem at that time. After all, giant ships and cannons are in high demand, and Krupp steel technology has made rapid progress. It is not a problem to produce high-temperature and high-pressure synthetic ammonia equipment.
1910, BASF began mass production of synthetic ammonia only 9,000 tons, and in less than four years, it had expanded to an annual output of 240,000 tons.
Before World War I in 1914, 40% of the cost of farming for Germans was spent on fertilizers. The staple grains increased by 60% and potatoes increased by 100%. During the same period, the unit yield of wheat, barley and potatoes was 50% or even 100% higher than that of France and the United States, two or three times that of Russia.
With food, meat consumption has also risen. In 1912, Germans ate as high as 53 kilograms of meat every year, surpassing most countries.
People regard food as the most important thing. Without the people who eat enough, there will be no foundation for the country's prosperity.
In the 1970s, China used US$4.3 billion to go from the West to 26 complete sets of projects, half of which were factories for synthesizing ammonia and urea, and the Haber method was also used.
Today, 90% of the world's nitrogen fertilizer is processed from synthetic ammonia. In 1900, the world's total population was only 1.65 billion, and the world's population increased to more than 7 billion, and the synthesis of ammonia was indispensable.
In addition to grain, synthesis of ammonia for Germany at that time, was also the trump card of a national fortune bet.
At the beginning of the 20th century, Siemens created a generator; Carl Benz ( Mercedes-Benz ) invented the car, and Germany and the United States became the pioneer of the second industrial revolution of .
At the same time, dye companies not only got the fertilizer, but also took the lead in prescribing chemical synthetic drugs. Aspirin and sulfa antibacterial drugs were used to overcome many stubborn diseases at low cost. Two-pronged approaches led to a sharp decline in population mortality.
Before World War I, Germany's population increased by 50% to more than 66 million, second in Europe as the local area, with an oversupply of labor. A large number of German companies also fell into intra-volume . The domestically-dominated market could no longer bear the prehistoric power of the scientific and technological revolution. Social contradictions intensified rapidly, and only one choice was left. They attacked overseas and killed others, and eventually broke with the old colonial countries.
But in war, explosives require ammonia nitrate, and manufacturing ammonia nitrate requires import of South American saltpeter under the nose of British naval guns. So if we do not change the dependence of saltpeter and face trench warfare and attrition war, Germany can only last for a year and a half, and if we cannot win, we will surrender!
so the Germans looked at synthesizing ammonia, used ammonia to make nitric acid , treated toluene with nitric acid, and obtained trinitrotoluene , This is TNT explosive.
Dye chemical companies have taken money from the government to produce synthetic ammonia, and the investment in synthetic ammonia has increased from 35 million marks at the beginning of the war to hundreds of million marks before the surrender.
World War I started in 1914, with only 40,000 dye workers in Germany, as high as 125,000 when they surrendered, and more than tripled in scale, providing the German army with millions of tons of TNT explosives, dragging Britain, France and Russia into a long-term fierce battle. But it was not a reversal enough, so Haber proposed to the German General Staff chemical warfare , and showed the most terrifying side of chemistry to humans.
The cruel war brought ruthless revenge. Germany surrendered and signed the " Treaty of Versailles ". The military's military industry and martial arts were completely abolished, the colonies were confiscated and the territory was cut off, and the huge compensation became a heavy tax on the people and enterprises. The whole country was wailing, making Fritz Haber anxiously and dreaming of refining gold from the sea to repay the compensation. It can be regarded as loyalty to the country to the end.
But the French not only recovered Alsace Lorraine, but also in turn occupied Ruhr area , trampling on the German psychological defense line back and forth, sowing the seeds of revenge.
Between the two world wars, Germany dispersed its military system to other countries to maintain its military system. It did not pick on the cooperation targets, mainly the Soviet Union and even China, just to repay the shame of a war.
plus there are no colonies, and the German economy relies more on chemicals.
1925, eight major chemical industries including BASF, Akfa, Bayer, Casera, Grisheim, Weiler Chemical, Hirst, and Kal jointly established the largest monster-level company in Europe - IG Faben , with its full name " dye industry interest group " . The following three major business units cover all chemical categories, and only focus on major tasks to shoulder the industrial chassis of Germany's revenge. (Its three major business units are responsible for 1. Synthesis of ammonia, methanol , petroleum, mining, 2 dyes, pesticides, medicine, and 3 photosensitive products rayon , which shoulders the industrial raw material foundation for Germany's restart.)
IG method The first thing our company does is to overcome the mass production problem of coal hydrogenation to prevent the oil supply from being cut off.
The so-called coal hydrogenation is the use of coal to artificially synthesize gasoline. This technology was proposed by German fuel chemist Bergius before World War I, who was also a member of the Libich school and an apprentice of Haber, the inventor of synthetic ammonia.
2 years later, the coal hydrogenation of of was successfully mass-produced, and Bergius also won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1931 without any dispute.
German chemists once again used their absolute strength to create something out of nothing, opening up a way out for the motherland in desperate situations. Five years after its establishment, IG Faben controlled all dyes, all explosives, 3/4 synthetic ammonia, 40% pharmaceutical companies and 30% rayon.
This year, the global economic crisis came, and the Weimar government fryed a bread to 500,000 marks. The already fragile German economy was in turmoil. IG Faben had to lay off employees on a large scale and urgently needed political support. Therefore, he got together with the rising Hitler , burdened half of the campaign funds, and helped the Prime Minister.
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firstly related to the synthetic ammonia of grain and explosives. law bank tried hard to expand production. By 1937, it had already won 75% of the world's production capacity , and had the confidence to start a war.
Energy, Faben expanded its synthetic gasoline production capacity to produce 3 million tons of synthetic fuel for Germany, of which 2 million tons of gasoline, and is ready to be blocked.
materials, the field of polymer chemistry, also pioneered by German chemists, has been valued by Faben. The number of approved plastic patents is twice the total number of other patents obtained in the world. Plastics, synthetic fibers, and synthetic rubber have changed the pattern of Germany's raw materials.
1926, Faben Group began mass production of copper ammonia rayon, which is thin and soft, suitable for making clothes. It also developed a stronger Bailun, which is comparable to American nylon.
Various synthetic fibers make military uniforms, tents, and backpacks for Germany, especially silk that replaced the early parachutes and , which made the German paratroopers famous in World War II.
1933, German Farben Company continuously synthesized nitrile rubber and styrene butadiene rubber . The former is oil-resistant and high-resistant, which is better than natural rubber. The latter is wear-resistant and aging-resistant, and is mixed with natural rubber, which greatly alleviates supply pressure.
It can be said that as long as it is a raw material that is missing in Germany, chemists will find ways to synthesize it.
The United States has a lot of sugar, and the United Kingdom is familiar with opium, so British and American soldiers have cocaine added to maintain morale, and morphine will relieve pain when injured. The Soviet Union has a lot of food, and everyone has Red Army soldiers. But for Germany, sugar and alcohol are precious strategic resources. What should I do?
harm, isn’t it addictive? Without sugar and wine, Germans directly emit methamphetamine, and is methamphetamine . Without opium, just synthesize the syrup directly. The effect is poor but the quantity is sufficient.
Under IG Faben's overtime work, during World War II, the German army consumed a total of 200 million tablets of methamphetamine drugs . Xiaowang himself was also an addict and relied on drugs to maintain his excitement.
From preparation to war, Faben followed the Nazi army's chariots, annexed European chemical companies everywhere, and requisitioned 400,000 prisoners and prisoners of war as labor, squeezing the prisoners' last lives infinitely.
FABan mass-produced highly toxic insecticide Zikron B, cooperated with a bathroom incinerator, carried out an industrial assembly line massacre, and took away millions of lives in the concentration camp , just to save the money from bullets executed, and to nourish the most efficient and bloodiest military-industrial complex in human history.
15 years of growth with the Nazis, the international patents applied for by FABan accounted for 1/3 of the 30 largest chemical companies in the world at that time, controlled more than 800 domestic and foreign companies, monopolized most of the major chemical products in the German War Zone, and supported Nazi scientists to continue to open new technology trees in the last doomsday.
100% of the production of synthetic rubber, methanol and lubricating oils in Germany, as well as 98% dye, 95% poison gas, 90% plastic, 88% magnesium, 80% explosives, 70% black gunpowder, 46% aviation gasoline and 35% sulfuric acid are all marijuana.
For example, jet engines, V1 cruise missiles, V2 rocket , etc., the key lies in the selection, preparation and control of various high-efficiency compound fuels. It is not possible without a deep fuel chemistry foundation.
But with the beard committing suicide, Germany's last resurrection at the peak of human technology completely disappeared.
After the war, IG Faben disintegrated into 12 independent companies. A large number of German chemists immigrated to the United States with the unsubstantiated accumulation of Libich's school. The World Chemistry Center has moved again, but after a century of turmoil and changes in Germany, the foundation remains strong. Bayer, BASF and Hirschst still rank among the top ten chemical companies in the world.
ending
From ancient times to the present, mankind has always had no shortage of imaginative theorists, and there are too many down-to-earth practical workers, but in the huge gap between principle and reality, very few can build bridges.
Ming Dynasty Wang Yangming said that integrating knowledge and action, chemistry is such a discipline.
The upper level of Germany's education system is Humboldt education system university education, which not only cultivates one's character, but also focuses on practice. The following layer is a craft school that focuses on professional skills.
introduces incremental growth to promote internal change. These two systems are closely bonded together in the iterations of new technologies and new industries such as dyes, fertilizers, explosives, chemical fibers, synthetic drugs, etc., building a strong chemical highland in Germany.
Among the 60 people who first won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 42 were Germans, all of whom were Liebixi's students, and his disciples were even more spread throughout the chemistry community!
Libich's school is not accidental, but the result of the scientific combination of German educational reform and chemistry. It was imitated by later scientists and economists and worked together to solve problems, which led to the later Boer School, Fermi School, Chicago School, , Austrian School, etc.
Integration of knowledge and action not only achieved the rapid development of chemical industry in Germany, but also formed a complete industry, education and research architecture under the promotion of countless chemical masters and the development of chemical theory, which profoundly influenced university education in the Soviet Union and the United States.
especially Li Bixi's laboratory method - Giesen mode , after iteration, it was passed down to the United States and was imitated by General Electric in the early 20th century, DuPont AT&T, etc., thousands of laboratories are spread throughout the United States, and the market is virtuous, leading the second scientific and technological revolution together with Germany.
The pragmatic and enlightened management ideas of German universities were also brought back to Peking University by Cai Yuanpei in Germany, indirectly inspiring the May Fourth Movement.
The model of the craft school has influenced the Soviet Union from Germany to the Soviet Union and then to my country, and has cultivated a large number of professional talents for the country. To this day, there is also the famous excavator network of Lanxiang Technical School!
As a discipline, chemistry has promoted the rise of a country, and has also ushered in the blooming of both academic industries and opened up the Ren and Du meridians of Germany's industry, academia and research system. This is why in the past 70 years from unification to World War II, German scientists in various fields have been continuing to promote the rapid growth of science and technology and industry, and completely changed the human world.
However, Germany has not been able to change the shackles that bind the external circulation from beginning to end, causing the internal circulation to degenerate into internal circulation, and over-reliance on the single chemical industry has led to a super monopoly, which eventually led to Xiao Wang's rise to power, and use monopoly capital + military-industrial complex to sweep the entire country to the last cliff.
Historical experience and lessons are learned first. For today's China, where is our "chemistry"? How can we control this unknown "it" to drive our internal and external cycles?
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