Teacher Yu said that
final exam is getting closer and closer, and many students want some high-quality composition materials. Today, Teacher Yu has compiled a lot of celebrity materials for everyone and take out the excerpts.
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high-quality celebrity materials for junior high school (Part 1)
Confucius
1. Character introduction
Confucius (551 BC-479 BC), whose name is Qiu, whose courtesy name is Zhongni. A native of Lu in the late Spring and Autumn Period, the founder of the Confucian school, and a great thinker and educator in China.
(I) Characters and Things
Perfect and Perfect
Confucius attached great importance to the content and form of music. It praised the perfect artistic form of ancient music and dance "Shao" and "Nine Debate". "The Analects of Confucius·Shuer": "I heard "Shao" in Qi, but I didn't know the taste of meat in March." Confucius commented that "Shao" is perfect. In addition to highly praised the artistic expression of the Zhou Dynasty music and dance "Dawu", it criticized the content of the war achievements of King Wu of Zhou in defeating Zhou and destroying Shang: "The beauty of Dawu is not perfect."
Satisfaction and happiness for the way
Confucius said: "It is rich and noble to me if you are unrighteous." In Confucius' mind, practicing righteousness is the highest value of life. When there is a conflict between rich and poor and morality, he would rather be poor than give up morality. But his peace of mind cannot be regarded as not seeking wealth but only seeking to maintain the mind. Confucius also said: "Wealth and honor are what people want; if we don't get it by our way, we won't get it. We will not get it by our way. We will not get it by our way." "We can seek wealth, even if we hold a whip, we will do it. If we don't want it, we will follow my preferences."
I'm eager to eat, and I'm happy to forget my worries. When Confucius was 63 years old, he described himself like this: "I'm eager to eat, and I'm happy to forget my worries. I don't know that old age is coming." At that time, Confucius had led his disciples to travel around the countries for 9 years. After going through hardships, he not only did not gain the trust of the princes, but also almost died. However, Confucius was not discouraged, and was still optimistic and upright, insisted on his ideal of cherishing himself, and even knew that he could not do it.
Gentleman is poor and poor
Confucius arrived in Chen State and lived in Sicheng Zhenzi (Doctor Chen State)'s house. When the State of Chu heard that Confucius was between Chen and Cai, he asked someone to hire Confucius and prepared to grant Confucius a 700-mile radius of registered civil society. Confucius went to pay a visit and returned the ceremony. He moved from Chen to Cai and was besieged and could not walk, so he cut off his food. The disciples of the followers were exhausted and hungry to stand up. But Confucius still "speaks and recites strings and songs endlessly" (studys and recites, performs singing, and teaches poetry, books, rituals and music without interruption). Zilu was angry and came to see Confucius and said, "Is there a gentleman poor?" Confucius said, "A gentleman is poor, but a villain is poor and a villain is indiscriminate (a gentleman can stick to poverty without wavering, while a villain is idle and does nothing). "He warned a gentleman to maintain his ethics and morality no matter what happens in any difficult times.
The dead are like a whim
Confucius stood at the foot of Mount Ni, looking at the rolling Liao River, feeling moved when he touched the scene, and couldn't help but sigh: "The dead are like a whim, never leaving day and night!" Confucius discovered a profound truth in the common green waves of flowing water, and his depression also flowed away like water. Later, Zhuangzi also sighed similarly in "Zhuangzi: Zhibei Travel": "Life between heaven and earth is like a white horse passing by, passing by." It means that time passes very quickly, and this is also the origin of "a white horse passing by."
The harsh government is more powerful than the tiger
Confucius passed by Mount Tai and saw a woman crying and wailing next to the grave, so he asked. The woman replied, "My father-in-law was eaten by a tiger!" Confucius asked Zilu to ask, "Why not leave this place?" The woman replied, "Because there is no tyranny of tyranny taxes here." Confucius said to his followers, "The harm of harsh policies to people is more than that of fierce tigers!"
Waiting for sale. Confucius lobbies the princes and wants to be valued, but he runs into a wall everywhere. He is very sad and often complains about himself in secret. One day, Zi Gong got a beautiful jade and asked Confucius whether he wanted to collect it or find someone to sell it. Confucius sighed loudly, "Sell it, sell it! I am treating the merchants!" It means: Sell it, sell it, I am waiting for someone who knows the goods. It is a metaphor for waiting for someone who appreciates you to come out to serve.
(II) Comments from famous artists
Mencius (Warring States Period): Confucius was the time of the saint. Confucius is called "Gathering and Achievement". The great ones are the sound of gold and jade. The sound of gold is the beginning of order: the sound of jade is the end of order.
Sima Qian (Han): The kings in the world have become wise men. At that time, they will be glorious, and if they do not exist, they will be self-righteous. Confucius was born in a commoner for more than ten years and scholars followed him. From the emperor, the king and prince, the Chinese people who speak the six arts of China have compromised their gratitude to the Master, and they can be called the most holy!
Emperor Xuanzong of Tang (Tang Dynasty): What did the Master live in a generation. The land is like the town of the Shang clan, and the house is the palace of the Lu royal palace. I sighed at the phoenix and sighed at me, and I hurt the unicorn and complained about the poor. Now, I look at the two thresholds, which should be the same as dreams. "Speech of Lu worshipping Confucius and sighing"
Zhu Jia (Ming): Heaven does not give birth to Zhong Ni, and it will last forever be as long as the night.
Gu Yanwu (Ming and Qing dynasties): The three kings of Taoism are great, and their achievements are superior to the two emperors. I am determined to be in the Spring and Autumn Period. The car and clothes are first in righteousness, and the majestic disciples practice. When I hear the sound of silk and bamboo in the house, there are some simple scripts left on the wall. The sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial Only the whole army will be reborn, and the temple will not rely on the plan. The old man was in court, and Qingzhu flowed around the tomb. Once you come to the village, it is like traveling with you. "Visiting Confucius Temple"
Qian Mu (now): Confucius was the largest sage in Chinese history.
(III) Material application
Topic 1: The calm water of the mountains
Material processing: Confucius was the founder of the Confucian school. Over the years, many people believed that a major feature of the Confucian school is conservative and conservative. The ancients were golden years, and they only attached importance to the "way of the previous kings" and did not pay attention to the changes in things. Confucius was a square and pedantic scholar. In fact, Confucius, who "believe and loves the ancients", used his own understanding of morality and combined with his expectations of the times to give a new explanation of the classics. He not only took the benevolence of "like a mountain" as the highest moral standard, but also sang the "The dead are like this" that resonated with the wise men of the ages; he not only explained "change" extremely poetically, but also practiced it in person, admitted disciples and transformed his soul with practical actions. If he fears "change" and does not believe that things have the possibility of renewal, he will not become a soul engineer or the first professional teacher in Chinese history. His uniqueness as a Chinese philosopher is that his "change" is like the growth of all things, a silent and natural process. The development of his ideals in his mind is not to cut off the tradition, but to take tradition as the foundation, like trees in the mountains, growing endlessly. (Excerpt from "Eternal Lush and Forever China")
Topic 2: Setbacks
Material processing: Confucius was unsuccessful in his life. But Confucius was not afraid or escape, and treated life with an optimistic attitude. Confucius is not worse than Lao Zhuang in terms of being optimistic about fate and being wise and self-satisfied. "Kong Yan's Joy" is a summary of this attitude towards life.
Confucius was besieged by Kuang people when he was traveling around the countries. The situation was very urgent at that time. Confucius said: "When King Wen has disappeared, isn't literature here? Heaven is about to lose its culture, and those who die later cannot be treated with it. Heaven has not lost its culture, so what is it like for Kuang people!" Sima Huan Yu of the Song Dynasty wanted to harm Confucius, and Confucius said: "Natural virtue is born to me, so what is it like for Huan Kui?"
"The Analects of Confucius·Shuer" expresses Confucius' ambition to be good at the world. At the same time, it is also Confucius' comfort and encouragement to himself when encountering setbacks, which is a self-adjustment practice. (Excerpt from "The Charm of Confucius' Personality Seeing in the Analects of Confucius")
Topic 3: Understanding
Material Processing: Now when we talk about Confucius and "The Analects of Confucius", many people blurted out: "Only women and villains are difficult to raise." This half sentence comes from Chapter 25 of "The Analects of Confucius·Yanghuo", and the second half sentence is "If you are close, you will not be rude, and if you are far away, you will be resentful." Many people, especially women, are very disgusted with this sentence and thus disgusted Confucius. Some people also smoothed out the situation for Confucius, saying that the "women" here does not refer to women.
I think, to take a step back, even if Confucius refers to women here, it can only be explained as discrimination against women in a masculinistic society, which is a common problem, a mark of the times or a limitation of the times. In the West, Jesus scolded Eve, Aristotle scolded women, and Nietzsche scolded women, which was very strict, and the degree was much higher than that of Chinese male thinkers. It is Hume and Hegel, who also discriminate against women very much.Of course, discrimination, contempt, and contempt of women by people from both East and West are all wrong. There is a manifestation of disrespect for women in Confucianism and Confucianism, which requires criticism, but we must understand and review it in the context of the times. We must learn to tolerate, understand, appreciate and study foreign cultures, and at the same time we must learn to tolerate, understand, appreciate and study our own inherent culture. Many of the criticisms of Confucianism over the past century have been irrational, emotional, shallow or linear, so that most middle-aged and young people in mainland China still treat Confucianism in the 1970s and the "Heshang" method in the 1980s. We need to face these complex problems with a sympathetic understanding and a rational and critical approach. (Excerpt from "The Charm of Confucius' Personality Seeing in the Analects of Confucius")
Topic 4: Choose
Material processing: The ancient Liu Xiahui was forced to stay under the city. It was windy and snowy at night, and the temperature dropped sharply. A woman under the gate of Tongsui was so cold that she couldn't stand it. Liu Xiahui held her in her arms and warmed her body temperature until dawn the next day. She did not act impolitely, leaving behind the reputation of being calm.
is unique. People from Lu have a solitary room, and their neighbor is a widow, who is also alone in a room. In the middle of the night, a storm came, and the widow's room was broken. She wanted to go into the Shandong people's room to hide, but the Shandong people closed their doors and refused to accept them. The widow begged under the window, "Why don't you understand benevolence and don't let me in?" The Lu people said, "I heard that men and women cannot live together under the age of sixty. You are young now, and I am also young, so I dare not let you in." The woman said, "Why don't you learn from Liu Xiahui?" The Lu people said, "I can never do it. I can't do it with mine now, and I can learn from Liu Xiahui." Confucius said, "Good! Those who want to learn from Liu Xiahui are not as good as those of the Lu people. They hope to develop in the good direction, but do not follow other people's behavior. They are considered wise."
In Confucius's view, Liu Xiahui's choice is right, and the choice of the Lu people is also right. (Excerpt from "The Analects of Confucius' Personality Kuili")
Topic 5: Humor
Material Processing: In 496 BC, anxious Zigong asked his lost teacher Confucius everywhere. At this time, a Zheng native said to him: "There is a man at the east gate. His forehead looks like Tang Yao, his neck looks like Gao Yao, and his shoulders look like Zichan, but he is three inches below his waist. He looks thin and tired, like a dog with a broken family." Zigong told him this after finding Confucius. Confucius smiled and said, "The shape he mentioned may not be necessary. But I am like a stray dog, yes! Yes!" This is Confucius, an old man full of humorous cells, who has not been the image of "the greatest sage and master" sitting in the portrait for thousands of years, sitting in the depths of Chinese consciousness. In Confucius' eyes, if you want to be truly immortal, it is not about power, but about culture and education. Therefore, later Confucianism praised Confucius as the "Su King". Without land and people, as long as culture exists, his throne will always exist. (Excerpt from "The Friendly and Easy-going "The Great Successful Saint")
Topic 6: Source
Material Processing: Anyone who knows Confucius knows what the situation was in that era. The benevolence and ethics he preached were sometimes left aside, but sometimes it reached its peak. Isn't it? Until today, there are almost all the people in the world who study Confucianism. What can they study? I thought: It's just for my use. But, no matter what, Confucius is great. Yes, it is definitely great. His classic discussion is human nature and human ethics. Some people say: All things on the earth are symbiotic and equal. All retribution is because humans break the ecological balance and satisfy humanity's own desires regardless of their own. Therefore, human beings call for human nature and equality. Confucius two thousand years ago was calling for human nature. Yes, the feudal dynasties all showed the choice of a emperor in governing the country with Confucianism or law. Yes, to this day, Confucius' ethical and moral concepts are still out of date. Moral decay must be a foe: when you are rational, you will ask Confucius for advice.(Excerpt from "Stop in front of Confucius' Tomb")
Topic 7: Integrity
Material processing: Integrity is the way to govern. The ancients believed that to govern the country and control the regime, one must gain the trust and support of the people, otherwise one will perish. Confucius said: "The people cannot establish themselves without trust." This means that if the people do not trust the government, the government cannot gain a foothold. Confucius' student Zigong asked Confucius, "Food food, sufficient soldiers, and civil trust, you will get rid of one of them. Which one do you remove first?" Confucius said that you will get rid of the military first." Zigong asked again about removing one of the two items, which one should I remove? Confucius said to remove food. Because there is no food at most, death will not occur. Since ancient times, people have inevitably died. If the people have no confidence in the government, the government cannot stand up. (Excerpt from "On Honesty and Trust")
Topic 8: Searching for
Material processing: From the village with blue tiles and yellow walls, the lingering sound is long, and the unknown river winds in the twilight and winds away, filling the fog that is thick and cannot be melted on the wheat field. I heard the sound of "the dead are like this" on the banks of Sishui River, from Confucius to the present.
My ancestor, Qin Yingzheng, had burned books and slaughtered Confucianism during his lifetime. Now, his descendants, like me, have come from all the way to worship Confucius. When I came to Shandong, in addition to worshipping Confucius, I had to climb Mount Tai, but I just prayed that God would give me artistic imagination and strength. A friend from Jining City who was receiving me said: Ha, you are finally here! I am here, Confucius' disciples are 3,000, am I 3,01? I did not bring a bunch of dried meat to the great master. Su Wu could sing "Hold the ladle and follow it, and suddenly it was behind me." All I brought was a head, and I knocked a loud sound in front of Confucius' tomb. (Excerpt from "On Honesty and Trust")
Zhuangzi
Zhuangzi (about 369 BC-286 BC), whose name was Zhou and whose courtesy name was Zixiu, was from the eastern suburbs of Mengcheng County (now Dongcheng Road, Chengguan Town). He was once a qiyuan official and a famous thinker and writer during the Warring States Period. Zhuangzi was a representative figure of the Taoist school during the Warring States Period after Laozi. He is also an excellent writer and philosopher. He used his representative work "Zhuangzi" (also known as "Nanhua Sutra") to elaborate on the essence of Taoist thought and develop Taoist doctrines, making it a far-reaching philosophical school.
(I) Characters and Things
The Debate of Haoliang
Zhuangzi and Huizi play on the bridge of Haoshui one by one. Zhuangzi said: It is the joy of fish to go out calmly (how leisurely the fish swims, this is the joy of fish). Huizi said: If you are not a fish, how can you know the joy of fish? Zhuangzi said: I am not me, how can I know that I don’t know the joy of fish? Huizi said: I am not a son, but I don’t know the son: I am not a fish, but I don’t know the joy of a fish, but I’m completely sure. Zhuangzi said: Please follow the root of it. "How can you know the fish's joy" said that, since I already know that I know it, I ask me. I know howl (let us follow the previous words. What you said just now, "How do you know the joy of fish?" means that I know the joy of fish and ask me, and I know the joy of fish on the bridge of the moat). "Autumn Water"
The chubby rotten rat
Huizi was the prime minister in Wei State, and Zhuangzi went to see him. Someone said to Huizi: Zhuangzi came, and wanted to replace him. So Huizi was very panicked and searched for Zhuangzi in the capital for three days and three nights. Zhuangzi went to see him and said to him: There is a bird in the south, and its name is 鸡, do you know? The turtle grows in the South China Sea and flies in the North China Sea. It does not stop until the sycamore tree is practiced, does not eat until the real life is practiced, and does not drink until the sweet spring is sweet. So the trolls got the rotten rat, the trolls passed by, and looked up at him and said, "Scared!" ’Now I want to scare me with my Wei Kingdom (there is a bird in the south, its name is Fengchu. Do you know? Fengchu sets out from the South China Sea to the North Sea. If it is not a sycamore tree, it will not stop, it will not eat the fruit of bamboo, it will not eat, it will not drink the sweet spring water.At this moment, a harrier eagle found a rotten mouse. The turtle eagle happened to fly past the air. The turtle eagle looked up at the turtle eagle and roared angrily: "Che! ’Do you want to use your Wei Kingdom to yell at me now?
Material and non-material
Zhuangzi walked in the mountains and saw a big tree with lush branches and leaves. The loggers stayed by the tree but did not take action to cut them down. Ask them what the reason is, and say: It's useless. Zhuangzi said: This tree can last forever because it is not of material (this tree can last forever because it is not of material)! Zhuangzi walked out of the mountain and stayed at his friend's house. My friend was happy and asked the child servant to kill the goose to treat him. The child servant asked the master: One can yell, but the other cannot yell. Why should I kill (one can only yell, and the other cannot yell. Which one can I kill)? The master said: Kill those who cannot roar. The next day, the disciple asked Zhuangzi: Yesterday, the trees in the mountains were not of great strength to end their lives: the master's goose died because he was not of great strength to die. Where will sir? Zhuangzi smiled and said: Zhou will be between the material and the lack of material (I will be between the material and the lack of material).
Zhuang Zhou dreams of butterfly
Zhuangzi told a story in order to explain the principle of materialization: Zhuang Zhou dreamed of a butterfly, and he was a lifelike butterfly. Self-reportedness and aspiration! I don’t know Zhou. If you suddenly realize it, you will be obsessed with it. Don’t know if Zhou Zhimeng is a butterfly? The dream of butterfly is Zhou and? There must be a distinction between Zhou and butterflies. Zhuangzi said this is called material transformation. A simple story not only expresses a dream-like attitude towards life, but also reveals the relationship between metaphysical Tao and the metaphysical Zhuang Zhou and the butterfly. Everything in the physical world, despite its ever-changing changes, is just the materialization of Tao. Whether it is Zhuang Zhou or butterfly, they are essentially just empty Taos, and there is no difference.
Drum basin and geek
Less than a year after Zhuangzi returned home, his wife died of illness. My good friend Huizi came to pay his respects and saw Zhuangzi sitting cross-legged on the ground, singing with a bulging pot. Huizi asked: If you live with people, you will be old, and die. It is enough to not cry. It is not too much to sing when you sing a bowl (I am with you and your wife, giving birth to a child and supporting your family. Now that you have passed away, it is enough to not cry. Isn’t it too much and too unkind to sing a bowl? Zhuangzi said: Otherwise. This is the beginning of his death, so how can I be without regrets! But I noticed... I was sleeping in a huge room, and I cried out, thinking that I was not in line with my life, so I stopped (this is not the case. When she died, how could I not feel sad? After thinking about it, I realized that I was still an ordinary person, who did not understand the principles of life and death, and did not understand the way of heaven and earth. Thinking about it, I would not feel sad). He advocated that in life, one should be at peace and in a smooth and unhappy manner, and one should not be optimistic and open-minded in sorrow and joy.
Zhuangzi is buried with him
Zhuangzi is about to die, and the disciples plan to use a lot of things as burial. Zhuangzi said: I use heaven and earth as the coffin, the sun and the moon as the jade, the stars as the pearls, and all things as the gifts. Wouldn't my burial utensil be evil? The disciple said: I am afraid that the black kite will eat Master. Zhuangzi said: It is the food for black kites above and the food for ants below. It is so biased to seize the other side!
(II) Comments from famous artists
Sima Qian (Han): His learning is evident, but his essence is based on Lao Tzu's words. Therefore, he wrote more than 100,000 words, which is mostly a fable. Good at writing and resignation, referring to things and using plagiarism and separatism, even though the past studies cannot be resolved by themselves.
Bai Juyi (Tang Dynasty): Zhuangzi and Zhuangzi are the same as one, but I know that there are differences in the same place. Therefore, the nature of the free and unrestrained nature is consistent, and the phoenix is ultimately better than the snake and insect. ("Reading (Zhuangzi))
Wang Anshi (Song Dynasty): The new poems of Qing Yan are obtained from their own thoughts, and the chanting is like entering this hall. The officials had no spirit in the past, and the people had the style of Zhuang Zhou in the future. I had known the leisurely rope under the courtyard, and I thought of the silk tung tree in the distance. When will I get it when I look up and lean on the dust and sand to become a man. ("Inscription on Qingyan Hall in Mengcheng")
Xu Wei (Ming Dynasty): Zhuang Zhou committed suicide and died, and was extremely broad-minded. What is the number judging quantity, and life and death are against major events? Only when you know that no one can see the truth. The body has no name and is not passed down, among which there are great scholars. ("Read (Zhuangzi))
Jin Shengtan (Qing Dynasty): Determined as "a strange book in the world."
Guo Moruo: Almost most of every Chinese literary history since the Qin and Han Dynasties has developed under his influence: people who are both thinkers and writers are truly unique among ancient Chinese philosophers.
Lu Xun: His writing is full of vast oceans and has a wide range of manners. No one can do the works of the late Zhou philosophers first.
Hu Wenying: Zhuangzi's eyes are extremely cold and his heart is the hottest. The eyes are cold, so the right and wrong are ignored: the heart is hot, so the feeling is full of emotion. Even though you know it is useless, but you cannot forget your feelings, it is because you are warm-hearted: even if you cannot forget your feelings, you will never take action, but you will see through it coldly. ("Zhuangzi's Only View")
2. Material Application
Topic 1: Self-knowledge and the expectations of others
Material Processing: Can you still remember Zhuangzi who looked at the Chu State's prime minister and still decided to drag his tail in the paint? This heart is like a clear autumn water, and like a noble lay Buddhist who is not tied to the boat. He has the talent of the world, but he is unwilling to surrender to the power and nobles, and lives a poor and drifty life all his life. Do you also want to persuade others to do great things and hope that he can do great things for the motherland, society and the people? Yes, everyone wants that. However, Zhuangzi thought he was a tree, a tree that defended the moon in his heart. If you insist on pulling it up and planting it in the dirty social soil, he would wither and die immediately. Let him be a tree forever, and there will be a proud chrysanthemum beside him. (Excerpt from "The Season of the Scent of Chrysanthemums")
Topic 2: Change the angle
Material processing: In fact, Zhuangzi was wrong. He ignored the situation of the fish. Since the spring is dry and the fish are on land, they can only rely on mutual support, so how can they swim to the big rivers and lakes? And even if there is such a possibility, after experiencing the hardships of getting wet and supporting each other, which fish can shake its head and shake its tail to forget such an unforgettable situation?
"Forget each other in the world" is not as simple as one sentence? Therefore, more people only remember the connotation of Zhuangzi's mutual dependence and mutual dependence in mutual support, and would rather forget the sentence of forgetting each other in the world.
suddenly realized that there are actually many beautiful words in the world, but they either express surface forms or erratic artistic conception. However, forms and artistic conception are the easiest to blow the wind and clouds to disperse. Supporting each other is a process because it is not easy and rare, which shows the depth of the realm and the long charm, and therefore it becomes the more beautiful words in life. (Excerpt from "Summer Twilight")
I read "Zhuangzi" and saw this line: The spring is dry, the fish are on the land, and they are wet and wet, and they are supported by each other, so it is better to forget each other in the world.
From Zhuangzi's view, in a place where there is almost no water, the two fish can only breathe some moisture and bubbles with each other. Instead of doing this, it is better to wander around and forget each other in the big rivers and lakes.
Topic 3: Charming
Material processing: Mr. Zhuang Zhou, who is the first lovely person in Chinese history, exudes an indescribable personality charm. It is difficult to summarize his life with a regular evaluation. We may not say that Zhuang Zhou is an independent thinker, an essayist with great literary talent, a master of humor, a king of story, a logician, a psychologist, a pauper, a master who often feels lonely, a genius who despises the power and the wealth, a hermit who is indifferent to fame and fortune, a benevolent person who compassions with the world, a debater who talks endlessly, a pastoral poet, an atheist who often quotes myths, an idealist who likes to be whimsical, a fisherman by the Pu River, and a singer in the field. All of this is enough to see every bit of his life. He himself was also pretentious. In his eyes, ordinary people were like little sparrows chirping and jumping, bureaucrats were a group of pigs, and scholars were like monkeys quarreling. Reading his metaphor of the great roc and the little bird, the dialogue between the Hebo and the sea god, and the metaphor of the frog in the well, we can see his mind. (Excerpt from "Studying in the Busy")
Topic 4: Relationships, indifference and understanding of things
The earth has mountains and canyons, and the world has nobleness and humility. The world is full of smoke and fog of seven emotions and six desires, and all family affection, friendship, love... is like the wind from all directions covering this world of smoke intertwined.Standing between heaven and earth, who can escape from the ties of the world, and who can put aside all common thoughts? How many people have been able to travel through the smoke of emotions in ancient and modern times? Like Zhuangzi's open-mindedness and indifference? Like Qu Yuan’s loyalty and patriotism? Although Zhuangzi can be friends with Kunpeng and penetrate the worldly realm of promisingness, he cannot escape from the troubles of the world. Qu Yuan gave up everything and was loyal to the country, but went to the Qingliu to protect his innocence. Zhuangzi and Qu Yuan both placed themselves in the outer layer of the vast universe, but they did not know that on the day of his birth, the dust on the earth had already stamped them on the earth. So, no matter how you look down on the universe, it is full of emotions, as if there are countless threads on the ground that connect the organs everywhere. How can you clear this layer of smoke? (Excerpt from "Emotions and Cognition")
Topic 5: Buy a mirror
Material processing: (1) One meal, one drink, one drink, in a shabby alley, people can't bear the worries, and they don't change their happiness when they return. There are three thousand weak waters, and I only take one scoop of drinks. Zhuangzi is the one who still maintains a peaceful heart in such a poor life. In the secular world of fame, fortune and wealth, and the mist of officialdom, only Zhuangzi often grinds the mirror of his soul so that he will not be moved by the surging officialdom and always maintain a innocent heart that is good at learning from all kinds of people. ((The bright moon is a mirror, it is clear to my heart) excerpt)
(2) The heart has a clear mirror, and live a transcendent life. Go away! I will drag my tail into the painting and sway up to ninety thousand miles. He can control the wind with Xu, he is a saint and a god. He lives in the green mountains and laughs at the king. He threw down the valley to become Yao and any wise king. He is transcendent. The truth in his heart turned into a mirror, reflecting his refreshing spirit. (Excerpt from "The Heart Has a Mirror")
Topic 6: Humanistic Qualification and Development
Material Processing: Perhaps, we cannot have a kind of calmness that sees through the world like Zhuangzi, and a fearlessness that can also be done in the mud... Although we cannot reach the height of a great man, we can build our own Garden of Eden.
builds the Garden of Spiritual Eden - this is our heartfelt cry. Maintaining a good humanistic spirit and cultivating deep humanistic qualities will not only make you profound, but also make you outstanding. (Excerpt from the excellent composition of Zhejiang College Entrance Examination in 2004 "The Garden of Spirit")
Jing Ke
In the late Warring States Period, the Wei people were from Qi people, and they liked reading and fencing. The Wei people called it "Qingqing", and later traveled to Yan State and was called "Jingqing" (or Jing Shu) locally. Later, Tian Guang, the wise and brave "Jian Hero" of Yan State, recommended it to Prince Dan and became the Supreme Minister. Later, he failed to assassinate the King of Qin and was killed.
(I) Characters and Things
Get to know Gao Jianli
Li Jingke arrived in Yan State, and he was very close to Gao Jianli, who was good at attacking and building. Jing Ke likes to drink, and he drinks with the dog slaughterer and Gao Jianli in the street market in Yanguo every day. After drinking it to the point of being excited, Gao Jianli hits Zhu, and Jing Ke sings in the street market with Zhuqu to enjoy it. Afterwards, he cried again, as if no one was around. So he became confidants with Gao Jianli.
Tian Guangshikao
Jing Ke met Tian Guang after he arrived in Yan. Tian Guangshikao knew that he was not a mediocre person and admired him very much. It happened that Prince Dan of Yan fled back to Yan after being hostage in Qin, seeking revenge on the Qin King. Ju Wu recommended Tian Guang, and Tian Guang recommended Jing Qing. However, Prince Dan did not trust Tian Guang. Tian Guang believed that the elders should not be suspicious; the one who did things alone made people suspicious, even if he was not a conscientious chivalrous person, so he committed suicide.
Meet Yan Dan
In order to assassinate the King of Qin, Yan Prince Dan entrusts Jing Ke with a great responsibility and begs Jing Ke not to give in and refuse, so he respects Jing Qing as the Supreme Court and asks him to stay in the Supreme Court Hotel. The prince came to greet the house every day, prepared the most sumptuous banquet, and soon presented rare items, chariots, etc. Jing Ke was moved by Prince Dan's sincerity, so he made a plan with him.
plan Fan Yuqi
Fan Yuqi was originally a general of Qin, but he offended the King of Qin and fled to Yan. Only by obtaining General Fan's head and Yan State Du Kang's map to King Qin will the King of Qin be happy to meet Jing Ke, so that he will have the chance to assassinate the King of Qin.Jing Ke knew that the prince couldn't bear it, so he went to see Fan Yuqi privately on his back and convinced him with reason. Fan Yuqi committed suicide.
YiShui Xiaoxiao
The prince and the guests who knew that Jing Ke was going to assassinate the King of Qin came to bid farewell to Jing Ke in plain clothes. To the Yishui. Gao Jianli attacked Zhu, and Jing Ke sang harmoniously, and the soldiers shed tears and cried. Then he sang in front of him: "The wind blew and the water was cold, and the heroes never returned once they left!" He also made the feathers generous, and all the soldiers filled their eyes, and they all looked over their heads. So Jing Ke left in the car, never caring about it.
plan to Meng Jia
Jing Ke brought a gift worth a thousand gold medals to Meng Jia, the concubine's son who was favored by the King of Qin. Meng Jia said in front of the King of Qin in the first place: "The King of Yan was indeed shocked by the king's majesty and did not dare to send troops to resist the King's soldiers. He would rather be ministers of Qin in the whole country. He would cut off Fan Yuqi's head and present the map of the Dukang area of Yan's State to seal it. The King of Yan also held a worship ceremony in the court and sent envoys to report this situation to the king. Please ask the king for instructions." The King of Qin was very happy to hear the news.
Intelligently resolve the crisis
0 The King of Qin arranged the etiquette of Jiubin and met the envoy of Yan State in Xianyang Palace. Jing Ke held the box with General Fan's head, and Qin Wuyang held the box with a map and walked to the bottom of the steps one by one. Qin Wuyang was scared and his face suddenly changed. The ministers of Qin were shocked and suspicious of this. Jing Ke turned around and smiled at Qin Wuyang, stepped forward to apologize to the King of Qin and said, "The vulgar people in remote areas in the north have never seen the emperor, so they are afraid. I hope the king will forgive me."
picture exhausted the dagger
In the Qin Palace, Jing Ke took out the map and held it and presented it to the King of Qin. After the map was displayed, the dagger suddenly appeared. Jing Ke took advantage of the situation and grabbed the King of Qin's sleeve with his left hand, quickly picked up the dagger with his right hand and stabbed it at the King of Qin's chest. The dagger did not stab the King of Qin. The King of Qin was shocked and retreated repeatedly and ran around the large copper pillars in the court. Jing Ke pressed tightly. Although there were many officials next to him, they were all unarmed. According to the rules of Qin, the warriors under the steps were not allowed to go to the palace without the orders of the King of Qin. The King of Qin drew out his sword and cut off Jing Ke's left leg. Jing Ke couldn't stand and fell to the ground. He took the dagger and threw it straight towards the King of Qin, but failed to hit it. The warriors rushed up and killed Jing Ke.
(II) Comments from famous artists
(Han) Taishigong: The idea is bright and not to deceive his ambition, and his reputation is here to come to his future generations. Isn’t it a false idea?
(Jin) Tao Yuanming: Yan Dan is good at cultivating scholars, and is determined to repay the strong and win. Recruiting centuries will be rewarded with Jing Qing at the end of the year. A gentleman dies as a confidant, and takes a sword out of the swallow; he suddenly whispers around the vast road, and sends me generously. The hero is outraged by a dangerous crown, and the fierce energy fills the long tassel. Drinking candied water, four people are lined up with the heroes. As the sank of the heart gradually faded, Song Yi sang loudly. The whistling wind passes, and the faint cold waves arise. Shangyin burst into tears, and the feathers were shocked. I know that I will not return, and I will be famous in my future generations. When will I check on the bus? Flying into the Qin Courtyard? It is sharp and crosses thousands of miles and winds through thousands of cities. From time to time, the tyrant was stunned. Unfortunately, my swordsmanship was misleading, but my extraordinary achievements were not achieved. Even though the person has lost himself, he will have feelings for thousands of years. ("Ode to Jing Ke")
(Tang Dynasty) Jia Dao: Jing Ke died of Chongxu, and Jie Lie wrote the history of the book. I sighed at the heart of a simple heart, who would discuss current affairs? To this day, the cool breeze is bleak in Yishui Bridge. The Yi River flows all over, and Jing Qing’s reputation remains unabridged. ("Yi Shui Nostalgia")
(Ming Dynasty) He Jingming: Alas, Yan Dan has few plans to destroy himself, Tian Guang committed suicide, how could he be so sorry to kill General Fan in vain? ("Yi Shui Xing")
(Qing Dynasty) Yuan Mei: After singing by the water, I will walk on a thousand steps, and I will wear my head and tigers and wolves. If you do your best to repay the prince, how can you bear to see Tian Guang? The heroic ancestors gave birth to tears, and the passers-by were dressed in this day. Don’t laugh at the dagger without Ling Gong, and the chaos of mountains will always be stabbed Xianyang. ("Jing Qingli")
(III) Material application
Topic 1: Your own understanding and other people's expectations
Material processing: The climber knows his ability, so he does not regret "sacrificing halfway", but others think he should climb to the top of the mountain. But maybe the climber who reaches the top of the mountain will die due to lack of oxygen, so the climber is wise.
Jing Ke was not wise, he could not know himself clearly.When he was in Wei, Yuci, and Handan, people had low expectations for him. Wei Yuanjun didn't use him. Gai Nie "looked at him in anger" and Lu Goujian "looked at him in anger". These people looked down on him, but he himself thought he was not an ordinary person. He drank and sang in the market all day long, and as if no one was around, he was really attracted by Prince Dan and took on the heavy responsibility of assassinating Qin. As a result, the King of Qin did not die. Tian Guang and Fan Yuqi died first. In the end, he died not counted, but also accelerated the demise of Yan. When Prince Dan began to say that he could assassinate Qin, Jing Ke also said, "I'm afraid I'm not enough to take advantage of it." Unexpectedly, if he couldn't stand the prince's "request", Jing Ke took on this job regardless of this "national affairs". As the saying goes, "If there is no diamond, don't take on the job of porcelain." Jing Ke was stunned by the expectations of others. As a result, after his death, Lu Goujian joked with him, "I'm so sorry that he doesn't talk about the art of stabbing swords! I scolded him, and he thought I was not human." (Excerpt from "Own Knowledge and Others' Expectations")
Topic 2: Relationships and the cognition of things
Material Processing: Relationships seem to be a very ethereal thing, but they exist all the time and surround us all the time. Family, friendship, love... It is precisely because of our feelings that our lives are more exciting, and it is precisely because of our feelings that we become people in the true sense.
People are always affected by emotions when doing things. Feelings are the catalyst for promoting people to correctly understand things. It is precisely with feelings that people have a stronger desire to understand things and can deepen their understanding of things. The Jing Ke, who sang by the Yishui River, "The wind is whistling and the Yishui River is cold now, and the hero will never return once he leaves." It was precisely because of his feelings for Yan that he realized the meaning of sacrificing for the country and the value of human beings. In the battle against SARS without gunpowder, many of our lovely angels in white paid their precious lives, one of which was Deng Lianxian. He said, "If you choose to be a doctor, you choose to make a contribution." From this we see his sincere feelings for the people and the patients. It was this sincere feeling that prompted him to bravely fight on the front line of "anti-illustration"; in the ward, it was this sincere feeling that made him not afraid of the danger of being infected, and stayed on the front line to rescue and take care of the patients, and unfortunately died of infection.
can be seen, and under the promotion of emotions, people can reach the state of experiencing no sacrifice in their understanding. (Excerpt from "Emotions and Cognition")
Topic 3: Choice of the Heart
Material Processing: I often miss the ancient times, which was an era full of personal charm. Behind those gentlemen’s graceful demeanor is the structure of a person supported by honesty, trustworthy and persistent beliefs. The hero who left Xiao Xiao Yishui, didn’t he be nostalgic for his homeland? Don’t he know the dangers and dangers of going deep into the tiger’s den? He went without hesitation, so firmly, with a loyalty to the king and a loyalty to the oath. Didn’t Lin Xiangru, who held the Heshi Bi in his hand and made a generous speech in the Qin King’s Palace, know the insidiousness and greed of the Qin King? He had already made a promise to return the jade to Zhao before he set off! It was on a difficult road to fulfill his promise that he was bravely defending the interests of the country and the immortal contract deep in his personal soul. (Excerpt from "The Contract to Keep the Mind")
Topic 4: Wise
Material processing: In ancient times, Jing Ke was praised for his courage to assassinate Qin Zheng. Indeed, Jing Ke's courage is extraordinary, but I always feel that Jing Ke is dead in a mess. I remember the first sentence of the beginning of "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" is "The world will be divided for a long time, and the whole world will be divided for a long time." Throughout history, this statement can be regarded as a true saying. In the late Warring States Period, the seven vassal states, plus many small countries, were divided into pieces, and many years of war made the people live in vain. At this time, it was the will of the people to establish a powerful and unified empire. Unfortunately, Jing Ke didn't know this. He was determined to kill the King of Qin and promote that group of small countries with weak power. However, Jing Ke was just a scholar after all, and his history before the Warring States Period was not very long. It is not surprising that he did not understand the principle that long-term separation would lead to harmony. Jing Ke's death did not count. The King of Qin was so angry that he ordered to attack Yan immediately. If he failed to save Yan, he accelerated Yan's demise. Jing Ke was really miscalculated.Therefore, Jing Ke not only failed to save Yan, but also accelerated Yan's demise. It was so confused. (Excerpt from "Commentary on Jing Ke")
Topic 5: Compassion
Material Processing: Jing Ke assassination of the King of Qin is a story that is widely circulated among the Chinese folk. "All history is contemporary history." From the perspective of today's people, Jing Ke is an absolute professional killer, and he may even be charged with "terrorist". In my opinion, Prince Dan of Yan hired Jing Ke to assassinate the King of Qin, thinking that assassination of the King of Qin could stop the Qin army's progress in the east. He really took the problem too simply, and it was a too naive idea that could not solve the political problems of the past. In fact, the Yan State soon perished, which was related to Jing Ke's failure to assassinate Qin. But Jing Ke is definitely not an ordinary and simple "terrorist" as we imagine, nor is he a desperate person who lives under others. Looking at "Records of the Grand Historian? Biography of Assassin", it seems difficult to define his identity: on the surface, it seems to be a killer, but it is different from a rough man like Nie Zheng who is ignorant of Ding and only has the courage of an ordinary man. He "likes to read and fencing" and it is not unreasonable to call him an intellectual. In that era of separatist wars, the emergence of Jing Ke was rare and rare. Unfortunately, Jing Ke, who was both literary and military, failed to achieve his goal of losing himself, and people felt infinite sympathy and pity for him. (Excerpt from "Modern Interpretation of "Jing Ke Assassination of Qin" and Others")
Topic 6: Personality
Material Processing: There is a view that although the King of Qin should assassinate, Jing Ke's character and behavior are not worthy of consideration, and he is not a competent assassin or a knight. Liu Zongyuan, a literary giant in the Tang Dynasty, wrote a poem to blame Jing Ke for being "stupid", which was in sharp contrast to the Eastern Jin Dynasty poet Tao Yuanming's praise of Jing Ke. Just today, many people have different views on Jing Ke, and even the same person's impression of him is full of twists and turns...
Some people think that in the face of the King of Qin who cannot be pulled out because of the sword. Jing Ke was unable to stab the King of Qin and the ministers who had no weapons. He was impressed by the King of Qin's tyranny, his inherent ignorance, and his negative side of singing with Gao Jianli was revealed to the fullest moment...
Two thousand years passed away. Whether Jing Ke was a knight or an assassin was actually not important. Objectively speaking, he is both a chivalrous and righteous man who advocates justice and a cold-blooded and ruthless assassin. Many heroes in history have two sides when carefully analyzed... (Excerpt from "Survival and Failure")
Topic 7: Facing the Power
Material Processing: According to "Records of the Grand Historian", Prince Dan of Yan instructed Jing Ke: "If you get rid of the King of Qin and make them all rebelled against the princes... it will be great. Then it cannot be, so you assassinate him." That is to say, at least Prince Dan of Yan wanted to capture King Ying Zheng of Qin alive at first and coerce him to return the territory of the vassal states he had occupied. If this step can be successful, they may not want to harm Ying Zheng's life. If Ying Zheng refused, they were ready to kill him. Jing Ke's assassination of Qin reflects an attempt to prevent Qin from continuing to attack other small countries. Whether it is a plan to withdraw troops or just a plan to delay troops, this should be the last effort made by Jing Ke to resolve the difficulties of Yan State and for all the vassal states.
history is a lesson for the present, at least we today can feel the resistance of ordinary people to power for thousands of years. (Excerpt from "The Truth of Jing Ke's Assassination of Qin")
Topic 8: Destiny and Times
Material Processing: Some people say that Jing Ke was unable to extricate himself for just a promise and a way for the emotions and the net of loyalty set by Prince Dan of Yan, and he couldn't help but alienate himself into a dagger to stab Qin. Some people also say that Jing Ke embraced his faith with his life in order to fulfill the creed that "scholars die for their confidants" advocated by that era, which was destined to be a tragedy of the times. In fact, in that era of great sorrow and great songs, Jing Ke was like a pawn that did not decide on the courage and power to win or lose. In that era, Jing Ke's choice was binary, and at the same time, his choice was difficult. No matter which era, life and life are full of paradoxes. Faced with the opportunities and challenges that come, we often get out of one trap, but fall into another dilemma.People are always in a certain era. When we look at the limitations of another era from one era, we often ignore the limitations of the era we are in. We cannot use the value of the era in which we live as a standard to measure the value of the belief in Jing Ke's era. Therefore, Jing Ke’s choice was inevitable and helpless in that era. The success of his beliefs is reflected in his persistence in his tragic behavior process. (Excerpt from "Feeling Jing Ke - A Brief Analysis of the Helplessness of the Tragic Ending of Jing Ke")
Cao Cao
Cao Cao (155-220), namely Emperor Wu of Wei. Politician, military strategist, and poet of the Three Kingdoms. His courtesy name was Mengde and his nickname was Aman. He was from Qiao County, Pei State (Anhui Haozhou).
(I) Characters and Things
Suspected killing Hua Tuo
In his later years, Cao Cao suffered from brain gout, and his minister Hua Xin recommended the miracle doctor Hua Lun to him. Unfortunately, when Hualun pointed out that his symptoms were caused by wind, and the root of the disease entered the brain, and the wind saliva could not be released, so he took the decoction in vain and needed a sharp axe to open the brain to obtain the wind saliva before it could be eradicated, Cao Cao suspected that Hua Tuo wanted to take the opportunity to harm his life, so he killed Hua Tuo, and the life of a generation of miraculous doctors was wiped out.
Abolishing the Cold Food Festival
"Cold Food Festival" was said to have started in the Spring and Autumn Period when Duke Yan Ming Wen mourned Jie's recommendation. When Jie Zhitui held a tree and burned it to death, people decided to ban fire and cold food for more than 100 days a day. When Cao Cao inspected and learned about the lives and conditions of the local people, he found that the way people spend the "Cold Food Festival" every year has seriously affected and endangered the health of the people, so he ordered the abolition.
advocates thin burial
218, Cao Cao issued a "Final Order", proposing not to be buried with a thick burial after death, and to bury himself on barren land, and use the foundation according to the original height of the ground as the foundation, and do not pile up soil or plant trees on the tomb. A year later, he prepared four seasons clothes for himself, and left a will saying: If I die, please don’t bury them according to the clothes I wore at that time, gold, jade, jewelry, bronzes, etc. Cao Cao was the first emperor in Chinese history to propose "small burial".
cut hair and replaced the first
Once, Cao Cao's army passed by the farmland and saw the harvest of crops in the fields, so he ordered anyone who trampled on the wheat fields to beheaded and displayed in public. Unexpectedly, his horse was frightened and suddenly jumped into the wheat field, trampling on a wheat field. In order to fulfill his orders and win the trust of the people, he cut off his hair instead.
Looking for plums to quench thirst
When Cao Cao was conquering Zhang Xiu, there was a shortage of water on the road and the soldiers were all thirsty. So he pointed at the plum forest before and said that there was a plum forest. After hearing this, the soldiers felt that the saliva was not so thirsty, and finally got out of the predicament.
Water-making and talking about heroes
One day, Cao Cao and Liu Bei were drinking and commenting on the heroes of the world. Cao Cao said, "Today, the heroes are the only ones to Cao!" Liu Bei was shocked when he heard this, and the spoon and chopsticks in his hand fell to the ground without realizing it. It was raining and thunder was coming. Liu Bei then calmly bowed his head and picked up the chopsticks and said, "The power of a shock is even here." Cao laughed, "Is my husband also afraid of thunder?" Liu Bei said, "The saint's thunder and wind will change, how can he not be afraid?" It means that even the saint will lose his composure to the thunder and wind, how can I not be afraid? He gently covered up the reason why he lost his chopsticks after hearing this. Cao Cao then did not doubt Liu Bei.
naked feet welcome
Xu You came to join Cao Cao. Cao Cao was sleeping. When he heard his old friend Xu You came to join, he jumped out of the bed, without wearing his shoes and socks, and ran out to welcome him. When I saw Xu You from afar, I strode my hands and laughed, and walked in hand in hand. Cao first bowed to the ground. When Xu You saw it, he was filled with emotion.
From the east of Jieshi
In 207 AD, the overall situation of unifying the north was decided. In August of the middle of autumn, the autumn is clear and cool. Cao Cao personally led his mighty army, full of victory and pride, and advanced eastward. There is a mountain on the southwest bank of the Bohai Sea, which is unique in its charming style. Cao Cao leaped his horse and whipped it, climbed the mountain to see the sea, and sang to express his aspirations. Therefore, he wrote the famous "Viewing the Sea" that has been passed down through the ages.
Killing innocent people indiscriminately
Dong Zhuo defeated the Chaogang, and Cao Cao led his son to flee back to his hometown and passed through the home of his friend Lu Boshe, Chenggao. Bo She went out, only his five sons. I heard the sound of their food utensils colliding at night, and mistakenly thought they wanted to murder him, so I killed them at night.He also said sadly: "I would rather let the people of the world than let the people of the world down!" This shows Cao Cao's insidious and cruel power schemes.
Cao Cao burned manuscript
"Romance of the Three Kingdoms" tells a story like this: Zhang Song went out to Xu Du to see Cao Cao. When Cao Cao saw Zhang Song was short and ugly, he deliberately neglected him and met him while washing his feet, which made Zhang Song feel angry. The next day, Yang Xiu, the chief clerk of Cao Cao, took out Cao Cao's new military book "Meng De's new book" for Zhang Song, intending to show Cao Cao's great talent. Zhang Song read it and then wrote it down, deliberately laughing and said, "This book can also be recited by my three-foot boy in Shu. What is the new book? This was written by an unknown man during the Warring States Period. Prime Minister Cao can do it for himself." Yang Xiu did not believe it, and Zhang Song said, "If you don't believe it, I will recite it." So he recited the "Meng De's New Book" from beginning to end, without any word. Yang Xiu was shocked and went to tell Cao Cao. Cao Cao said strangely, "Can the ancients think the same as me?" He thought that his book had no new meaning, so he burned the book.
is suspicious by nature
Cao Cao took measures to "doubt" after his death. On the one hand, the arrangement of a suspicious tomb is to prevent tomb robbery, and on the other hand, it is also related to his suspicious nature. Legend has it that on the day he was buried, all the gates of Youcheng were opened, and seventy-two coffins were carried out from the city gate in four directions, southeast, west and north. From then on, the eternal mystery of Cao Cao's tomb was set up.
(II) Comments from famous artists
(Jin) Chen Shou: It can be said to be an extraordinary person, a superb master.
(Liang) Zhongxia: Cao Gong is straight and has very sad sentences. (Volume 2 of "Poetry")
(Song Dynasty) Su Shi: Wei Wu is good at predicting things but not people. Therefore, he has made some efforts and lost his achievements, and has done something lightly and has failed. (On the Emperor Wu of Wei) Cao Cao is in danger and hardship, and he is a hero who is particularly a ghost. (Praise of Kong Beihai)
(Qing Dynasty) Liu Xizai: Cao Gong’s poems are strong and strong enough to cover everything. No other scholars in Jian'an have ever been able to match them. ("Art and Poetry")
Chapter Taiyan: Trust, wisdom and plan are extremely powerful, so although they are treacherous, they are close to the right. (Ode to Emperor Wu of Wei)
Lu Xun: Cao Cao is a very capable person, at least a hero. ("Wei Xi's Demeanor and the Relationship between Articles and Medicine and Wine")
Mao Zedong: King Zhou of Shang (usually called "tyrant") was proficient in literature and military affairs, and Qin Shihuang and Cao Cao were both regarded as bad people, which is incorrect.
Guo Moruo: He was a man from 1,700 to 800 years ago. According to historical books, he could not believe in destiny, ghosts and gods, destroy evil temples, break superstitions, prohibit grand burials, prohibit resumption of personal grudges, avoid taboos and do not avoid the powerful, promote the poor, and dare to publicly order to choose people who are called "unkind and unfilial but have the skills of governing the country and using military force."
Fan Wenlan: He is a hero who revives troubled times, so it is reflected in literature, sad and generous, and heroic.
Shen Bojun: The literary image of Cao Cao is not a real copy of the historical figure Cao Cao, but he is an interpretation of the basic characteristics of Cao Cao, a historical figure. He has both the side of an outstanding politician who is talented and ambitious, and the side of a feudal ruler who is extremely selfish and repressed to the people: he has both the side of being proficient in strategy and good at using military forces: he has also the side of being jealous of the virtuous and jealous of the capable.
(III) Material application
Topic 1: Emotional intimacy and understanding of things
Material processing: I remember this happening often in history. For example, when a certain regime has to be replaced, some people will raise troops to rebel. When the country is in hand, they will claim that his "uprising" is to follow the will of heaven and to the general trend. When the people under his rule rise up and resist because they cannot fill their stomachs and do not cover their clothes, they will be a ruthless act and rebel, and they should punish the nine clans! It is obvious that the same is a rebellion, but there are two completely different statements. Why? "Those who obey me will prosper, and those who oppose me will perish" is that! That's true, let alone others? I have to doubt the authenticity of XXX in history books that deceives my teachers and destroys my ancestors, and XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Lu Xun once said that because Cao Wei's fortune was short, fewer praises were praised, and most of the people who wrote history were from the later dynasties, and more criticized them. Therefore, the hateful Cao Cao on the stage we saw was not the real Cao Cao. (Excerpt from "Eccentricity")
Topic 2: Rules
Material processing: It is difficult to achieve square and round even if you stick to the rules.Appropriate rules make the world more orderly, but with continuous development and changes, breakthroughs are required to develop. In the past, the Han people had wide robes and big sleeves, and looked elegant, but were beaten by the barbarians. Therefore, King Wuling of Zhao was wearing a garment and riding a horse and shooting, achieving hegemony. Wei Wu Cao Cao was promoted by Jin and the dead soldiers, and knew Xu Chu in the wilderness, and obtained a large number of talented and low-ranking officers. He defeated Yuan Shao, defeated Lu Bu, and established a strong Wei. However, this system allowed a large number of geniuses to support the Han emperor, and Cao Cao would not be called emperor in his life. His son used the nine-rank Zhongzheng system to capture all the officials in the world and fulfilled the mission of changing dynasties. As mentioned earlier, Qin used strictness to determine the people, but lost the world because of harsh laws. Emperor Gaozu of Han made three rules to stabilize the people's hearts, and used the way of Laozi and Zhuang to rest and recuperate, and the way of Confucianism won the talents of the world. It can be seen that only by breaking through the old constraints can we achieve great development. (Excerpt from (He Cheng Fangyuan)
Topic 3: Tolerant
Material processing: When Yuan Shao sent troops to attack Cao Cao, he ordered Chen Lin to give a letter. Chen Lin was very talented and righteous. After Cao Cao saw it, he was shocked and broke out in a cold sweat. Even his headache was cured. He smiled and said, "If you have literary affairs, you must use martial arts to help him. Although Chen Lin's literary affairs are good, what is the shortcomings of Yuan Shao's martial arts!" After the Yuan family was destroyed, Chen Lin was arrested, and Cao Cao's subordinates suggested killing Chen Lin. Cao pitied his talents, so he pardoned him and ordered him to work. When Yuan Shao's army was defeated, Cao Cao's troops picked up a bunch of letters from Yuan's books, which were all letters of Cao's subordinates who had affair with Yuan Shao and plotted against rebellion.
At this time, someone suggested checking them one by one according to the name of the letter. Kill all of these people. But Cao Cao denied this opinion and said, "Dang Shao was strong, and he could not protect himself, let alone others?" So he ordered people to burn this "blacklist" and no longer questioned. Zhang He lost Tiandang Mountain, and Cao Hong told Cao Cao that he believed that Zhang was guilty, but Cao Cao said, "It is not He's crime, and victory or defeat is common to the military." Cao Cao retreated to Yangping Pass and sent Xu Chu to pick up the food and grass. Xu Chu was drunk and drunk, and the food and grass was taken away by Zhang Fei. He fled back to his army and was defeated and injured. Cao Cao did not blame him, but took the responsibility for the failure and ordered the doctor to treat Xu Chu's injuries. Cao Cao once sent someone to recruit Zhang Xiu. Zhang killed Cao Cao's son because he had a grudge against Cao Cao in the past, for fear that Cao Cao would not tolerate him. Jia Xie told him that Cao Cao was a hero and would not remember his personal grudges in order to recruit talents. Zhang Xiu then saw Cao and worshipped him at the stairs. Cao Cao helped him up, held his hand and said, "Don't remember it in your heart." He also named Zhang Xiu as a general. (Excerpt from "On Cao Cao's Employment Policy")
Topic 4: Talent
Material processing: "Green Zijin, my heart is long: But for the sake of the king, I have been pondering it until now." This poem in "Short Song Xing" can be said to be the most important embodiment of Cao Cao's view of talent. As a leader, Cao Cao has an extreme desire for talent.
First of all, Cao Cao loves talents, because he himself is a talent who accomplishes great things. Only talent is the pursuit of talent is not only due to his nature of loving talents, but also due to the situation of three parts of the world, and those who get talents are here.
Secondly, Cao Cao respects people Talent, not seeking meticulously, not asking for full blame, this is his demeanor and confidence in attracting and using talents. Without this idea, how could Cao Cao be a fleeing official from a fleeing capital, with only a few subordinates and no inch of land at his feet, and start a quarrel to eliminate all the heroes and possess the northern world? Most of his advisers and generals were people in the enemy camp, or gathered under Cao Cao for some opportunity, such as Cheng Yu and Xu Chu; or came for his reputation of being able to govern chaos and conquer the world, such as Guo Jia and Xu Yu; or was fascinated by his passionate achievements, such as Man Chong and Dong Zhao; or were captured by Cao Cao's camp, such as Zhang Liao and Zhang He; or brought up from the army, such as Yu Jin and Le Jin. Just imagine how could Cao Cao do it if he did not have enough personality and broad mind?
Because of love for talents, he would rather let Guan Yu go back despite everyone's opposition. Because of his love for talents, he sincerely hired Chen Lin, who had issued a proclamation to scold Cao Cao's ancestors. Because of his love for talents, he took care of Guo Jia in every way and pity him when he was seriously ill.(Excerpt from "Talking about Cao Cao's Love of Talents from the Perspective of Values")
Topic 5: Strategy
Material Processing: Liu Yiqing said in "New Words of the World? False Treasures" that Cao Cao led his army to a place without water during a military operation, and the soldiers were very thirsty. Cao Cao lied to them and said: There is a plum tree forest in front of you. Going there to pick plums and eat them can quench your thirst. When the soldiers heard that there were plums to eat, they saliva was rippling in their mouths, so they were less thirsty. Based on this story, later generations extended an idiom called "Looking at the plum blossom to quench thirst".
Cao Cao said: "If you want to attack the enemy, you must first plan." Attaching importance to strategy is an important part of Cao Cao's military thought and an important guarantee for his career success. Cao Cao's military thoughts have been praised by military strategists and scholars throughout the ages. The author of "The Three Kingdoms" commented that Cao Cao "can eventually be able to control the imperial power and achieve great success, but his clarity is the best." (Excerpt from "Cao Cao's Military Thoughts")
Topic 6: Enterprising spirit
Material processing: Although the divine turtle is long-lasting, it still has its final moments. The snake rides on the fog and eventually turns into ashes of soil. An old horse is in the stable and has ambitions for thousands of miles: a martyr has ambitions in his old age. The period of growth and shrinkage is not only in heaven: the blessing of nourishing happiness can bring eternal life. Fortunately, I sing to express my aspirations. "The Turtle is Long-lasting)
This poem is full of positive and enterprising spirit. The wars at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty brought great damage to productivity, the economy was depressed, and the bones were full of bones, which brought people a sentimental and decadent mood. This poem by Cao Cao is like a spring breeze, blowing away this sad mood. His optimism is valuable. "The old horse is in the stable and has ambitions for thousands of miles: the martyr has ambitions in his old age." It has become a famous quote that has been passed down through the ages and inspires his progress in life. During the idle period, Cao Cao was able to advance bravely, be positive and dare to challenge his destiny. This is a very noble sentiment in life. (Excerpt from "On Cao Cao's Poems")
Topic 7: Hero
Material processing: Hero or treacherous hero?
You recruit talents and use them well. You gathered Xun Yu, Guo Jia, and Cheng Yu under the tent, and took Xu Chu and Zhang Liao in front of the formation. There were capable ministers under the seat and good generals in the military. "The mountains are never too high and the water is never too deep." You want the people in the country to return home from a strange place.
In front of the military tent, I drink alone with my jar, raise my sword to ask the sky, why not all the talents in the Han Dynasty belong to me? You walk in the "artifact", but you see "white bones are exposed in the wild, and there is no rooster crowing thousands of miles away", so you are sad from your heart, "thinking to break the heart of a man"; when you are drinking stones in the east, you ponder "The journey of the sun and the moon, if you come out of it, the stars are brilliant, if you come out of it", open your heart and want to tolerate the world: you hold a spear in the middle of the river, and then you sigh "When you sing wine and sing in the wine, you are so proud of the literary world"; you point out the country and inspire words, and you are unique in style: you sprinkle your pen and ink, and you are proud of the literary world. You are so talented and so romantic! On the horse's back, he was full of passion, and was brewing a new poem?
You are better than the world by Tao, righteousness, governance, governance, planning, preparation, benevolence, wisdom, literature and martial arts, but there are still people who call you a treacherous hero. Is it because you are suspicious by nature that you slaughtered Lu Boshe's family, or is it because you defeated you and killed Liu Fu, and you are afraid of talent and learning and killed Yang Xiu? Or are you so powerful that you will be ignoring the existence of the Han emperor? A treacherous hero, a prophecy made by people of the times, a judgment of historians, and a name given to you by novelists.
Meng De! Only you understand, "rights and wrongs, successes and failures turn away, and the waves wash away all the heroes." The merits and demerits are kept and the future generations say, I just drink in the wind and sing to express my ambitions!
Topic 8: Angle
Material processing: In "The Romance of the Three Tongs" written by Luo Guanzhong, Cao Cao's insidious psychology is intimidating: in Peking Opera, Cao Cao's role as a treacherous minister has long been deeply rooted in the hearts of everyone... His laughter hides his sword, which is always creepy. Perhaps it was because he violated the traditional doctrine of meanness, so he was notorious for being treacherous and cunning, which attracted the insults of all ages. "On the eternal heroes, it still looks at the present day", so was Cao Cao good or bad? It caused controversy.
"Zhou Yu beat Huang Gai, one is willing to beat, the other is willing to be beaten." If Cao Cao had not been soft-hearted and pity the talents and took Huang Gai in, how could he have misled thousands of hatred and deceived Zhou Yu?
From this point of view, Cao Cao has a heart that cherishes talents and is recognized by the world.He not only cherishes talents, but also loves literature. He is resourceful, his articles are simple but not gorgeous, and his exquisite but not long-winded, which makes the famous "Watching the Sea" that has been passed down to this day and has become a story that has been eternal.
Perhaps because of his good at using people and his erudition, he became an outstanding military strategist and writer, making Wei increasingly powerful.
If Cao Cao is just good at employed people, then I will say "NO". He also has a humane side. The death of his friend caused the family to break up. His only daughter, Cai Wenji, was forced to marry the Huns because of his father's death. In order to find his daughter for his friend, Cao Cao tried every means to send envoys to the Huns. He negotiated many times and after several wars, he finally took Cai Wenji back and fulfilled his wish for his friend. Why doesn’t it touch people? There are many different opinions about Cao Cao, both in ancient and modern times, and he also showed himself to everyone with his unique side, bringing a silence and praise, and quietly calming in the long river of history. But we should look at it from different aspects. (Excerpt from "Picking up a pen on Cao Cao")
