1948 was the second year of the civil war between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party. At that time, the Kuomintang government had lost half of its territory. Seeing the defeat gradually emerged, the Jiang family and his son were actually very anxious. On June 12 of that year, Jiang Ching-kuo in Shanghai wrote a letter to Jiang Kai-shek, saying: "Our government is indeed facing unprecedented difficulties and has the possibility of collapse. In addition to doing its best to resolve the crisis, it seems that it has to make plans to retreat... If it fails, it seems that Taiwan cannot gain a foothold."
Old Chiang received a letter from his son. Faced with the situation of defeat, he resolutely decided to retreat to Taiwan after two months, intending to use Taiwan as the rear, rest and recuperate there, and wait for the turbulent international situation to "restore the country."
Chiang Kai-shek was a soldier and of course he knew the truth that "the troops and horses should move first". After a series of conspiracies, he took a series of "moving" actions.
Chiang Kai-shek and Soong Mei-ling
1丨 Empty the national treasury, one ten not saved
11949 New Year's Day, the People's Liberation Army and the Kuomintang army faced each other across the river. It was only a matter of time before crossing the river. It was irreversible to see the failure of the Kuomintang.
On this day, Xinhua News Agency released a New Year's greeting and put forward a monumental slogan: "Try Yangtze River and go liberate the whole of China."
In addition, the United States has found that Chiang Kai-shek has no use value and has begun to look for new agents within the Kuomintang. On January 21, 1949, Chiang Kai-shek officially announced his resignation, and Li Zongren was acting president.
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He sent Yu Hongjun to be responsible for the work of shipping gold, silver and foreign currencies. This person is Chiang Kai-shek's confidant. He was formerly Minister of Finance of Shanghai and President of Central Bank. And his work is also "executed well".
In December 2009, Wu Xingyong, the son of Chiang Kai-shek, accidentally discovered the "military notes" left behind by his father after his death. It records in detail the story of Chiang Kai-shek's "emptying the national treasury" in more than ten years:
The first time, late at night on December 1, 1948, under the leadership of Yu Hongjun, the president of the Central Bank, at that time, transported 2.6 million taels of gold and 4 million silver rounds from Shanghai to Taiwan.
The second time, the gold totaled 960,000 taels. Wu Songqing used warship to Xiamen and then transported to Taiwan by military aircraft.
The third time, on February 8, 1949, the air transported 600,000 taels of gold to Taipei.
The fourth time, in August 1949, Tang Enbo nearly 200,000 taels of gold were airlifted to Taiwan, and Wu Songqing also participated in this mission.
The fifth and sixth times were also in August 1949, and the reserves of the central bank were airlifted from the United States to 200,000 taels of gold.
This batch of property snatched away by the Kuomintang has a total value of about 7 million taels of gold. There are about 4 million taels of gold, and the rest are silver dollars , US dollars, etc.
Wait until Shanghai liberated, and when the People's Liberation Army entered the treasury of China , the treasury of three basketball courts was empty. After the Kuomintang left, the gold in all bank treasuries in Shanghai was only 6,180 taels, less than one percent of the original treasury.
These gold that originally belonged to the Bank of China in Shanghai were shipped to Taiwan and allocated to Taiwan Bank .
" warship of the Kuomintang's national treasure transport.
2丨 The essence of half the Forbidden City
What are the national treasures and cultural relics that the Kuomintang moved to Taiwan?
Here I would like to mention the history of the migration of the Palace Museum to the south.
1931, after the 918th Incident, the Northeast fell and North China was in danger. Shanhaiguan fell on January 31, 1933. In order to protect the precious cultural relics of the Palace Museum, the Council of the Palace Museum decided to transport some cultural relics of the Palace Museum to Shanghai in batches, with a total of more than 13,427 boxes. Among them, there are more than 9,000 calligraphy and paintings, more than 7,000 porcelain pieces, more than 2,600 bronze pieces, countless jade pieces, and 3,773 boxes of documents. There are also " Siku Quanshu " and various rare and engraved books. At that time, one of the earliest printed materials found in China, the "Dharani Sutra" Five Dynasties engraved books, and the oldest stone carving in China " Qiyang Stone Drum ".
1936 cultural relics stored in Shanghai were moved to Nanjing in 5 batches.
1937 , cultural relics moved south to the Forbidden City, as well as cultural relics from the Preparatory Office of the National Central Museum (now Nanjing Museum) and other units were transported to Sichuan in 3 routes. 80 boxes were stored in Ba County, 7287 boxes were stored in Emei County, and 9331 boxes were stored in Leshan County.
113 cultural relics were first concentrated in Chongqing and were transported back to the capital Nanjing in 1947.
1272 boxes of the southern transportation cultural relics from the end of 948 to the beginning of 1949 were transported to Taiwan and stored in Taipei Palace Museum . includes 1434 boxes of antiquities, 1334 boxes of books, and 204 boxes of documents. These include more than 50,000 artifacts, calligraphy and painting cultural relics, nearly 160,000 rare books, and 380,000 archives of honest officials. Although it seems that there are not many, the batches transported are all "cultural relics among cultural relics and national treasures". These precious cultural relics are the most precious and culturally distinctive cultural relics from ancient times to the present. Such as Mao Gongding , Sanshi Pan , meat-shaped stone, jade cabbage , etc., it is the top 11 treasures of the town courtyards in the Taipei Palace Museum.
1951 cultural relics left in Nanjing were transported back to the Palace Museum one after another, and the remaining 2,221 boxes were left in Nanjing warehouses and were assigned to the Nanjing Museum.
What is commendable is that during the Anti-Japanese War , the essence of these 13,427 boxes of the Forbidden City cultural relics were displaced and moved. They first went to Nanjing and then to the southwest, divided into three routes, south, middle and north, spanning 20,000 miles and 14 years. When I returned to the old capital again, after inventory, there was almost no damage or loss except for the part that I went to Taiwan. This seemed to others as a miracle, but in fact, it was just that the Forbidden City people at that time regarded cultural relics more than life.
jade cabbage
Jin Wang Xizhi Yuanhuan Tie National Treasure Limited exhibits
3丨The master of Chinese studies taken away
is not only gold, silver, treasures, cultural relics, when the Kuomintang retreated to Taiwan, it also took away a large number of important Chinese studies masters, including:
1. The famous writer Hu Shi died suddenly at a cocktail party in 1962 at the age of 71.
2.Confucian : Confucian The 77th generation grandson of Confucius , the last generation Yanshenggong , Kong Decheng , died in 2008 at the age of 88.
3. Buddhism: The seventh-generation living Buddha of Lamaism who worked in Buddhism throughout his life, Chapter Jia , died of illness in 1957 at the age of 67.
4. Taoist : The 63rd generation of Tianshi Master who established the Chinese Taoist Association, Zhang Enpu , died in 1969 at the age of 65.
5. Chinese painting master Zhang Daqian , died of illness in 1983 at the age of 84.
6. Linguist, writer, , known as the master of humor, Lin Yutang , died of illness in 1976 at the age of 81.
7. One of the four great masters of history, Qian Mu , died in 1990 at the age of 95.
8. Essayist, translator Liang Qiushi , died of illness in 1987 at the age of 84.
9. Chinese painting master Huang Junbi , also Soong Mei-ling's Chinese painting teacher, died in 1991 at the age of 93.
10. Educator, cross-strait Tsinghua principal Mei Yiqi , died of illness in 1962 at the age of 73.
11. May Fourth student sports leader Fu Sinian , died of illness in 1950 at the age of 54.
12. Finally, this person should be a little bit said that he was the cousin of the last emperor Puyi , Puxinshe . He died of cancer in 1963 at the age of 67.
4丨Subsequent
1949, the New China, which had experienced decades of war, was devastated and was in destruction. The Kuomintang's act of emptying the national treasury undoubtedly added many difficulties to the reconstruction of the New China.
The war failed. The troops fled to Taiwan with Chiang Kai-shek were about 600,000, including more than 300,000 troops in the army and more than 40,000 navy. The air force basically lost all during the War of Resistance. There are more than a thousand tanks, more than 500 aircraft, and more than 700 warships. A total of about 2 million people, together with their families and people.
It is precisely because of these military strength and weapons, and the fact that the Kuomintang has almost exhausted the country's remaining money and food, that the Kuomintang was able to get a breather in Taiwan, which also provided great help for Taiwan's development in the decades after the war. It once led our mainland for more than ten years. For a long time, Taiwan always regarded itself as a developed country and looked down on its compatriots in mainland China, which is largely the reason.
Little did they know that the reason why Taiwan developed so well in the past few decades was entirely because of the remaining wealth of the entire country at that time, and was promoting the development of a province.
