[Yuzhong Mother City Story Series]
▲ "Complete Picture of Chongqing Prefecture" drawn by Zhang Yunxuan of the Qing Dynasty
The Jiaochangkou in Chongqing is a very famous place, "Chongqing Bombing Tragedy" (June 5, 1941) and The "Jiaochangkou Blood Crime Incident" (February 10, 1945) made Jiachangkou famous both at home and abroad. As long as you talk about Chongqing City, you must mention Jiachangkou. Anyone who knows history knows that "Jiaochangkou" should actually be called "Xiaochangkou" in ancient times. The Xuechang is the site for training in ancient times. As for when rumors became "Jiaochang", it is no longer known. , I only know that it has been marked as "comparative field" on the ancient map of the Qing Dynasty. So everyone agreed and wrote it as "comparison". Where is the "mouth" of this dam? Because of the long history, no one can tell clearly.
号的大号 was originally a training ground in the Ming and Qing dynasties, and it was also the place where martial arts students from eastern Sichuan were admitted to martial arts. It was divided into "big school ground" and "small school ground" (the small school ground is still here, that is, Xiaojiaochang Lane). Perhaps because of this, before the 1990s, the Jiaochangkou area was a place for martial artists to practice martial arts.
▲Baizixiang
From the ancient Chongqing map, Chongqing city is like a huge turtle shell, surrounded by seventeen city gates of "nine openings and eight closings". Zhang Yunxuan of the Qing Dynasty wrote on the map drawn: "Yu is an important place in the east of Shu, which looks like a turtle and is lively, and his neck is like a goose and raises high..."
The transportation network of Chongqing City in the Qing Dynasty was like the texture on this "turtle shell". The density is uniform. Hu Daoxue summarized that the traffic in Chongqing in the Qing Dynasty was summarized as "long streets and short alleys": it was arranged along the ridge or along the river in the east-west direction or south-west direction. It was relatively smooth and had fewer steps, making it the main road in the city, which was "long" Streets”; most streets facing north-south or northwest-southeast directions are arranged along the mountains, mainly connected by steps, becoming the connection path of the "long street", that is, the "short alley".
At the end of the Ming and early Qing dynasties, Sichuan suffered a sharp decline in the population, and Chongqing City had less than 10,000 households. At that time, tigers often appeared in Chongqing. According to local chronicles, tigers were seen in Chongqing in the early Qianlong period. Later, for more than 30 years of , wars and chaos in Sichuan occurred frequently, and famines and plagues continued, resulting in a sharp decline in the population of Chongqing and Sichuan. According to research, in the first year of the Kangxi period, Sichuan's population was only about 500,000, and Chongqing City (now the area around the Tongyuanmen of Chaotianmen to Qixinggang) was only hundreds of families. Some of them were in the prefectures and counties under Chongqing. Only a dozen families were left.
1694, Kangxi officially issued an edict titled "The Imperial to Recruit People in the Thirty-third Year of Kangxi" to encourage large-scale immigration to Sichuan and Chongqing. Qing government also issued a series of immigration preferential treatment for this. policy. Therefore, immigrants from Hunan, Hubei, Guangdong, Henan and other provinces were ordered to move to Sichuan, and the decades-long immigrant ", Huguang, Sichuan " began.
▲Huguang Fill in Sichuan
As the situation in Sichuan stabilizes, Chongqing City has also begun to be rebuilt. Starting from rebuilding the city wall, then rebuilding the Confucian Temple and the Martial Temple. In the fourth year of Kangxi, Li Guoying, who was in charge of Sichuan at that time, dismissed more than 12,000 people on the grounds that "the entire Sichuan has been restored and should be set up for defense in the local area." In an era of extreme labor shortage, a large number of soldiers were discharged from their troops and returned to their fields, which also promoted the development of the local economy. The prosperity began to occur in the late Qianlong period. Around 6 years after the Jiaqing , the schoolyards of large and small schools began to be rented out by the government. The small schools gradually became street markets, while the large schools became grocery sales distribution centers. By the late Qing Dynasty, this place had become a prosperous commercial area in Chongqing.
Chongqing Yanzi There is a saying: "The land in Jiaochangba is wider." During the Qing Dynasty, the large-scale gymnasium was mainly in the area north of today's Jiaochangkou, with an area of about 60 acres. The small-scale gymnasium was located in the area of about 60 acres. Today's Xiaoxiaochang Lane and surrounding areas cover an area of about 20 acres. The two schoolyards were the largest open space in Chongqing at that time. Therefore, the dam at the time was at least six times larger than the current dam.
How did Jiaochangba step by step over the past few hundred years? According to local chronicles, in the early years of Jiaqing, after the Sichuan-Chu Bailian Sect was suppressed, Chongqing City began to temporarily rent out the two schools. In the fifteenth year of Jiaqing, Chongqing Prefecture officially agreed to rent out the floors of the two schools and use rent to make up for military pay. Small schoolyards quickly became street markets, while large schoolyards became grocery sales and distribution trading markets.
▲Ciqi Street
▲Lime market
▲Xiaomi city
It was found from several maps of Chongqing in the Qing Dynasty that in the late Qing Dynasty, Jiaochangba had changed from the original open space to a commercial area with dense streets. The name of the street is also named after the groceries traded at that time: Muhuo Street, Ciqi Street, Herbal Street, Clothing Street, Fish Market Street, Lime Market, Xiaomi City, Cotton Street... From these many names, we can see commodity trading The type of come. There are also some industrial gang locations named, such as stone, wood, mud and bamboo, which worship Luban . Therefore, next to the lime market, there is Luzu Temple . There is a teahouse outside the temple, and that street is called The old street of "Lu Zu Temple". From this we can see the prosperity of private commerce in Jiaochangkou area at that time.
▲Luzumiao Street
▲In front of Luzumiao Street
▲Back behind Luzumiao Street
▲Luzu Society Drama
The most prosperous era was probably after the Republic of China, and sluts from all over the world kept pouring into Chongqing City. Shops, wine shops and teahouses in the kou area are all adjacent to them. The first hot pot restaurant in Chongqing City, "Bai Lotte" (1921), was also opened in Jiaochangba. After the Anti-Japanese War (i.e., in 1937), refugees from various provinces fled to Chongqing, and the National Government also moved the capital to Chongqing. Chongqing City was once again expanded. At that time, the Qiaochangkou reached the most prosperous period in history.
▲Luzu Temple Republic of China Market
Wooden goods street, herbal medicine street, clothing street, fish market street... These streets named after the industry have left a deep historical imprint. They were born because of commercial development and gradually disappeared in later urban development. The once prosperous place, now we can only trace a little history from several remaining place names such as Ciqi Street, Xiaomi City, Lime Market, Lu Zu Temple, etc.
Duyou Street during the Anti-Japanese War
There is a street from Xiaomi City to Jiefangbei called "Duyou Street", and the origin of Duyou Street always makes many people full of doubts. Some people even believe that in ancient times, Duyou lived here (official name in the Han Dynasty, , was abolished in the Sui Dynasty), and the yamen of Chongqing Prefecture were always in the lower half of the city. In fact, this Duyou Street was originally called "Lar Street" in the Qing Dynasty, which was the place where lard was sold, so that place should be equivalent to the current farmers' market at that time.
▲Duyou Street
Large Street was already very prosperous in the late Qianlong period, and even extended to Zouma Street and Yangliu Street areas, which were very prosperous. During the Qing Dynasty, some people said that Heping Road was called "Shop House Street", and some people said that it was called "Zouma Street", which may be called "Shop House Street", because in the past, many of the old houses on Heping Road were made of the old house layouts.
In the remaining memories of our generation, the first major transformation of Jiaochangkou was around 1963 and 1964, that is, after the "natural disaster", the government transformed the ragged Jiaochangkou into a street garden, and Modern buildings were built on both sides of the street garden. One was built on the lime market. Here were three high-rise buildings and children's library. The other was built on the east side of the flower and tree company, the Summer Palace Tea Garden, Yingchun Restaurant and other garden-style buildings. . During the "Cultural Revolution", some people thought that these garden-style buildings had a "sector, capital, and repair" style, so they demolished and rebuilt several high-rise buildings, which led to the "Little Cave Heaven" restaurant. After
▲Xiaodongtian Restaurant
, there has been no change until the end of the 1980s.In the mid-1990s, Taiwanese businessmen invested in the transformation of the Muhuo Street, Ciqi Street and Laoyi Street, which had the largest area in the area, and then built the " Deyi World " building group. Next, the "Marriott Hotel" broke ground in Minsheng Road, Xiaomi City and other areas, and the "Only Cinema" to the "Military Supply Station" of Bayi Road was also demolished and renovated, and the Jiaochangkou area had major changes.
The real revolutionary change in Jiaochangkou area began with the construction of Light Rail Line 3. In the late 1990s, the subway project that had been suspended for more than ten years, the Chongqing government planned to build light rail and began to demolish the lower section of Heping Road, extending to the entire area of Baizi Lane, Cangbazi, and Lime Market. After the opening of light rail line 3, the large area of Lime Market and Cangbazi was invested by Taiwan Sun Moonlight Group to build Sun Moonlight Plaza. Sun Moonlight Group Chairman Zhang Qiansheng said: "The tallest skyscraper in the west will be built in Chongqing. , the estimated height is 468 meters, the total floor is 88 floors, and the total investment is RMB 13 billion (about NT$5 and NT$660.4 billion). "On September 22, 2010, the first shopping center in Jiefangbei opened in Chongqing, and it was opened at the opening The honorary chairman of the Kuomintang, Wu Boxiong, came to unveil the opening and left behind the stone plaque of "Sun and Moonlight Center".
▲Sun and Moonlight Square
At present, the "Military Supply Station" of the Bayi Road has begun to be rebuilt last year, and construction is also being started on the Chongqing Dance Theater and Guanjing Lane across the road. Three or five years later, the Jiaochangkou area could no longer find any sign of the past.
Knowledge expansion
The biggest feature of ancient Chongqing city was the vertical distribution of functional areas. From the riverside of the two rivers to the highlands in the city, there are shanty towns along the river, commercial districts along the river, temple hall districts, handicraft and trade districts, education districts, and high-end residential districts in turn.
Nowadays, the "river view house" that Chongqing people value most is not favored in the past, because most people living along the river are the hardcore men, boatmen, water carry workers and others at the bottom of society. They built the slopes along the river bank with bamboo strips. Living in stilt houses, these areas are equivalent to the current shanty towns, and the living environment is very harsh. At that time, the altitude of the shanty town along the river was about 15 meters above and below the annual flood level of , so when the water rises in summer, residents had to move into the streets of the city to avoid it for a while. The upper class of society almost lives in the western mountains. For example, Eling Park is the villa of the big salt merchant Li Yaoting . Its original name was Liyuan, also known as Yiyuan .
▲Ciqi Street residential area
The past shanty towns include Linjiangmen along the Jialing River , Hongyadong , Qiansimen , Chaotianmen area, as well as Chaotianmen along the Yangtze River , Dongshuimen on the Yangtze River , and Dongshuimen on the Dongshuimen on the Yangtze River , Dongshuimen on the Dongshuimen on the Yangtze River , and Dongshuimen on the Dongshuimen on the Yangtze River , Dongshuimen on the Dongshuimen on the Yangtze River , , Taipingmen, Chuqimen, and Nanjimen, after the Republic of China, it extended to the outside of the city area of Shibanpo, Caiyuanba, and Huangshaxi Zhumu Street.
In addition, many Chongqing people may think that the ancient Yangtze River was an important commercial terminal in Chongqing, while the Jialing River was second. In fact, this is not the case. Before the 1920s, Chongqing's trade exchanges mainly stopped in the Jialing River Basin. According to the "Ten Years of Customs Report" around 1900, among the tax-collecting ships, there were more than 10,000 in the Jialing River Basin, while there were only more than 800 in the Yangtze River Basin.
(The content and pictures of this article are from the Internet, and the copyright belongs to the original author, with abridged and supplementary)
