Introduction
In February 1950, when the founding of New China, everything was in ruins. At this moment, Chairman Mao found Li Qiang and solemnly said to him: "How about you change your career and go to foreign trade!"
Because Li Qiang was not mentally prepared, he subconsciously rejected Chairman Mao's proposal and said: "Chairman, I'd better do technology!" Unexpectedly, shortly after the incident, Li Fuchun, who was in charge of the economy, found him and asked him to do foreign trade again.
This time, Li Fuchun seemed to be ready and stated three reasons: First, you have been in the Soviet Union for 6 years and know Russian; second, you know machinery; third, you understand economy, these are all advantages.
After hearing Li Fuchun's reasons, Li Qiang knew that it was inappropriate for him to refuse again, so he agreed to the organization's appointment.
Although Li Qiang came to the foreign trade department, his legendary career as a red agent is even more legendary and exciting. Who is Li Qiang, and what special experience does he have?
pic | From left: Zhou Enlai, Deng Yingchao, Cai Chang, Li Fuchun
Two "transformations" in Li Qiang
Perhaps people remember this scene in "The Never Eve of the Air Waves": On the eve of the liberation of Shanghai in 1949, our party's The radio sender sent the last radio wave to Yan'an: "Comrades, goodbye forever, I miss you forever!"
At this moment, the Kuomintang spies rushed in. This scene was an extremely tragic scene of our party's underground radio station before dawn. Essence However, the prelude to this time 21 years ago is unknown to many people.
It was a late night in October 1928: Zhou Enlai finished the "Sixth National Congress" in the Soviet Union and moved into the home of Li Qiang, Minister of Transportation. Li Qiang was only 23 years old at that time, which was the time when he was young and energetic.
Li Qiang's real name is Zeng Peihong, his courtesy name is Youfan, and his pseudonyms are Zeng Peihong and Zeng Zongda. A family with a scholarly family in Changshu County, Jiangsu Province. My grandfather was a former Qing juren, and my father was a scholar.
html When he was 46 years old, Li Qiang came to a private school and then finished elementary school in his hometown. In 1920, he went to Hangzhou Zongwen Middle School. He studied hard and had excellent grades. He was a good student with both good character and academic performance. In modern terms, he was a good student who "comprehensively developed in morality, intelligence and physical fitness."
was only because of his new rise in the May Fourth Movement. Influenced by thought, he tried his best to get rid of the shackles of traditional concepts and feudal ethics. At this moment, he received encouragement and help from a primary school classmate Zhou Kui who was studying in Shanghai. With his excellent grades in mathematics, physics and chemistry in middle school, Become a third-year freshman in the middle school of Shanghai Nanyang Road Mining School (later renamed Donghua University).
1923, when Xia Middle School graduated, Li Qiang
This school was a school funded by Chinese people in Shanghai at that time, and there was no respect here. The modern atmosphere of Confucianism and Confucius, paying more attention to teaching methods that give full play to students' personality and talents, and everything makes Li Qiang feel relieved.
Li Qiang laid a solid foundation in English here. He graduated from middle school with two in Chinese and English. Certificate , becoming a student of civil engineering major in the university department of this school. In college, Li Qiang made great progress in his thoughts. Li Qiang once recalled:
1925 when the "May 30th" movement broke out, I was Shanghai Donghua University A young student in Civil Engineering. At that time, the dangers of the country and the disasters of the nation were all pressing on our hearts like mountains, which made us breathless. The anti-imperialist and anti-feudal struggles initiated by the May Fourth Movement The fire is still burning in the hearts of us young people...
In May 1924, Li Qiang joined the Kuomintang under the introduction of Ye Chuyi . Soon, he discovered that the other party was a reactionary right-wing figure of the Kuomintang.
Under the influence of the two Communists, Communists Yun Daiying and Zhang Hao, Li Qiang joined the Communist Youth League in June 1925. In July of the same year, Li Qiang officially joined the Communist Party of China at the Caojiadu Branch of the Communist Party of China in Shanghai.
11, Li Qiang was given a He was appointed as the secretary of the Communist Youth League of Caojiadu and was added as an alternate member of the Shanghai Prefectural Committee of the Communist Youth League in December. After the split of the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, Li Qiang was expelled from the Kuomintang. This time the expulsion also became a symbol of his leap in his thoughts.
It was at the climax of May 30th Movement that Li Qiang began to embark on the path of revolution and gradually became a professional revolutionary.
In early 1926, Li Qiang was appointed Secretary of the Communist Youth League of Shanghai Pudong. He organized the workers here and set up poor hospitals and poor schools for them. While helping workers solve their difficulties, they also tutor on culture and improve cultural quality and political awareness.
He was praised by Ren Bishi, Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Youth League and Minister of Organization of the Communist Youth League. In June of that year, Li Qiang was appointed Secretary of the Communist Youth League of Wusong District. In July, Luo Yinong, Secretary of the Shanghai District Committee of the Communist Party of China, transferred him back.
At this time, Northern Expedition Army had entered Jiangxi, and the Shanghai District Committee of the Communist Party of China was preparing for an armed uprising and forced the development of explosives and grenades to respond to emergency needs.
Li Qiang had never made weapons, but he used the chemical knowledge he had learned to buy back raw materials such as carbonic acid, nitric acid , etc., and prepared them in proportion to make yellow explosives. Due to the lack of conditions, the grenade was not made. They got a lot of grenades through other methods.
Li Qiang's photo in the Soviet Union
On March 21, 1927, the third armed uprising led by Zhou Enlai and others was successful, and all the explosives made by Li Qiang before the uprising were used.
In February 1927, Li Qiang served as the secretary of the special branch of the Communist Party of China Changshu, and later established the Changshu Interim Administrative Committee, and Li Qiang served as the administrative committee member.
Soon after, the "April 12" counter-revolutionary incident broke out, and the special branch of the Communist Party of China Changshu also moved underground, and Li Qiang immediately withdrew from Changshu . Soon after, Li Qiang secretly sneaked back to Shanghai, found the Communist Party of China in the bloody storm, and participated in the work of the Central Special Branch under Zhou Enlai himself.
At Zhou Enlai's request, Li Qiang developed the radio
From June to July 1928, the Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of China was held in Moscow. The meeting decided to establish a radio communication facility in Shanghai to strengthen the contact and leadership of the CPC Central Committee with local party committees.
In October of the same year, the Radiocommunications Section of the Central Special Section undertakes this task. At that time, radio was still a new thing in our country, and due to the control and prohibition of the Kuomintang government, we had to make the transmitter by ourselves. You also have to train your own radio personnel, which is very difficult, whether in terms of technical cadres or material conditions.
Zhou Enlai returned to Shanghai after the "Sixth National Congress", he decided to let Li Qiang develop a radio transceiver and send Zhang Shenchuan to learn radio transceiver technology. For this reason, Zhou Enlai came to Li Qiang’s home to talk to him, and the scene at the beginning of the article appeared.
1929 The first radio station established by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China
When Li Qiang proposed to develop a radio transceiver, Li Qiang felt a little embarrassed. In college, Li Qiang studied civil engineering and "building railways and bridges". He had never dealt with telecommunications and had never seen a transceiver.
, and the reactionaries at that time had very strict control over radio equipment, and no relevant Chinese books were found in the bookstore. Zhou En said: does not have Chinese books, you can read English. Your English foundation is good and you can learn it yourself.
Zhou Enlai knew that in order to prepare the weapons needed for the armed uprising of Shanghai workers, Li Qiang had worked hard to create yellow explosives and grenades, and further encouraged him: explosives and grenades are not your profession, have you also made them?
Zhou Enlai said earnestly: The Kuomintang has strictly controlled radio equipment, especially transceivers, and there are no finished products for sale on the market, so we force ourselves to make them. It is also difficult to find Chinese books in this area. If you have a good English foundation, you can buy English books and magazines to learn.If there are any difficulties, the organization will do its best to help you solve them!
After hearing Zhou Enlai's words, Li Qiang immediately said: Since the central government has decided to do radio and has handed over the task to me, I will learn and do my best! After receiving the task of developing a radio transceiver, Li Qiang made friends with various radio industries as an amateur radio enthusiast and studied with them; and also started the "Asia-American Radio Company" with the Su brothers and "Dahua Radio Company" and other stores are in exchange for purchase of radio equipment, tools and circuit patterns for manufacturing transceivers from there.
After buying back a lot of professional English radio books published in the United States from the bookstore for study, he began to try installing the transceiver. At that time, Dahua Company specialized in producing large transceivers. Li Qiang tried to get out the product through relationships, and while dissecting it and researching it, he gradually found the way.
The former site of the Central Special Science Training Class
Then it is made. Only ordinary parts can be purchased on the market. Important parts can be ordered from foreign companies run by foreigners, but like coils wrapped by copper pipes, they can't be bought in foreign companies. Have to do it yourself.
During the process of purchasing parts, Li Qiang met Zheng Guonian, an employee of Dahua Company. This person was originally a radio operator on the Nanjing cruise ship. He was quite knowledgeable and had given Li Qiang a lot of help and provided him with a lot of parts he needed.
There is also an amateur radio enthusiast who taught Li Qiang how to wind coils. The one who helped Li Qiang the most was Cai Shuhou, a Communist who studied in Japan and specialized in motors and founded Shaodun Electric Company in Shanghai.
In this way, under the condition of extremely lack of radio equipment and technical information, Li Qiang and Tu Zuochao tried to produce transceiver together. They live in the neon building opened by Cai Shuhou. In order to protect the safety of their residence, Chen Geng has come here to inspect it.
Li Qiang and Tu Zuochao hid here, worked hard and thought about it from multiple perspectives. After working hard day and night, after countless failures and experiments, and working hard for a year, they finally created the first part they designed and prepared in 1929. Dual-purpose radio station.
Although the power of this station is only 50 watts, I don’t know what the effect is. Zhang Shenchuan used this radio product to copy the Kuomintang radio weather forecast and international news to start, and finally contacted amateur radio stations from all over the world to prove that this radio station is completely usable.
From then on, Li Qiang and Zhang Shenchuan rented a three-story building in Shikumen at No. 9, Fukangli, Daxi Road, British Concession. As the site of the secret radio station, we established the first underground radio station of our party.
In March and April 1930, after the Central and Southern Bureau established a radio station, the radio station was transferred to a two-story building, No. 32, Hede Road, Jing'ansi Road, and a two-story building. In September of the same year, the radio station was transferred to Muerming Road.
From the Soviet Union to Yan'an
In September 1929, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China sent Li Qiang to Hong Kong twice to establish a radio station. Although Hong Kong's radio stations have worked for less than a year, they have done a lot of work.
In March 1930, the Central Special Forces held the first radio training class, and Zhou Enlai asked Li Qiang to be responsible for this work. The training class is carried out secretly by scattered residence, single-line contact, and home-based teaching to prevent the enemy from destroying it.
After the first training period is over, the second training period begins. The training tasks are under the responsibility of Li Qiang and Gu Shunzhang , and Li Qiang and Zhang Shenchuan implement and organize them in detail. Although the training class has formulated some regulations to prevent enemy damage. However, shortly after the training class was started, two serious cases of detectives breaking into the training class. Gu Shunzhang, the head of
Special Science , was proud and careless and did not listen to Li Qiang's suggestions on running schools in a dispersed manner. On December 17, 1930, when the training was held for more than a month, the police took the training class and loaded more than 20 teachers, colleges and teleportation equipment including Zhang Shenchuan into the prison car. This case was the that shocked the center. "Welfare Company Incident" .
Li Qiang happened to go to Mao Qihua 's house not far away for dinner, and he successfully escaped. Li Qiang quickly rode his bike to notify other comrades to transfer and take away the central documents and telecommunications equipment from all over the place.The Party Central Committee urgently instructed him to suspend all activities and Chen Shoulu took over as the head of the fourth section.
On April 24, 1931, Gu Shunzhang, the head of the Central Special Section, rebelled. Fortunately, Qiang Zhuang Fei, Zhou Enlai, Li Kenong, Li Qiang and others transferred the organs and staff in time, which allowed our party to avoid a major disaster, and Li Qiang and others evacuated Shanghai.
Under the arrangement of Zhou Enlai and others, Li Qiang came to Moscow from Harbin in May of the same year. Under the arrangement of Li Lisan, he temporarily lived in the dormitory of the Communist International, and later went to the Soviet Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications Academy of Communications Sciences. We have carried out 7 years of study, scientific research and teaching work.
Although he did not come to Sun Yat-sen University like other leaders, he devoted himself to the field of communication research that he was good at and later became a famous communication scientist in the party.
In more than a year, he completed the radio science paper "Sign up the diamond antenna" in English, and caused shock in the Soviet radio field.
Because of this paper, Li Qiang was hired by the Soviet government as one of the seven radio experts. His name was included in the Soviet encyclopedia dictionary, and his research results were also named "Li Qiang Formula".
Li Qiang is working
Since 1932, Li Qiang came to the Communist International radio training class as a teacher, and taught physics, mathematics, and radio principles to party members from all over the country in fluent English.
1937, Li Qiang once again taught the production of parts to students from China and other countries. In his spare time, he also learned to shoot, ride horses, and play movies.
During the seven years in the Soviet Union, he had extensive scientific knowledge, the quality of a scientist, and fluent Russian and made many friends in the Soviet Union.
In this year, the July 7 Lugou Bridge Incident broke out. The patriotic Li Qiang returned home with an arrow. Finally, after going through various twists and turns in 1938, he returned to the motherland, came to Yan'an, a revolutionary holy land, and devoted himself to the wave of anti-Japanese and national salvation.
After returning to Yan'an, Li Qiang was arranged to take on the important task at the Yan'an Military Industry Bureau. Shortly after he took office, Director Teng Daiyuan talked to him and said: "You can work with Wang Zheng, you will preside over the overall work of the Military Industry Bureau and serve as the deputy director of the Third Bureau of the Military Commission."
Li Qiang accepted the appointment without hesitation. In the first year of arriving in northern Shaanxi, Li Qiang rode a big green horse through the ditches and the gaps and resources.
He knew very well that resources are the first element of production, especially the vast loess contains a large amount of arms resources available for production.
19
1940, Li Qiang taught employees of Yan'an Military Industry Bureau
Yanchang Petroleum Grotto oil is an important power raw material. Cotton in northern Shaanxi is an important raw material for nitrified cotton . Coal mines and iron are also buried in the loess; in the loess, Contains resources for producing arms...
1 When the Military Industry Bureau was officially completed, Li Qiang chose Ansai Chafang Town as the basis for the development of military industry. On the vast loess high slope, he started from scratch, reused technicians, and founded explosives, gun factories, oil refineries, steel mills and pharmaceutical factories.
In just one year, the Yan'an military factory produced tens of thousands of grenades, grenade doors, rifles, and mortar shells. This is a continuation of his bomb production in Shanghai and the result of his learning in the Soviet Union.
The Central Military Commission promoted Li Qiang's experience in using technical cadres to base areas and border areas. On May 1, 1944, Yan'an held a meeting of the factory directors and staff representative meetings of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region Factory, and Mao Zedong personally wrote an inscription for him "Persist to the end".
Chairman Mao wrote the inscription for Li Qiang
Li Qiang was ordered to build a short-wave launch pad
In June 1944, Li Qiang accepted a new task and served as the dean of Yan'an Natural Music Academy, becoming the successor Li Fuchun, Xu Teli, Chen Kangbaih After tml2 The fourth president of the Academy of Sciences . During
, he achieved success in protecting engineers such as Shen Hong , Qian Zhidao . In less than five years, he trained more than 500 cadres.
not only cultivated a large number of scientific and technological talents for the War of Resistance Against Japan and the victory of the whole country, but also cultivated a large number of scientific and technological talents for the New China. Some of these people later became ministers, some became directors, and later even became famous national leaders.
During the Liberation War, Li Qiang, as deputy director of the Workers and Mining Committee of the Military Commission, inspected the resources and munition production situation of the three major military regions, namely , Jincha, Hebei, Shandong and Henan. After more than nine months of investigation, Li Qiang wrote three detailed investigation reports.
Once, Li Qiang met Liao Chengzhi while inspecting military production. Liao Chengzhi told him: "Hurry up and go to Xibaipo , Zhu De and Liu Shaoqi are waiting for you to talk!"
When Li Qiang rushed to Xibaipo, it was already evening. Liu Shaoqi and Zhu De explained to him the urgent task of building a short-wave transmitter platform.
Chairman Mao spoke to senior technical cadres in Yan'an. The front row is the right one, Li Qiang
Yan'an Xinhua Radio Station is the first radio station founded by our party and was founded in 1940. Because the Yan'an Military Industry Bureau was closely related to the radio station at that time.
Li Qiang was ordered to build a short-wave transmitter platform, spreading the sound of Xinhua News Agency to the world, becoming the founder of the broadcasting industry in New China.
Li Qiang found a combined car crankshaft from scrap steel, which was cleverly used for the radio crankshaft. Resuming the interrupted broadcasting internally and externally.
After the beginning of the Liberation War, Yan'an Xinhua Radio Station was renamed to Shaanxi Xinhua Radio Station, and it was constantly transferred with the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. This is the fourth time that the station site has been moved, and the station name has also been changed to Hebei Xinhua Radio Station.
Li Qiang's first job after accepting the task was to survey the new station site, and finally determine that the station site was built in Jingxing County, Hebei Province, the broadcasting room was selected in Kulongfeng Village, and the launching platform was built in Tianhu Village.
antenna is installed, but there is no instrument for measuring the direction, so the antenna cannot be debugged. Li Qiang proposed: "Look for a bright moon at night, based on the position of North Star , aim at the meridian of the earth. This direction is the direction of the first wooden stake in the antenna."
Li Qiang in his later years returned to Yan'an
As a result, the antenna is right The first time that the "Li Qiang Formula" in the history of radio has been used in the motherland.
Li Qiang's first office in Beijing was in the Broadcasting Bureau. At this time, Liao Chengzhi had been transferred to the Overseas Chinese Affairs Office, and Li Qiang was responsible for the work of the Broadcasting Bureau.
On October 1, 1949, Li Qiang, as an expert and leader in the field of broadcasting, undertakes a special task to ensure the smooth operation of the megaphone on the Tiananmen Gate Tower.
On the day of the founding ceremony, Li Qiang rushed to the Tiananmen Gate Tower early to debug, and the effect was pretty good. When the founding ceremony officially began, he turned on the machine and found that there were actually harsh sounds in the loudspeaker.
He infers that it is the machine that resonates with the outside world's audio. In an emergency, Li Qiang hurriedly put his hat on the microphone, and the noise disappeared.
at this time. The founding leader of the People's Republic of China has climbed the Tiananmen Gate Tower, and the masses cheered to the leaders, while Li Qiang focused all his attention on the radio equipment connected to the speaker standing in the middle of the tower.
Li Qiang
He listened carefully to the sound quality, volume and tone coming from it. Mao Zedong walked towards the microphone, and then, Li Qiang and everyone present had a strongest voice through the microphone: "The People's Republic of China, the Central People's Government has been established!"
After the founding of New China, Li Qiang serves as the Director of the Broadcasting Bureau and the Director of the State Administration of Posts, Telecommunications and Radio. During his tenure, he did a big thing, that is, he led and set up an wired telephone from Beijing to Moscow and a telephone railway of 12,000 kilometers, which played an important role in the exchanges between China and the Soviet Union. effect.
Just as Li Qiang was thinking about building the "world's first tower" and pushing China's radio and telecommunications industry to a higher level, the organization has a new mission waiting for him.
Chairman Mao named him to engage in foreign trade
Shortly after the founding of New China, Mao Zedong decided to visit the Soviet Union, and Li Qiang was ordered to accompany him. Mao Zedong considered that Li Qiang not only knew Russian, but also technology, so he ordered Li Qiang in person: "Is it good for you to change your career to engage in foreign trade?"
At first, Li Qiang politely refused. But after Li Fuchun's repeated requests, he reluctantly agreed.
1958, Li Qiang, Zhou Enlai, He Long and others met with the Mongolian delegation
In view of Li Qiang's achievements in radio electronics theory and practice, in 1950, he was awarded the commemorative honor medal of Mr. Fan Xudong.
In the same year, Li Qiang's academic paper "Send a Message Rhombus Antenna" published in the Soviet Union in the 1930s was translated into Chinese and was published in China for the first time.
In September 1952, the Ministry of Foreign Trade of the People's Republic of China was abolished and the Ministry of Foreign Trade was established. So Li Qiang stayed in Moscow and served as Deputy Minister of Foreign Trade and was the permanent Commercial Counselor of China Ambassador to the Soviet Union.
At the founding conference of academic department of the Chinese Academy of Sciences held in June 1955, Li Qiang was elected as a member of the academic department of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (renamed as an academician in 1993), becoming one of the 172 academic department members of the elected by this conference. The identity of
made Li Qiang the only veteran revolutionary among the first batch of academicians in New China.
1970, Li Qiang shook hands with the deputy minister of the North Korean Trade Province after signing and shaking hands
1956, after Li Qiang returned to China, he officially served as the deputy minister of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and later became the minister. In the position of Deputy Minister and Minister of Foreign Trade, Li Qiang has worked for decades and has made great contributions to the economy, foreign trade and diplomacy of New China.
With his efforts, he also planned to establish Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and served as director. In addition, Li Qiang also holds positions in several leading institutions for science and technology and national defense construction, such as the Deputy Secretary-General of the National Science and Technology Commission and a member of the Aviation Industry Commission.
956, Li Qiang and his former comrades-in-arms Chen Geng and Nie Rongzhen were drinking together. In a flash, one of them was the deputy general and the founding general, and the other was the director of the National Defense Science and Technology Commission and the founding marshal.
Li Qiang, who has always been indifferent to fame and fortune, suddenly felt a little envious and joked: "Transfer me to your department and let me be a general, and live the general's addiction!"
Marshal Nie Rongzhen smiled and said, "I have lived this life, and the worst is that I am the one who lives. Your talent would otherwise be a member of the school department."
General Chen Geng smiled and said, " Our party will be like stars, but there are very few technical experts like you. At present, the country urgently needs foreign aid to develop cutting-edge weapons , Who else can take on such a heavy responsibility? "
, half drunk and half awake, laughed with his two friends after hearing this.
As deputy minister of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and also serves as a science and technology expert, Li Qiang has also frequently visited nuclear missile bases for field inspections. After the Sino-Soviet relations broke down, Li Qiang followed Premier Zhou's instructions to be responsible for cleaning up the legacy of Soviet experts. After conducting Sino-Soviet trade, Resist U.S. aggression and aid Korea, and the division of Sino-Soviet trade interrupted trade, Li Qiang was officially appointed as Minister of Foreign Trade.
Under Zhou Enlai's direct leadership, he was in charge of the supply of materials for aid to Vietnam and fight against the United States. , in his internal and external troubles, was over 60 years old, and he worked hard day and night, ensuring that the resources of Sino-Soviet arms were continuously transported to the front line of Vietnam.
1976, Li Qiang accompanied Singapore Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew to visit the Badaling Great Wall
When Li Qiang was 65 years old, he accepted the task of accepting Zhou Enlai, just like he accepted Zhou Enlai's task of establishing a radio station many years ago, and personally led it in December 1970 in December 1970 The team sneaked into the jungle of the southern Vietnamese frontline to inspect the war situation and material supply of Vietnam to resist the United States, leaving artillery fire to the sky, risking their lives without hesitation.
1978 After the country was on track, Li Qiang, who was over 70 years old, took the lead in proposing to the central government to use foreign loans to introduce the American Coca-Cola production line, etc., with his profound knowledge, broad vision and keen thoughts, to promote opening up to the outside world with his profound knowledge, broad vision and keen thoughts. , has done a lot of work to trade with Europe, the United States, Hong Kong and Macao.
In March 11981, Li Qiang officially retired from his position as Minister of Foreign Trade and served as an advisor to the State Council.
After retiring to the second line, Li Qiang is still concerned about national construction and continues to provide many valuable suggestions for the cause of reform and opening up. As an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, he continues to support and care about the country's scientific and technological undertakings.
On September 29, 1996, he died of illness in Beijing at the age of 91.
Looking at Li Qiang's life, Li Qiang truly achieved the "persistence to the end" as Chairman Mao encouraged, and he was worthy of his identity as a revolutionary and scientist.
