On December 3, 1922, Lu Xun described the reason for his literary creation in the preface made by his first novel "Scream", that is, a well -known experience during Lu Xun during his studies in Japan. It is proposed that "the flickering nationals, even if the physique is healthy and how strong, can only make meaningless materials and spectators." One year later, Lu Xun delivered a famous speech at the Beijing Women's Higher Normal School, "How after Nara is gone", pointing out that "the masses, especially China, is always the spectators of drama." "Visitors" can be said to be the most classic image of Lu Xun's works. Qian Liqun once said that anyone who has read Lu Xun's novels is probably unforgettable that unique "Show". There is only one scene. "It is" watching and being seen ", but it condenses Lu Xun's" deepest observation and grasp "of the way Lu Xun's" people "survival, interpersonal relationships, and life value. In Qian Liqun's view, many novels in "Scream", "彷" and " Story New " can be regarded as "birth and expansion" of "Demonstration". (Qian Liqun, Wang Dehou: "The New Trends of Lu Xun's Novel Research in recent years", "Book of Modern Literature Research in China", No. 3, 1991)
is already deeply rooted in the hearts of the classic literary image, and at the same time of Lu Xun at the same time The creation of many Chinese writers in the future has a profound impact. There are countless literary analysis and research on the image of "visiting", but how the "spectators" show in the real world, how can Lu Xun be so disgusting, but rarely discuss it. This is probably because the "seeing" of the "viewers" in the real world is everywhere, so that few people will realize that "see" is also a problem. However, there is an exception of a phenomenon, that is, "big funeral", because it seems to be born to make people "see". On the one hand, in order to show his filial piety to show his sons and sons, on the other hand, in order to highlight the power of the family, all kinds of ceremonies have achieved a variety of ceremonies, thus achieving a feast of the "viewers". It is particularly important that the news and newspapers at that time were also very interested in "big mourning", and often reported it in detail. Therefore, a lot of information about such "seeing and being seen" was left, enabling us to be in Lu Xun's literature. In addition to the text, see the historical image of 's "spectators".
Lu Xun and "Scream" book seal
"Guanyou"
in the "Mourning", also known as the funeral. In the entire funeral ceremony, it has attracted much attention for the publicity of its activity space. The most expensive and most expensive. During the Republic of China, newspapers and periodicals often used the term "big funeral" to highlight the magnificent scale and attractive attention of the funeral ceremony at that time. When it comes to the big funeral during the Republic of China, we must first mention Shanghai, and when it comes to Shanghai's funeral, Sheng Xuanhuai is mourning and it must be mentioned. Among the newspapers and media at the time, "the most popular people in the Shanghai people were mourning" (free talk, "Report" February 17, 1919), it has been talked about by Shanghai people throughout the Republic of China throughout the Republic of China, and continued to take care of it, and kept taking it and continued to take it. It is also Sheng Xuanhuai's funeral comparison with the funeral later. The funeral date of
Sheng Xuanhuai was November 18, 1917. As early as October 25, the director of the Shanghai General Chamber of Commerce Zhu Yisan and the deputy director Shen Lianfang jointly wrote a letter to the Public Concession Department of Industry, requesting to send a router license. The so -called routing refers to the walking route during the funeral. If you go through the concession, the routing must be approved by the concession authorities and send it to the license. This approach has been implemented in the late Qing Dynasty, and offenders must be punished. Over time, it has become a convention. Some wealthy people will also go out of the route in advance and report to advertise with the promise. It is well known. Because the Ministry of Industry and Industry "does not allow" to go through Nanjing Road and Huangpu Beach, if you can pass Nanjing Road and Huangpu Beach when you get out, it will become a special glory, which can show the distinctive status of the deceased.According to the "Declaration", when Sheng Xuanhuai's father, Shengkang was released in 1902, "cost 50,000 yuan, with the same honor of the British Road." ("Reporting" April 23, 1922) Sheng Xuanhuai's outbound road was published on the "Declaration" on November 8, 1917, which is equivalent to notifying the "visitor" in advance to go to the designated location to wait for the "good show". The enthusiasm of
"spectators" was fully mobilized. According to the "Declaration", "the major restaurants and restaurants of the Restaurant in the Fourth Horse Road have been scheduled to be empty, and the tea shops are more specially buying tickets. Regarding the grand occasion of the big funeral, the "Declaration" also reported in detail:
was a period of Sheng Xingsun yesterday. All the roads passed through the roads and no one. There is no tolerance for the four horse roads. Most of the shops on both sides have been suspended, setting up sites, or providing relatives and friends, or charges. And some people set up a chair on both sides of the road to collect the capital. It is embroidered with clouds, Shengpinglou, Changle, etc., crowded and salty. The viewers in the road are even more tide. On the Bund's houses, on the roof, it was only unprecedented to see people's heads. ("Sheng Xingsun's grand occasion: whether there should be or not, should not be available", "Declaration" November 19, 1917)
Sheng Xuanhuai is not a grand event in Shanghai. Essence As early as the death, the "Declaration" reported: "There are many viewers from foreign parties, and the train and ships are crowded and the hotel career is quite prosperous." November 18th); after the death, it also reported: "After noon yesterday, there were many trains. Hangxing, Police Shan, Fengjing, Songjiang and other guests are unbearable every time they drive. "By the city's three times" ("Sheng Xing Sun's Wraffle and the People's Wounds", "Report" November 20, 1917) A large number of people from foreign ports pour into Shanghai. There are also many people in merchants. For example, the theater's advertisement:
is crowded with the roads and Sima Road today. People from other ports rushed to Shanghai while the ship and train came to Shanghai. During the day, the monarchs saw the mourning. When you get to the laughing stage, you can watch the show first. It is seen that the funeral is sad, and the scene is happy; it is seen that the mourning is moving, and the scene is quiet. There are sadness and joy, there is movement and quiet, and then it is good for the spirit and the body. Therefore, it is a hygienic way to laugh at the stage to watch the stage tonight. ("Watching the Mullet in the Shenggong Mansion in the Sun, watching the laughing stage at night", "Report" November 18, 1917)
advertisement was published on the "Declaration" on the day of the funeral. People who are funeral.
is frequent due to the audience, so the accident:
is only when I was crowded, and the young woman of more than 20 years old in Wangping Street, Sima Road, was squeezed to the ground and did not save personnel. Later, I saw several people picked up to the east. The first five or six -year -old children of Huifangmen were crowded to death. The new world was recently rolled in Pudong Township, the second child and the child, and then the others were in danger. As for those who call their wives, to find a brother, and the person who is lost, and the lost shoe hat, it is not counted. There are two gorgeous middle -aged women on the French circles of the new Kaihe Pier of the French world. At three points, the crying of the time rose to the river. ("Sheng Xingsun's grand occasion: whether there should be or not, should not be there", "Report" November 19, 1917) In addition to the report on the day of the funeral day, the "Declaration" and other report Various accidents:
lives in a certain armor of the Tang family of the Shanghai City, and practiced in an insurance bank in North City, , and has two daughters in the family.On the afternoon of the fourth day of October in the lunar calendar, I went out with my maid to watch the funeral of Sheng Xingsun at Jinliyuan Pier. Due to the crowds, the two girls and the maid were squeezed into the pond. At that time, the eldest daughter of A was captained by each Shanban boat. The maid and the maid were rescued immediately, but the second girl has not been caught yet. Yesterday and other days ago, A had already offered a heavy reward and sent notices to various boat owners to pay attention to salvage. I didn't know when the body would appear. ("The Victims of Sheng Xingsun's Funeral", "Declaration", November 23, 1917)
It is worth noting that so many accidents occurred when the entire concession patrol team was deployed to maintain order. It can be seen how crazy the scene of Sheng Xuanhuai's funeral caused the whole city of Shanghai to watch the funeral in ecstasy!
This grand occasion is not unique to Sheng Xuanhuai's great funeral, but a common phenomenon of great funerals. In April 1922, the funeral of Zhou Fujiu and his son, who was called "the richest man in Jiangxi" in the newspapers at that time, caused a sensation. "Everywhere he passed, there was a sea of people, every shop and terrace was filled with guests, and the teahouse and tavern were also temporarily sold out." Chapter Taiyan I went to give a lecture at the Staff Education Center on the same day. I was blocked by pedestrians on the way and was half an hour late. The recorder said that "it was probably because of the big funeral of Zhou Fujiu and his son. It can be seen that the unnecessary big funeral not only wastes people and money, but also hinders teaching." ("Shenbao" April 23, 1922)
Those who are keen to watch the "big funeral" are not just the people in Shanghai. On September 6, 1919, Zhejiang Governor Yang Shande went to a funeral. "Yesterday, the train station was so crowded with visitors from far and near and those who came to watch the funeral, the provincial capital suddenly had more than 20,000 people, and the hotel prices increased several times. ". ("Funeral Records of Former Governor Yang", "Shenbao", September 7, 1919) A year later, Jiangsu Governor Li Chun's large funeral in Nanjing was no less impressive. "The funeral of former Governor Li departed from the Governor's Office and disembarked from the boat at Xiaguan Pier to cross the river. Along the way, there were more than 40 worshippers, such as the General Chamber of Commerce, the Police Department, the Second Bank of China Communications Construction Company, and other agencies. Guards of Ceremony Among them were more than 100 monks and Taoists, an Army brigade, and 40 U.S. Navy personnel. There are more than 1,000 students from various schools in Jinling, and there are more than ten Xun Pavilions and Command Pavilions along the way. Wang Guilin, the police station, sent two posts every five feet, and the army was everywhere to protect them. Land. Huning Road Yinjian Zhenjiang each The number of tourists traveling to Ning was so crowded that we specially drove a special train so that the tourists could go home that day." ("The Grand Funeral of Li Gudu", "Shenbao", November 1, 1920) In fact, some ordinary wealthy people. Large funerals can also attract a large number of spectators, such as Wuxi When the mother of a textile factory owner passed away, "all the ceremonials, such as military music, flags and umbrellas, and other funeral items were rented from Suzhou and other places. During the funeral, traffic was cut off, and it was quite long." . Men and women from rural and urban areas came to pay their respects, and the valleys were filled with people, and the streets were empty."
Until the 1940s, large funerals could still cause a sensation in northern society. The mass funeral of Wu Peifu on January 24, 1940 left a deep impression on the old Beijingers: "Almost all residents automatically ran to the streets to watch the funeral, resulting in a crowd of people emptying out. There were even people from Tianjin, Baoding, Shijiazhuang , as well as those from four villages and eight towns in the suburbs of Beijing who dared to see the excitement of the streets where the funeral passed, and the teahouses and restaurants on both sides. , restaurant, the guest seats upstairs and downstairs facing the street were booked by customers in advance for a large amount of money (several times higher than usual prices) to serve as temporary viewing platforms." ("Wu Peifu's Funeral", edited by Qin Hong: "Many Anecdotes of Celebrity Funerals". ", pp. 145-155) It can be seen from this that during the Republic of China, large funerals in both the north and the south could attract many spectators, including those who came from afar from surrounding areas.
In fact, the press and public opinion at that time were full of criticism and satire on the "spectators" at the mass funeral. "It's not the Five-Nine, the Five-Nine, or the Double Ten, but the market presents an uneasy scene, as if something important is about to happen. Every street is crowded with people, On both sides of the street, the doors and windows of shops, on the roofs of several floors above, They are all filled with our noble compatriots. It’s strange, I’ve never seen such a crowd, and it’s so neat.” “We, who are usually delicate, don’t feel like we are just raising our heels and stretching our necks at this time. Son, watching from a distance with all his concentration and forgetting everything." (Yang Xiaozhong: "The Great Funeral" (Part 1), "Declaration" November 13, 1926) "The men are okay, but the women are squeezing in and out, desperate, but there is no way to squeeze out of the crowd, so they can only get out of the crowd. Waiting dripping with sweat. "Several girls who do not have good status are standing on the cement porch, wearing light and thin gauze shirts, which are not in shape due to the heavy rain. Their shy expressions are really indescribable." "There is also a group of people who are standing on the stone road in front of Xianshi Company and waiting for the tram at the tossing court, thinking that they are safe and have a full view." That ruthless Western hunter used a stick to drive him away. Poor people like that, they really had no way out. "Someone ate two sticks, and the commentator mocked: "I think it's not worth the pain because of the mourning! "("Out of Mourning Interests", "Declaration", July 13, 1928) The people who saw the mourning said, "Although they are feasting their eyes, they still have to suffer some hardships. Losing shoes, hats and purses are still trivial matters; if Unfortunately, a pregnant woman is trampled or her child is lost. If a child suffers a tragedy, he can only 'knock out his front teeth and swallow it in his belly'." So someone said: "It is best not to see the mourning idlers, so that there will be no tragedy." The commentator therefore commented: "Although it is true, But since no one was watching, there was no big funeral. "(Yao Ke: "On the Great Funeral", "Declaration" December 21, 1933) "The Great Funeral" and "spectators" are like the front and back of the same coin, achieving each other and constituting a spectacle in the society of the Republic of China. .
Sheng Xuanhuai
Lu Xun, Shao Xunmei and Sheng Xuanhuai went to mourning
Of course Lu Xun was familiar with the spectacle of the Republic of China, the "Great Funeral", which appeared more than once in his works. In "Postscript", Lu Xun wrote this passage:
The literati are indeed much poorer. Since the suppression of speech and creation, some authors have indeed lost their livelihood. Mr. Shao Xunmei is a so-called "poet" and the grandson-in-law of the famous wealthy "Sheng Gongbao". It is quite common to pour filth on the head of "such a thing", but I think the author is somewhat different from a "big funeral". Even if he hires a large group of helpers and plays gongs and shouts, the street is still empty afterwards. Not as good as Although the "Great Funeral" was sometimes praised by some philistines decades later, this passage relates to the famous "son-in-law" incident in the Shanghai literary world in 1933. At that time, Shao Xunmei was in "Ten Days". He wrote an article in "Talk" and said that the reason why people become literati is "always because they have no food to eat, or because they have enough food to eat" and "they only become literati if they don't have a career". "A pen, some ink, and a few pictures." "Manuscript Paper", "No Capital Business" , everyone wants to do it, so there are more literati." Shao also listed five types of "literati who do not have a career", two of which are: "(3) Limited knowledge and nowhere to go, but foreign writing, I know a little bit. So I literally translated various articles and considered myself a critic of the progress of the times. "(5) University professors, low-level officials, salary arrears from the government, and children at home, so in their spare time, they had to translate one or two foreign novels that they usually used for entertainment in exchange for some royalties. "Hard translation" was once Lu Xun's "self-effacing", and was later criticized by Liang Shiqiu in an article. Lu Xun immediately counterattacked, so that the "Lu-Liang Debate" started around "hard translation", and "hard translation" became Lu Xun's The "labels" of "university professor" and "low-level official" also fit Lu's definition. Xun Xun's experience, so Lu Xun wrote "Various Donations" and "Supplements to the Art of Climbing the Dragon" to fight back (Fei Dongmei: "The "Son-in-law" Storm in the Maritime Literary Circle in 1933", "Modern Chinese Literature" 2014). Issue 3)
in the article "Various Donations", Lu Xun said that Shao Xunmei entered the literary world entirely by relying on money and was a "donated class" literati. In the article "Denglong Shu Supplements", Lu Xun directly made a fuss about Shao Xunmei's status as Sheng Xuanhuai's "grandson-in-law":
Shu said: To. To enter the literary world, you must have a rich wife and inheritance. Don’t be afraid of lawsuits. . When a poor boy wants to climb into the literary world, sometimes he will get lucky, but it will still take a lot of effort; he may be able to make a few pennies by writing essays or tea talks, but after all, it is best to have a wealthy family. , I have a rich wife who uses my dowry money as literary capital. She laughs and scolds as he pleases, and I print my own evil deeds.As soon as the "work" came out, the title came from, although the deperation can be tightened by the woman's family, but as soon as he entered the literary world, the voice price was ten times, and the wife was happy, so as not to fight mahjong, and even the eyes could not move. "Use it for use".
"Mrs. Kuo" refers to Shao Yanmei's wife Sheng Peiyu , the granddaughter of Sheng Xuanhuai. As mentioned earlier, Sheng Xuanhuai's funeral is one of the most famous funerals in Shanghai in modern times. The funeral battle is "whether there should be or not, should not be there", and of course all of this is the strong family wealth. The funeral "consumes more than 300,000" oceans. According to scholars' research, in the second year (1917) after Sheng Xuanhuai's death, the Sheng family specially set up a "cleaning office" to clean up Sheng Xuanhuai's heritage. After two and a half years of cleanup, Sheng's property cleanup was announced in early 1920 that Sheng Xuanhuai's family property had a total of 13311396.495. (Yun Yan: "Sheng Xuanhuai's property and its structure -Analysis of the results of the Sheng's inheritance in 1920", "Modern History Research" 2014, Issue 4)
Sheng Xuanhuai
in "Quasi -Fengyue Talk · Postscript", Lu Xun, Lu Xun, Lu Xun, Lu Xun, Lu Xun, Compare Shao Yimei's "writer" and "big funeral", because in their opinion, both must "hire a large group of help, open gongs and drink". After a while, he was "still an empty street", and Sheng Xuanhuai's "big mourning" "there are still several cities to pass on" decades later, so Shao Yimei's "writer" is not as good as Sheng Xuanhuai's "big mourning".
"Big Mourning" from the intellectuals at the time, it was extremely unbearable. Yao Ke wrote a sarcasm "big mourning", saying that when the funeral was funeral, "although the dead in the coffin was full of the limelight", it was actually only a guise. The filial sons who are in trouble are the protagonists of the mourning. "The heroic bodyguards are only the filial piety and the death of the dead. Zou Tao Fen also wrote: "Every time I pass by on the road, I see the mourning, especially the funeral, and I am not thinking about" relying on Hua Zi to make trouble "!" Playing, it is like the qi of the "Happy Association 'and" Celebrating Early Death "! Not only is it unnecessary, but it is also a very annoying thing, extremely ridiculous." Weekly Journal, No. 3, No. 5, December 4, 1927) "Big Mourning" was so unbearable in the eyes of intellectuals at that time. Lu Xun also mocked Shao Yimei's "writer". Shao Yimei was extremely scornful.
Shao Yanmei wrote in the high posture of the rich son. He ridiculed the poverty and disappointment of the literati at that time. "Sun Yi", Lu Xun associated these, and then compared Shao Yimei's "writer" with Sheng Xuanhuai's "big mourning". What
is slightly supplemented is that Lu Xun's so -called "big funeral" "there are still a few cities to pass on for decades" is not a fiction. After Sheng Xuanhuai's funeral, whenever Shanghai had a new funeral, the viewers always compared it with Sheng Xuanhuai's funeral. For example, at the end of 1931, the big mourning of the general manager of Yongan Company Guo Biao caused such a discussion:
"Guo Biao covered Huang Chujiu ." Shanghai is finally unprecedented. ("Speaking from Nanjing Road to Nanjing City (Part 1)", "Declaration" January 18, 1932)
heard that Sheng Xuan was mourning after his death, and hundreds of thousands of people came to Shanghai to watch the excitement. Not long ago, Guo Biao, general manager of Yongan Company, was funeral. Although I had never seen it with my own eyes, according to the criticism of general public opinion, it seemed that it was still "呒". ("Borrowing the Dead", "Reporting" January 28, 1932)
Sheng Xuanhuai has become a benchmark, which has become a standard for measuring other big funerals.Lu Xun was in Shanghai, where "big funerals" were most frequent. He should have not only witnessed many big funerals, but also heard many discussions about big funerals, which is why he was so comfortable using "big funerals" as material in his articles.
Undoubtedly, the most classic image of "spectators" in Lu Xun's works is the strong but numb Chinese people he saw in movies watching beheadings while studying in Japan. This was also the "spectator" image that stimulated Lu Xun the most, so much so that he took the trouble to mention it again and again in "Scream·Preface" and " Mr. Fujino ". But we must also note that it was at the end of 1922 that Lu Xun first clearly proposed transforming the national character of "spectators". From watching the "Russian-Japanese War Educational Film" in Japan in 1906 to writing the preface to "The Scream" at the end of 1922, Lu Xun's impression of "spectators" must have changed a lot during these sixteen years. Perhaps the experience in Japan just planted the seeds. In the future, I will feel more deeply the Chinese people's "spectator" lifestyle in China, especially the "big funeral" as a feast for "spectators", which must have been something Lu Xun often saw, and also The most bizarre social strangeness that stimulated Lu Xun to think deeply. Perhaps, it was under the stimulation and reflection of this kind of phenomenon for a long time that Lu Xun gradually formed the "spectator" perspective of observing Chinese society and Chinese people, and created the classic image of modern Chinese literature - "spectator" in his works. .
