Management Chapter
1. What are the "four mornings" measures?
The "four early" measures refer to: early detection, early reporting, early isolation and early treatment .
2. What are the “Four Concentrations”?
The "four concentrations" refer to: patients, experts, resources, and treatment.
3. What does “four parties’ responsibilities” refer to?
"Four parties of responsibility" refers to territories, departments, units and individuals .
4. What does “14+7” medical observation mean?
For immigrants whose destination is our province, strictly implement the "14+7" measures, that is, centralized medical observation for 14 days + 7 days of home medical observation (those who do not meet the conditions for home medical observation should implement centralized medical observation) measures . A nucleic acid test will be conducted once upon entry and on the 1st, 4th, 7th, 10th and 14th days of centralized medical observation. After the immigrants are released from quarantine, those who continue to implement home medical observation in the province will undergo a nucleic acid test on the 2nd and 7th day.
5. What is the difference between home medical observation and home health monitoring?
Home medical observation can also be understood as home isolation, which refers to close contacts and close contacts of special groups, people returning to medium-risk areas, patients after discharge, and asymptomatic infected persons after release from isolation and other professional Personnel assessment of medical health management implemented by persons who cannot undergo centralized medical observation. Home isolation has certain requirements for the environment and facilities. If the on-site comprehensive assessment fails to meet the requirements, it can be transferred to centralized medical observation. Home isolation requires people to live alone under the guidance of community medical staff and not to go out. The home quarantine policy implemented in Fujian is "one person, one household or one family", which means home quarantine subjects and non-home quarantine subjects cannot live in the same house.
Home health monitoring refers to a kind of self-health management under the supervision and guidance of township (street) and village (resident) committees, and regular reporting of health monitoring. The core of home health monitoring is not to go out unless necessary. If you really need to go out, you should be responsible for yourself, others, and society, and travel under the premise of personal protection. At the same time, avoid taking public transportation such as buses and subways, and avoid entering public places. Places such as places where people gather or spaces are confined.
6. What do the “three zones and two channels” of centralized medical observation sites refer to?
"Three zones and two channels" refers to the reasonable zoning and setting up of channels within centralized medical observation sites as needed. The three areas are the living area, the medical observation area and the material support and supply area. There should be strict boundaries between different areas, and physical partitions need to be adopted for isolation and clear signs should be set up. The two channels refer to the staff channel and the isolated staff channel . The two passages cannot cross, and should be distributed at both ends of the venue as much as possible, with clear signs set up. With qualified observation points, the garbage removal channel can be separated from the channel for isolating personnel according to the actual situation.
7. Epidemiological Survey What is the definition of some of the groups involved in ?
1. Definition of imported cases from abroad (asymptomatic infections imported from abroad). cases have a travel history or residence history in overseas epidemic countries or regions within 14 days before the onset of illness or asymptomatic infections before the nucleic acid test is positive, and infection in China is excluded.
2. Enter the definition of secondary cases (enter secondary asymptomatic infections). The case was infected due to a clear contact history with imported cases from abroad within 14 days before the onset of the disease or the positive nucleic acid test of the asymptomatic infected person.The determination principle meets the following three conditions: ① Only had contact history with overseas imported cases in the 14 days before the onset of the case or the positive nucleic acid test of the asymptomatic infected person; ② There are no confirmed cases or asymptomatic infected persons who have never been to or lived in the country. The reporting community, or a foreign country or region with an epidemic; ③ There is no history of other suspicious exposures such as hospital visits, or there is no community transmission in the area. Such cases should be reported in the online direct reporting system as local cases.
3. Definition of close contacts. Persons who have close contact with suspected cases and confirmed cases but do not take effective protection starting 2 days before the symptoms appear, or 2 days before the specimens of asymptomatic infected persons are collected.
4. Definition of close contacts of close contacts (referred to as "close contacts"). The first contact between a close contact and a case or an asymptomatic infected person (from the 2 days before the onset of the case or the 2 days before the specimen sampling of the asymptomatic infected person to the time before being quarantined and managed, the close contact and the case or asymptomatic infected person (the first contact) until the close contact is isolated and managed, those who have close contact with the close contact such as living together, working in the same closed environment, having dinner and entertainment, etc. but without taking effective protection shall be investigated as if they were in close contact with the close contact. Close contacts focus on people such as family members and colleagues who have frequent contact.
5. General contact definition. had contact with suspected cases, confirmed cases and asymptomatic infected persons while taking the same means of transportation such as planes, trains and ships, living together, studying, working, and during diagnosis and treatment, as well as being exposed together in shopping malls and farmers' markets. , people in public places such as bus stations and subways, but who do not meet the criteria for determining close contacts.
8. How to deal with discovered cases?
Medical institutions at all levels and types discover suspected cases that meet the case definition or people whose novel coronavirus antigen test results are positive, they should immediately collect specimens for nucleic acid testing or transfer them to qualified higher-level medical institutions for nucleic acid testing in a closed loop. During this period, a single person Single room isolation . Those with positive nucleic acid test results will be subject to centralized isolation management or sent to designated hospitals for treatment, and will be reported directly online in accordance with regulations.
Two consecutive negative nucleic acid tests for the novel coronavirus (the sampling time is at least 24 hours apart) can rule out the diagnosis of suspected cases.
9. How to determine the isolation management and treatment place for confirmed persons based on their condition?
1. According to the "Diagnosis and Treatment Plan for Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia (Trial Ninth Edition)", mild cases can be managed in centralized isolation and equipped with corresponding medical staff.. Relevant centralized isolation places cannot isolate immigrants, close contacts and other groups at the same time. During the isolation management period, symptomatic treatment and condition monitoring should be carried out. If the condition worsens, the patient should be transferred to a designated hospital for treatment.
2. Ordinary, severe, critical cases and cases with severe high-risk factors should be treated intensively in designated hospitals. Severe and critical cases should be admitted to ICU for treatment as soon as possible. Patients with high-risk factors and tendency to become severe should also be admitted to ICU for treatment. .
10. Who are the high-risk groups for severe/critical cases of COVID-19?
1. Elderly people over 60 years old ;
2. People with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (including hypertension ), chronic lung disease, diabetes , chronic liver, kidney disease, tumors and other basic diseases ;
3. Immune function deficiency (such as AIDS patients, long-term use of corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive drugs leading to immunocompromised state);
4. Obesity (body mass index ≥ 30) ;
5. Late pregnancy and perinatal women ;
6. heavy smokers .
11. What is a cluster epidemic?
A cluster epidemic is defined as 5 or more cases and asymptomatic infections found in small areas such as schools, residential areas, factories, natural villages, medical institutions, etc. within 14 days.
12. How to set up a fever clinic?
The fever clinic should be set up in an independent building in an independent area of the medical institution, with eye-catching signs and independent entrances and exits. The hardware facilities of fever clinics must meet the requirements for the prevention and control of respiratory infectious diseases. Strict hard isolation facilities should be set up between general outpatient (emergency) clinics and other areas of the hospital. There should be no common passages, no crossing between passages, and strict physical flow of people, logistics, and air. isolation. The distance between the exterior wall of a new fever clinic and surrounding buildings or event venues shall be no less than 20 meters. The fever clinic is equipped with a standardized "three zones and two channels" hospital and a relatively spacious diagnosis and treatment space with good ventilation conditions.
13. What are key places during the COVID-19 epidemic?
During the COVID-19 epidemic, key places refer to places with dense population and high mobility, which are prone to outbreaks of cluster epidemics, such as chess and card rooms, stations, airports, docks, public transportation, fitness and entertainment venues, hairdressing and bathing places, and agricultural markets ( Fairs) markets, shopping malls and supermarkets, theaters, stadiums, conference centers, libraries, museums, art galleries and other indoor venues, product exhibition and after-sales service venues, religious activity venues, etc.
14. What are the key institutions during the COVID-19 epidemic? During the COVID-19 epidemic, key institutions refer to institutions that are prone to cluster epidemics, including medical institutions, children's welfare homes, nursing homes, nursing homes, supervision sites, schools, child care institutions, training institutions, etc.
15. What are the prevention and control requirements for key places in different risk areas?
(1) Low-risk areas. On the premise of taking prevention and control measures such as personnel health monitoring, cleaning and disinfection, ventilation, and personal protection, vaccinations are carried out, and various key places are open or operating normally.
(2) Medium risk area. In addition to the above prevention and control measures, the following measures should also be taken:
1. When a case of new coronavirus pneumonia is discovered, under the guidance of the local disease control agency, the air conditioning and ventilation system should be disinfected and cleaned, and it can be re-opened only after passing the hygienic evaluation. Enable.
2. Strengthen personnel health monitoring and check the health code .
3. The number of people entering the office should be strictly controlled, and staff should be arranged to separate and sit in separate places. If conditions permit, measures such as working from home and dispersed working should be adopted.
4. Business places such as shopping malls, supermarkets, banks, and farmers’ markets should shorten their business hours, limit the number of people, stop promotions and other gatherings of people, and initiate emergency response measures.
5. Public transportation should take measures such as controlling the number of passengers and spreading out seating.
6. Places with densely populated and relatively confined spaces, such as religious activity venues, bathing places, and product exhibition and sales venues, should be closed.
(3) High-risk areas. Various key places should be closed or opened.
16. What are the prevention and control requirements for key institutions in different risk areas?
(1) Low-risk areas. Various key institutions have maintained normal operations under the premise of taking health protection measures such as strengthening internal control, cleaning and disinfection, ventilation and personal protection.
(2) Medium risk area. In addition to the above prevention and control measures, the following measures should also be taken:
1. When a case of new coronavirus pneumonia is discovered, under the guidance of the local disease control agency, the air conditioning and ventilation system should be disinfected and cleaned, and it can be re-opened only after passing the hygienic evaluation. Enable.
2. Strengthen personnel health monitoring and check health codes.
3. Medical institutions should strengthen body temperature detection, strictly conduct pre-examination and triage, control the number of patients, and implement closed management in inpatient areas.
4. Nursing homes, nursing homes, children's welfare homes and supervision places should implement closed management, video visits and other measures, and no gathering activities should be held.
5. Schools and childcare institutions should adopt closed management and strengthen the management of various gathering activities. Large indoor gathering activities should not be organized unless necessary.
6. It is recommended that training institutions change from offline to online teaching.
7. It is recommended that enterprises, government institutions, etc. adopt paperless offices to reduce the risk of contact and transmission of , do not hold gathering activities, adopt staggered commuting to and from get off work, flexible work systems or home working methods, and do not provide dine-in and other measures.
(3) High-risk areas. In addition to the above prevention and control measures, the following measures should also be taken:
1. Medical institutions should stop elective surgeries and stop high-risk operations such as routine oral and endoscopic examinations.
2. Schools, childcare institutions, and training institutions will stop offline teaching.
3. Children's welfare homes, nursing homes, nursing homes, etc. should avoid gatherings and mutual visits, and do not provide dine-in meals.
4. Supervision places strictly control the flow of people.
17. What do the "seven no's" mean when disinfecting?
Do not carry out large-scale disinfection of the outdoor environment; do not conduct air disinfection of the external environment; do not directly use disinfectants to disinfect personnel ; do not artificially disinfect ponds and reservoirs Add disinfectants to lakes and other environments for disinfection; do not use chemical disinfectant to disinfect the air under human conditions; do not use glutaraldehyde to wipe and spray disinfect the environment; do not use high-concentration chlorine-containing disinfectants for prevention sexual disinfection.
18. What are the principles of disinfection?
1. Daily cleaning of the environment and objects is the main task, supplemented by preventive disinfection. Over-disinfection should be avoided, and cleaning and disinfection should be carried out at any time when contaminated. During daily preventive disinfection, if there is no clear contamination (such as dust, food residues visible to the naked eye, etc.), the procedure of disinfecting first and then cleaning to remove residues can be adopted.
2. Physical disinfection methods should be preferred for daily preventive cleaning and disinfection. When using chemical methods for disinfection, give priority to less irritating and environmentally friendly disinfectants; when an infectious disease occurs, choose an appropriate disinfectant based on the pathogen resistance and relevant program requirements.
3. The disinfection medicine and equipment used should comply with the relevant national regulations on disinfection products. The disinfection medicine and equipment managed according to the disinfection product must have an effective disinfection product health and safety evaluation report and filing, and meet the corresponding health requirements; the medicine and equipment not managed according to the disinfection product must be disinfected. The effect should meet the corresponding health requirements.
4. When preparing and using chemical cleaning and disinfectants, personal protection should be taken, wearing work clothes, gloves, masks when necessary, and ensuring adequate ventilation; hands should be washed thoroughly in time after removing gloves and personal protective equipment .
19. Disinfection Measures What does "disinfect at any time" mean?
Disinfection at any time refers to the timely disinfection of the environment and items that may be contaminated by the pathogens discharged when there is a source of infection.
20. Disinfection measures What does " terminal disinfection " mean?
Terminal disinfection refers to the thorough disinfection of the source of infection after it leaves the foci.
21. Disinfection Measures What does “preventive disinfection” mean?
Preventive disinfection refers to the disinfection of places and items that may be contaminated by pathogenic microorganisms when there is no clear source of infection.
22. What are the types of specimens collected for laboratory testing of the new coronavirus?
Acute phase respiratory specimens (including upper respiratory tract specimens or lower respiratory tract specimens) must be collected for each case. For severe cases, priority is given to collecting lower respiratory tract specimens; stool specimens, whole blood specimens, serum specimens and urine specimens can be collected according to clinical needs. Objects and environmental specimens are collected according to monitoring needs.
23. What does the new coronavirus nucleic acid 10-in-1 mixed detection technology refer to?
The new coronavirus nucleic acid 10-in-1 test technology refers to a method that collects 10 swabs collected from 10 people into one collection tube for nucleic acid detection.
24. What are the requirements for the preservation of “new coronavirus biological samples” specimens?
Specimens used for virus isolation and nucleic acid detection should be tested as soon as possible. Specimens that can be tested within 24 hours can be stored at 4℃; specimens that cannot be tested within 24 hours should be stored at -70℃ or below (if not available) If stored at -70°C, temporarily store in -20°C refrigerator). Serum samples can be stored at 4°C for 3 days and can be stored below -20°C for a long time. A special warehouse or counter should be set up to store specimens separately.
25. What are the packaging requirements for “new crown biological samples”?
After the specimens are collected, they are packed in the biosafety cabinet of the biosafety level two laboratory.
1. All specimens should be placed in suitable-sized, freeze-resistant sample collection tubes with screw caps and gaskets inside, and tighten them tightly. The sample number, type, name and sampling date should be marked on the outside of the container.
2. Put the sealed specimens into sealed bags, with a limit of one specimen per bag. Sample packaging requirements must comply with the corresponding standards of the "Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air".
3. If the transportation of external specimens is involved, three-layer packaging should be carried out according to the type of specimen and Class A or Class B infectious substances.
26. What are the personal protective equipment for specific groups of people? how to use?
All persons who are exposed to or may be exposed to new coronavirus pneumonia cases and asymptomatic infected persons, pollutants (blood, body fluids, secretions, vomitus and excreta, etc.) and their contaminated items or environmental surfaces should use personal Protective equipment, specifically including:
(1) Gloves. When entering a contaminated area or performing diagnostic and treatment operations, wear disposable rubber or nitrile gloves according to the work content. Disinfect in time when coming into contact with different patients or when the gloves are damaged, change gloves and perform hand hygiene.
(2) Medical protective masks. When entering a contaminated area or performing diagnostic and treatment operations, you should wear a medical protective mask or a powered air filter respirator . An air tightness check should be done before each wearing. When wearing multiple protective equipment, be sure to ensure that the medical protective mask Finally removed.
(3) Protective visor or goggles . When entering a contaminated area or performing diagnostic and treatment operations, and there is a risk of contamination of the eyes, conjunctiva, and face by blood, body fluids, secretions, excreta, aerosol, etc., a protective mask or goggles should be worn and reused. After each use of the goggles, disinfect and dry them in time for later use.
(4) Protective clothing. When entering a contaminated area or performing diagnosis and treatment operations, you should change your personal clothes and wear work clothes (surgical scrubs or disposable clothing, etc.), plus protective clothing.
27. What should you pay attention to when taking off protective equipment?
1. Minimize contact with contaminated surfaces when taking them off; 2. Non-disposable items such as protective goggles and long rubber shoes that are taken off should be placed directly into a container filled with disinfectant for soaking; other disposable items should be put in Yellow medical waste collection bags are used as medical waste for centralized disposal; 3. Hands should be disinfected at every step of taking off protective equipment. After taking off all protective equipment, wash hands and disinfect hands again.
28. What do the “five gates” of closed-loop management of the whole process of immigration refer to?
The "five gates" of the closed-loop management of the whole process of entry personnel refer to remote prevention and control, national quarantine, centralized isolation observation, community prevention and control, and sentinel monitoring.
29. What are the staffing requirements for centralized isolation sites?
A temporary office has been set up at the centralized isolation observation point, which consists of a prevention and control disinfection team, a health observation team, an information liaison team, a security team, a logistics support team, a case transfer team, and a humanistic care team. The staff at the observation point are under closed management.
30. How to strengthen the management of port boarding channels?
Relevant units such as shipping agencies, ship repairs, and third-party inspection services that have failed to implement epidemic prevention and control measures that lead to personnel infection will restrict their personnel from entering specific areas of the port within 14 days, and report to immigration, customs, maritime and other port management departments.
Basic Knowledge Chapter
1. What is the new coronavirus, the " delta " mutant strain and the " Omicron " mutant strain?
The new coronavirus (abbreviated as SARS-CoV-2 or 2019-nCoV in English, hereinafter referred to as the new coronavirus) belongs to the beta coronavirus and is sensitive to ultraviolet rays and heat. Ether , 75% ethanol, chlorine-containing disinfectant, Lipid solvents such as oxyacetic acid and chloroform can effectively inactivate viruses.
The "Delta" mutant strain is formed by further mutation of the new coronavirus B.1.617.2 mutant strain. It was first discovered in India in September 2020. It has spread to more than 100 countries and regions and has become the global new coronavirus. The main virus strain prevalent in , and the recent epidemics in many places in my country are also related to "Delta".
The "Omicron" variant was the first new coronavirus variant detected in South Africa on November 9, 2021, from case samples. Current research shows that this mutant strain has enhanced cell receptor affinity and virus replication capacity compared with previous strains, and it also has the characteristics of immune evasion. On November 26, 2021, the World Health Organization defined it as the fifth "variant strain of concern" (VOC), named the Greek letter Omicron (Omicron) mutant strain. The recent epidemics in many places in my country are also related to the "variant strain of concern". "Omicron" mutant strain related.
2. What are the main symptoms and manifestations of COVID-19? The incubation period of
is 1-14 days, mostly 3-7 days .
The main manifestations are fever, dry cough, and fatigue. Some patients have reduced or lost sense of smell and taste as the first symptom, and a few patients are accompanied by symptoms such as nasal congestion, runny nose, sore throat, conjunctivitis, myalgia and diarrhea.
Mild patients may present with low-grade fever, mild fatigue, smell and taste disorders, etc., without symptoms of pneumonia.
A small number of patients may have no obvious clinical symptoms after being infected with the new coronavirus.
Patients infected with the "Delta" mutant strain have a low proportion of early fever symptoms, and many patients only show fatigue, olfactory impairment, mild muscle aches, etc.
After being infected with the "Omicron" mutant strain, the symptoms of the infected person are relatively mild. Population-based observational studies also show that people infected with the Omicron variant have significantly lower risks of hospital visits, hospitalizations, and severe illness than those infected with other strains.The main symptoms are fever, dry cough, sore throat, headache, fatigue, nasal congestion, etc.
3. What are the characteristics of the "Delta" mutant strain and the "Omicron" mutant strain?
(1) Characteristics of the "Delta" variant
spreads quickly: prevention and control was not timely and spread across provinces.
has strong propagation ability: has a shortened incubation period and passage interval.
High viral load: virus replicates rapidly in the body, and the patient's exhaled gas is highly toxic.
Symptoms are not typical: The proportion of early fever symptoms is low, and many patients only show fatigue, reduced sense of taste (smell), mild muscle soreness, etc.
Long treatment time: patients are prone to develop severe disease and it takes a long time to turn negative.
(2) Characteristics of the "Omicron" variant
has stronger transmission ability: has a shorter incubation period and a shorter intergenerational transmission time, and has become a globally dominant epidemic strain.
has stronger "immune escape" ability: will lead to a decrease in the protection rate of new crown vaccine .
Increased risk of reinfection: Relevant studies have shown that the risk of reinfection with the "Omicron" mutant strain after previous infection with the new coronavirus is more than five times that of reinfection with other mutant strains.
Symptoms are atypical: cases are mainly classified into mild and common types, the symptoms are relatively mild, and the patient's imaging changes are atypical. The propagation process of
is more subtle.
4. What are the health hazards of COVID-19?
New coronavirus pneumonia is different from common colds and influenza. Most people infected with the new coronavirus will develop pneumonia, and the proportion of severe cases is higher than that of influenza. However, cold and flu patients only develop symptoms if treatment is not timely or in rare cases. Pneumonia will occur.
The new coronavirus is a brand-new virus, and the research and understanding of it are still in depth. It is certain that the new coronavirus is more contagious than influenza and can easily cause human-to-human transmission. Since the population generally lacks immunity to it, in the population Dense places are prone to outbreaks. In addition, the epidemic of COVID-19 has no obvious seasonality. As long as prevention and control measures are not implemented in place, there is always a risk of epidemic.
5. What is the source of infection of COVID-19?
The main sources of infection are confirmed cases of new coronavirus pneumonia and asymptomatic infections. is infectious during the incubation period. The contagiousness is relatively strong 1-2 days before the onset and in the early stage of the onset.
6. What are the transmission routes of the "Delta" variant and the "Omicron" variant of COVID-19?
Transmission via respiratory droplets and close contact is the main route of transmission. Transmitted by aerosol in a relatively closed environment. Infection can also occur through contact with items contaminated with the virus.
7. In the face of the newly emerged Omicron variant of the new coronavirus, what should the public pay attention to in their daily work?
Although the transmissibility of the Omicron variant has increased, its mode and route of transmission have not changed significantly. Actively implementing my country's preventive measures to respond to and block the spread of the new coronavirus epidemic can still effectively prevent infection with the mutated new coronavirus. .
First, wear masks in public places. Wearing a mask is still an effective way to block the spread of the virus, and it is also applicable to the Omicron variant. Even if you have completed the full course of vaccination and booster shots, you still need to wear a mask in indoor public places, public transportation and other places.At the same time, we must maintain good hygiene habits such as washing hands frequently and using one meter of noodles, avoid gatherings, do not believe or spread rumors, actively cooperate with the implementation of various epidemic prevention measures, and be the first person responsible for your own health.
The second is to get vaccination booster shots in time. Vaccination is recognized as one of the most successful and cost-effective health interventions. We advocate that those who have completed the full course of vaccination and have reached six months or more should receive the new crown vaccine booster shot in time.
The third is to monitor personal health. When you have symptoms of suspected COVID-19, such as fever, cough, shortness of breath, etc., monitor your body temperature in a timely manner and take the initiative to seek medical treatment. When seeing a doctor, you should take the initiative to explain your recent outing and contact history to medical staff.
Fourth, reduce unnecessary entry and exit. Those who really need to go out should strengthen personal protection during travel to reduce the chance of being infected with the Omicron variant.
8. What are the basic codes of conduct for citizens in epidemic prevention?
1. Wash your hands frequently. Wash your hands after getting dirty; wash your hands or disinfect your hands before cooking, eating, going to the toilet, caring for the elderly, children and patients, and touching your mouth, nose and eyes; washing your hands or disinfecting your hands after returning home from going out, caring for patients, or coughing or Wash or disinfect your hands after sneezing, cleaning, cleaning up the trash, using the toilet, touching express delivery, and touching elevator buttons, door handles and other public facilities.
2. Wear a mask scientifically. Wear a mask when you have symptoms such as fever and cough, when seeking medical treatment, when crowded, when taking elevators, when taking public transportation, and when entering crowded public places.
3. Pay attention to cough etiquette. When coughing or sneezing, cover your mouth and nose with a tissue. If a tissue is not available, use your elbow instead. Be careful not to throw the tissue away.
4. Less aggregation. During the epidemic, avoid gatherings for dinner parties, visiting relatives and friends, attending wedding banquets and funerals, and avoid crowded places unless necessary.
5. Eat in a civilized manner. Do not mix tableware, use serving chopsticks when serving dishes, do not drink alcohol when toasting, and share meals as much as possible; when dining in the canteen, try to bring your own tableware.
6. Follow the 1 meter line. Keep a social distance of more than 1 meter when queuing, paying, talking, exercising, or visiting.
7. Always ventilate. When there are many people in the family, when there is peculiar smell or oily smoke in the room, when there are patients, and after the visitors leave, open more windows for ventilation.
8. Clean and disinfect thoroughly. keeps the room tidy every day. Cooking utensils and countertops for handling frozen food, items and tableware used by patients and visitors must be disinfected in a timely manner.
9. Keep the toilet hygienic. Clean the toilet frequently, cover the toilet before flushing, open windows or turn on the exhaust fan frequently, and keep the floor drains filled with water.
10. Develop a healthy lifestyle. Strengthen physical exercise, adhere to a regular work and rest schedule, ensure adequate sleep, and maintain a healthy mind; eat healthily, quit smoking and limit alcohol; seek medical treatment promptly when symptoms occur.
11. Vaccination. responds to the national new coronavirus vaccination policy and actively cooperates with vaccination to protect personal health.
9. Why can hand washing effectively prevent respiratory infectious diseases?
Handwashing is one of the simplest and most effective measures to prevent infectious diseases. Respiratory infectious diseases are not only spread through droplets, but also through hand-to-hand contact. In daily work and life, people's hands are constantly exposed to items contaminated by bacteria and viruses. If they fail to wash their hands promptly and correctly, the bacteria and viruses on their hands can enter the human body through their hands touching their mouth, eyes, and nose. If you touch the surface of an object with dirty hands, some bacteria and viruses may be transmitted to others through contact. This pathway can be cut off simply and effectively by washing your hands. Keeping your hands clean and hygienic can effectively reduce the risk of respiratory infectious diseases.
10. When do you need to wash your hands?
Wash your hands after getting dirty; wash your hands or hand disinfection before eating, eating, going to the bathroom, caring for the elderly, children and patients, and before touching your mouth, nose and eyes; Wash your hands or disinfect your hands after returning home from going out, and after caring for patients. , wash your hands or disinfect your hands after coughing or sneezing, cleaning, cleaning up the garbage, using the toilet, touching express delivery, and touching elevator buttons, door handles and other public facilities.
11. How to wash hands correctly?
1. Wet your hands with running water.
2. Take appropriate amount of soap or hand sanitizer and apply it evenly on your hands.
3. Follow the " seven-step hand washing method " and carefully wash your hands for at least 20 seconds:
The first step is to wash your palms (inside): Palms facing each other, fingers together and rubbing each other.
The second step is to (externally) wash the finger joints on the back and sides: rub the palms of the hands against each other along the finger joints, and exchange hands.
The third step, (clip) wash the finger joints on the palm side: palms facing each other, cross your hands and rub each other along the finger joints.
The fourth step, (bow) wash the back of the fingers: bend each finger joint, half-make a fist, put the back of the fingers on the palm of the other hand, rotate and rub, and switch hands.
The fifth step, (large) wash your thumb: Hold the thumb of the other hand with one hand, rotate it and rub it. The hands are exchanged.
The sixth step, (standing) wash the fingertips: bend each finger joint, put the fingertips together in the palm of the other hand, rotate and rub, and switch hands.
The seventh step, (wrist) wash the wrists and arms: rub the wrists and arms, and exchange hands.
Finally, dry your hands with a clean towel or paper towel, or you can use a blow dryer to dry them.
12. What should you do when it is inconvenient to wash your hands when you go out?
When it is inconvenient to wash hands when going out, you can use hand disinfectant containing 75% alcohol to clean your hands. Apply the disinfectant to your hands and rub them for 15 seconds. In special circumstances, chlorine or hydrogen peroxide hand disinfectants can also be used. It should be used in sufficient quantity, and the palms, backs of hands, between fingers, wrists, etc. should be fully moistened. Rub the hands together for a long enough time and wait until the disinfectant has almost evaporated before stopping.
For the public, it is not recommended to use disposable hand disinfectants as a routine hand cleaning method. It is only used outdoors when there is no condition to wash hands with water and soap.
13. How to choose to wear a mask?
Wearing a mask is an effective way to prevent respiratory infectious diseases such as COVID-19 and influenza. It not only protects oneself but also protects others. The public should choose a mask with an appropriate protection level based on the risk level and the environment. Wear masks scientifically to achieve protective effects while avoiding waste of resources.
1. You do not need to wear a mask at home or outdoors when there are no people gathering and the ventilation is good.
2. Wear a mask when you have symptoms such as fever and cough, when seeking medical treatment, when crowded, when taking elevators, when taking public transportation, and when entering crowded public places.
3. It is recommended that the public choose disposable medical masks, medical surgical masks or masks with higher protection levels .
14. What precautions should be taken when wearing a mask?
1. Hand hygiene should be done before wearing a mask and after taking off the mask.
2. Distinguish the front and back sides of the mask, cannot be worn on both sides, and usually the darker side faces outward.
3. Do not mix or share masks with others.
4. Pinch the nose clip tightly to make the mask fit your cheeks to avoid air leakage. If you feel chest tightness, shortness of breath or other discomfort while wearing a mask, you should immediately go to an outdoor open place and remove the mask.
5. Masks should not be worn during exercise, especially strenuous exercise.
6. Disposable medical masks and medical surgical masks are limited to use and should be replaced regularly. It is not recommended to clean or use disinfectants, heating and other methods for disinfection before use.
15. How to deal with used masks?
Discarded masks used by the general public are classified as other garbage for disposal. Discarded masks from medical and health institutions, staff in crowded places, or other suspected contaminated masks must be stored separately and treated as hazardous waste.
16. Why should we maintain a social distance of 1 meter?
Respiratory infectious diseases are mostly spread through droplets at close range. Therefore, in order to prevent respiratory tract infectious diseases, the social distance between people should be kept at more than 1 meter in daily work and life, which is the social safe distance . Maintaining a safe social distance can not only reduce the risk of spreading respiratory infectious diseases such as COVID-19, but is also a manifestation of civilized etiquette.
Keep a social distance of more than 1 meter when queuing, paying, talking, exercising, or visiting.
17. Why should we often open windows indoors for ventilation?
The indoor environment is airtight, which can easily cause germs to breed and multiply, increasing the risk of human infection. Frequently opening windows for ventilation can effectively reduce the content of indoor pathogenic microorganisms and other pollutants. In addition, ultraviolet rays in the sun also have a sterilizing effect. Windows should be opened for ventilation every morning, noon and evening, and the ventilation time should be no less than 15 minutes each time. When opening windows for ventilation in the cold season, pay attention to keeping warm. Do not blow directly at the window to avoid catching cold. When there are many people in the family, when there is peculiar smell or oily smoke in the room, when there are patients, and after the visitors leave, open more windows for ventilation.
18. What are the commonly used household disinfection methods?
In the home, it is necessary to do daily cleaning work, keep the home environment clean and hygienic, and frequently open windows for ventilation. Door handles, telephones, mobile phones, TV remote controls, tabletops, floors and other public surfaces that are frequently touched by family members should be wiped or cleaned frequently with a clean wet towel and generally do not need to be disinfected. Disinfect when necessary (such as when guests with unknown health conditions visit the home, etc.).
The main methods include boiling disinfection and chemical disinfection:
Boiling disinfection is mainly used to disinfect tableware and water cups. Wash the items first, and then boil (steam) them in boiling water for 10 minutes.
Chemical disinfection refers to the use of chemical disinfectants to act on the surface of objects to achieve the purpose of disinfection. Households generally use chlorine-containing disinfectant (such as "84" disinfectant) and alcohol-containing disinfectant (such as 75% alcohol) for wiping and disinfection. After 30 minutes, wipe clean with clean water. Chlorine-containing disinfectants are suitable for disinfecting surfaces, tableware, etc. They are corrosive to metals and bleach and fade fabrics. Alcohol-containing disinfectants contain 70-80% ethanol and are mainly used for disinfecting hands and skin, and can also be used for disinfecting surfaces of small objects.
19. How to seek medical treatment if you have fever symptoms?
When patients with fever see a doctor, in addition to complying with the requirements for going out for medical treatment, they should also wear a medical surgical mask throughout the whole process to the fever clinic and try to avoid taking public transportation. Accompanying personnel should also pay attention to protection .
When seeking medical treatment, you should truthfully describe your illness and previous medical treatment. In particular, you should inform the doctor of recent travel and residence history, contact history with suspicious persons, etc. If you are diagnosed as a suspected or confirmed case of COVID-19, you should actively cooperate with the hospital for relevant examinations and isolation treatment.
20. What is antigen detection? What is the difference between it and nucleic acid testing?
The antigen is the protein component of the virus. The new coronavirus is spherical in shape. The outer shell of the ball is mainly composed of proteins and lipids. The core is a complex formed by the combination of the virus's nucleic acid and protein. antigen detection is based on antibodies to detect the protein components of the virus, thereby determining whether the specimen to be tested contains the virus. The
antigen test is more convenient and faster, but is slightly less sensitive.
Nucleic acid detection is more complex and takes a long time to obtain results, but it is more sensitive.
21. Can the antigen test results replace the nucleic acid test results?
cannot.
Nucleic acid testing is still the basis for confirming the diagnosis of new coronavirus infection. Antigen testing can supplement nucleic acid testing.
Positive nucleic acid test: Take corresponding measures according to patients infected with the new coronavirus or confirmed patients with new coronavirus pneumonia.
If the nucleic acid test is negative and the antigen test is positive: is regarded as a person infected with the new coronavirus. Take measures such as centralized isolation, close observation, and continuous nucleic acid testing.
22. Who is suitable for antigen testing?
Three categories of people:
The first is people who go to primary medical and health institutions with symptoms such as respiratory tract, fever and within 5 days of symptoms;
The second is people who are under quarantine and observation, including home quarantine and observation, close contacts and sub-close contacts, and entry quarantine. People in observation, closed and controlled areas;
The third is community residents who need antigen self-testing.
23. How to deal with the used self-test reagents?
points of the crowd.
Isolated observation personnel: Regardless of whether the test result is negative or positive, all used sampling swabs, sampling tubes, test cards, etc. should be put into sealed bags and handled by management personnel in accordance with medical waste or procedures.
Community residents:
The test result is negative: All used nasal swabs, sampling tubes, test cards, etc. are put into sealed bags and disposed of as general garbage;
The test result is positive: All used nasal swabs, sampling tubes, test cards, etc. are put into sealed bags and disposed of as general garbage;
The test result is positive: All used nasal swabs, sampling tubes, test cards, etc. are handed over to the medical department when the person is transferred. The institution treats it as medical waste.
24. Where can I buy a self-test kit?
Community residents who need self-testing: can purchase antigen detection reagents for self-testing through retail pharmacies, online sales platforms and other channels.
Isolation observation personnel: The management department that organizes isolation observation (such as communities, villages and towns, isolation points, etc.) is responsible for the procurement, distribution, management and other related work of antigen detection reagents.
* Note: In order to ensure the quality of sampling and testing, residents must read the instructions carefully, follow the prescribed requirements and procedures, and perform operations such as sampling, adding samples, and interpreting results in a standardized manner.
List of community prevention and control measures in different prevention and control areas
